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Subspecies and Distribution. O.r.rufescensGray,1842—AfghanistanandPakistanMts. O.r.reginaThomas,1911—IranMtsandKopetDagRangeintheTurkmenistanandIranfrontier. O. r. shukurovi Heptner, 1961 — Uly Balkan (= Great Balkan) Range, SW Turkmenistan. in Ochotonidae

Subspecies and Distribution. O.r.rufescensGray,1842—AfghanistanandPakistanMts. O.r.reginaThomas,1911—IranMtsandKopetDagRangeintheTurkmenistanandIranfrontier. O. r. shukurovi Heptner, 1961 — Uly Balkan (= Great Balkan) Range, SW Turkmenistan.

Distribution. Patchily from Tian Shan (from Central Asian side) to Gissar ranges in SE Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, E Uzbekistan, and Tajikistan. This species clearly has a relictual range. in Ochotonidae

Distribution. Patchily from Tian Shan (from Central Asian side) to Gissar ranges in SE Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, E Uzbekistan, and Tajikistan. This species clearly has a relictual range.

Subspecies and Distribution. O.m.mantchuricaThomas,1909—GreaterKhinganRangeandNpartofLesserKhinganRangeinNEInnerMongoliaandNHeilongjiang,China. O.m.scorodumoviSkalon,1934—ShilkaandArgunriversinterfluvesintheSETransbaikalia,Russia. O. m. loukashkini Lissovsky, 2015 — S part of Lesser Khingan Range, China. in Ochotonidae

Subspecies and Distribution. O.m.mantchuricaThomas,1909—GreaterKhinganRangeandNpartofLesserKhinganRangeinNEInnerMongoliaandNHeilongjiang,China. O.m.scorodumoviSkalon,1934—ShilkaandArgunriversinterfluvesintheSETransbaikalia,Russia. O. m. loukashkini Lissovsky, 2015 — S part of Lesser Khingan Range, China.

Distribution. Main range from SE Altai and Tuva (S Russia), through Mongolian Great Lakes Depression, to Gobi Altai in W & S Mongolia, but also several enclaves located in E Mongolia, S Mongolia (Trans-Altai Gobi) and N China (Dzungarian and Southern Gobi in Xinjiang and Inner Mongolia=Nei Mongol). in Ochotonidae

Distribution. Main range from SE Altai and Tuva (S Russia), through Mongolian Great Lakes Depression, to Gobi Altai in W & S Mongolia, but also several enclaves located in E Mongolia, S Mongolia (Trans-Altai Gobi) and N China (Dzungarian and Southern Gobi in Xinjiang and Inner Mongolia=Nei Mongol).

Subspecies and Distribution. O.p.princepsRichardson,1828—NRockyMts,SWCanada(SEBritishColumbia,SWAlberta)andNWUSA(MontanaandIdahotoNENevadaandNColorado). O.p.fenisexOsgood,1913—CoastandCascaderanges,SWCanada(SBritishColumbia)andNWUSA(Washington,WOregon). O.p.saxatilisBangs,1899—SRockyMts,USA(Colorado,NNewMexico). O.p.schisticepsMerriam,1889—SierraNevadaandGreatBasin,SWUSA(EOregon,ECalifornia,Nevada,SWUtah). O. p. winta Hollister, 1912 — Uinta Mts and Wasatch Range of C Utah, W USA. in Ochotonidae

Subspecies and Distribution. O.p.princepsRichardson,1828—NRockyMts,SWCanada(SEBritishColumbia,SWAlberta)andNWUSA(MontanaandIdahotoNENevadaandNColorado). O.p.fenisexOsgood,1913—CoastandCascaderanges,SWCanada(SBritishColumbia)andNWUSA(Washington,WOregon). O.p.saxatilisBangs,1899—SRockyMts,USA(Colorado,NNewMexico). O.p.schisticepsMerriam,1889—SierraNevadaandGreatBasin,SWUSA(EOregon,ECalifornia,Nevada,SWUtah). O. p. winta Hollister, 1912 — Uinta Mts and Wasatch Range of C Utah, W USA.

Distribution. Kunlun Mts in Xinjiang and Qinghai, W China, in the Arkatag (= Przhewalskogo) and Bokalyktag (= Marco Polo) ranges and valleys between Kunlun and Altyn Tagh Mts (= Altun Shan or Aerjin Shan), including Aqqikkol Lake depression. in Ochotonidae

Distribution. Kunlun Mts in Xinjiang and Qinghai, W China, in the Arkatag (= Przhewalskogo) and Bokalyktag (= Marco Polo) ranges and valleys between Kunlun and Altyn Tagh Mts (= Altun Shan or Aerjin Shan), including Aqqikkol Lake depression.

Subspecies and Distribution. O.m.macrotisGuiinther,1875—KunlunMtsinXinjiang,Tibet(=Xizang),andQinghai,WChina. O.m.chinensisThomas,1911—NWHengduanMtsinSEXizang,WSichuanandNWYunnan,SChina. O.m.sacanaThomas,1914—TianShanandPamir-AlayMtsfromSEKazakhstantoTajikistan. O. m. wollastoni Thomas & Hinton, 1922 — Karakoram and Ladakh ranges and Greater Himalayas E of 81° E. in Ochotonidae

Subspecies and Distribution. O.m.macrotisGuiinther,1875—KunlunMtsinXinjiang,Tibet(=Xizang),andQinghai,WChina. O.m.chinensisThomas,1911—NWHengduanMtsinSEXizang,WSichuanandNWYunnan,SChina. O.m.sacanaThomas,1914—TianShanandPamir-AlayMtsfromSEKazakhstantoTajikistan. O. m. wollastoni Thomas & Hinton, 1922 — Karakoram and Ladakh ranges and Greater Himalayas E of 81° E.

Subspecies and Distribution. L. ¢c. capensis Linnaeus, 1758 — Western Cape Province (South Africa). L.c.aegyptiusDesmarest,1822—Egypt,Sudan,Palestine. L.c.aquiloThomas&Wroughton,1907—SMozambique. L. c. arabicus Hemprich & Ehrenberg, 1832 — Middle East, Arabian Peninsula, Iran, SW Pakistan (Baluchistan), and SW Afghanistan. . ¢. atlanticus de Winton, 1898 — Morocco. ¢. carpi Lundholm, 1955 — NW Namibia. granti Thomas & Schwann, 1904 — Northern Cape Province (South Africa). MDDnop hawker: Thomas, 1901 — W Sudan, Eritrea. isabellinus Cretzschmar, 1826 — Egypt, Sudan, Eritrea. Ean mediterraneus Wagner, 1841 — Sardinia. schlumberger: Remy Saint-Loup, 1894 — NE Morocco. sinaiticus Hemprich & Ehrenberg, 1832 — Egypt, Iraq. S whitakeri Thomas, 1902 — Libya, Niger and Algeria. The Cape Hare occurs in the Mediterranean I of Sardinia and in isolated populations scattered throughout most of the Arabian Peninsula and the Middle East and E to W Himalayas. This species has an extensive range in Africa which is separated in two distinct regions. First, in Egypt, Sudan, South Sudan, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Uganda, Kenya, and Tanzania, and throughout most of the dry savanna regions of C, W & N Africa, including parts of the Sahara Desert. Second, in savanna and semi-desert regions of Namibia, Botswana, S Zimbabwe, SW Mozambique, South Africa, Swaziland, and Lesotho. in Leporidae

Subspecies and Distribution. L. ¢c. capensis Linnaeus, 1758 — Western Cape Province (South Africa). L.c.aegyptiusDesmarest,1822—Egypt,Sudan,Palestine. L.c.aquiloThomas&Wroughton,1907—SMozambique. L. c. arabicus Hemprich & Ehrenberg, 1832 — Middle East, Arabian Peninsula, Iran, SW Pakistan (Baluchistan), and SW Afghanistan. . ¢. atlanticus de Winton, 1898 — Morocco. ¢. carpi Lundholm, 1955 — NW Namibia. granti Thomas & Schwann, 1904 — Northern Cape Province (South Africa). MDDnop hawker: Thomas, 1901 — W Sudan, Eritrea. isabellinus Cretzschmar, 1826 — Egypt, Sudan, Eritrea. Ean mediterraneus Wagner, 1841 — Sardinia. schlumberger: Remy Saint-Loup, 1894 — NE Morocco. sinaiticus Hemprich & Ehrenberg, 1832 — Egypt, Iraq. S whitakeri Thomas, 1902 — Libya, Niger and Algeria. The Cape Hare occurs in the Mediterranean I of Sardinia and in isolated populations scattered throughout most of the Arabian Peninsula and the Middle East and E to W Himalayas. This species has an extensive range in Africa which is separated in two distinct regions. First, in Egypt, Sudan, South Sudan, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Uganda, Kenya, and Tanzania, and throughout most of the dry savanna regions of C, W & N Africa, including parts of the Sahara Desert. Second, in savanna and semi-desert regions of Namibia, Botswana, S Zimbabwe, SW Mozambique, South Africa, Swaziland, and Lesotho.

Subspecies and Distribution. O.c.cuniculusLinnaeus,1758—N,NE&EIberianPeninsula(Spain). O.c.algirusLoche,1858—S,SW&WIberianPeninsula(Spain,Portugal),NMorocco,NAlgeria(includingHabibasI). O.c.brachyotusTrouessart,1917—SFrance. O.c.cnossiusBate,1906—CreteI. O.c.habetensisCabrera,1923—Tanger-Tetouan-AlHoceimaRegion(NMorocco). O. c. huxleyi Haeckel, 1874 — Mediterranean Is (Balearic Is, Corsica, Sardinia, Sicily and Macaronesia (Azores, Madeira, and Canary Is). Original distribution after last Ice Age restricted to Iberian Peninsula, W France, and N Africa. Ancient introductions of the nominate subspecies probably during the Ro- man period have spread it throughout Europe, and now it is present in most of W, C & E Europe and the Mediterranean and Macaronesian Is (these mostly old introductions are also shaded on the map). During the 20" century it has been released into the steppes of the Black Sea in Ukraine and Russia (N Caucasus); introduced into Australia in 1788 and again in 1859 where it is now widespread; it is found on many Pacific Is, islands off the coast of South Africa and Namibia, and in New Zealand; successfully introduced only since 1936 into South America, nowadays with a limited range in Chile, Argentina, and Falkland Is, it is also present in the Caribbean Is (all these modern introductions not shaded in the map). Worldwide as domesticated forms. in Leporidae

Subspecies and Distribution. O.c.cuniculusLinnaeus,1758—N,NE&EIberianPeninsula(Spain). O.c.algirusLoche,1858—S,SW&WIberianPeninsula(Spain,Portugal),NMorocco,NAlgeria(includingHabibasI). O.c.brachyotusTrouessart,1917—SFrance. O.c.cnossiusBate,1906—CreteI. O.c.habetensisCabrera,1923—Tanger-Tetouan-AlHoceimaRegion(NMorocco). O. c. huxleyi Haeckel, 1874 — Mediterranean Is (Balearic Is, Corsica, Sardinia, Sicily and Macaronesia (Azores, Madeira, and Canary Is). Original distribution after last Ice Age restricted to Iberian Peninsula, W France, and N Africa. Ancient introductions of the nominate subspecies probably during the Ro- man period have spread it throughout Europe, and now it is present in most of W, C & E Europe and the Mediterranean and Macaronesian Is (these mostly old introductions are also shaded on the map). During the 20" century it has been released into the steppes of the Black Sea in Ukraine and Russia (N Caucasus); introduced into Australia in 1788 and again in 1859 where it is now widespread; it is found on many Pacific Is, islands off the coast of South Africa and Namibia, and in New Zealand; successfully introduced only since 1936 into South America, nowadays with a limited range in Chile, Argentina, and Falkland Is, it is also present in the Caribbean Is (all these modern introductions not shaded in the map). Worldwide as domesticated forms.

Subspecies and Distribution. S.n.nuttalliiBachman,1837—NWpartoftherangeinextremeSBritishColumbia(SWCanada),Washington,WCIdaho,Oregon,NECalifornia,andNWNevada(NWUSA). S.n.grangeriJ.A.Allen,1895—Cpartoftherange,fromSAlbertaandSSaskatchewan(SCanada)SWtoCECaliforniaandSEtoNArizonaandNWColorado(CUSA). S. n. pinetisJ. A. Allen, 1894 — SE part of the range in SC Wyoming, SE Utah, C & SW Colorado, NW New Mexico, and NE & C Arizona (SC USA). in Leporidae

Subspecies and Distribution. S.n.nuttalliiBachman,1837—NWpartoftherangeinextremeSBritishColumbia(SWCanada),Washington,WCIdaho,Oregon,NECalifornia,andNWNevada(NWUSA). S.n.grangeriJ.A.Allen,1895—Cpartoftherange,fromSAlbertaandSSaskatchewan(SCanada)SWtoCECaliforniaandSEtoNArizonaandNWColorado(CUSA). S. n. pinetisJ. A. Allen, 1894 — SE part of the range in SC Wyoming, SE Utah, C & SW Colorado, NW New Mexico, and NE & C Arizona (SC USA).

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Distribution. Endemic to W South Africa, being found at two sites (Groenriviermond in Northern Cape Province and Lamberts Bay in Western Cape Province); possibly ranges N along coast to Olifants River. in Chrysochloridae

Distribution. Endemic to W South Africa, being found at two sites (Groenriviermond in Northern Cape Province and Lamberts Bay in Western Cape Province); possibly ranges N along coast to Olifants River.

Distribution. Venezuela, in the Cordillera de la Costa (Coastal Range) and C Los Llanos, from Falcon and Lara to Guarico states. in Echimyidae

Distribution. Venezuela, in the Cordillera de la Costa (Coastal Range) and C Los Llanos, from Falcon and Lara to Guarico states.

Subspecies and Distribution. O. a. albicauda Gunther, 1879 — E Andes Range in C Colombia. O. a. apolinariJ. A. Allen, 1914 — C Andes Range in Colombia in Echimyidae

Subspecies and Distribution. O. a. albicauda Gunther, 1879 — E Andes Range in C Colombia. O. a. apolinariJ. A. Allen, 1914 — C Andes Range in Colombia

Subspecies and Distribution. T.g.gratiosusMoojen,1948—SEBrazil,coastalEspiritoSantoandNERiodeJaneirostates,andinlandtoSMinasGeraisStateandItatiaiaNationalParkinNWRiodeJaneiroState. T. g. bonafidei Moojen, 1948 — SE Brazil, coastal ranges of Rio de Janeiro State. in Echimyidae

Subspecies and Distribution. T.g.gratiosusMoojen,1948—SEBrazil,coastalEspiritoSantoandNERiodeJaneirostates,andinlandtoSMinasGeraisStateandItatiaiaNationalParkinNWRiodeJaneiroState. T. g. bonafidei Moojen, 1948 — SE Brazil, coastal ranges of Rio de Janeiro State.

Distribution. SE Bolivia (departments of Tarija and Santa Cruz), N Argentina (provinces of Jujuy, Salta, Formosa, and Chaco), Brazil (W of the Rio Parana— through the N of Mato Grosso State into SW Goias, and Mato Grosso do Sul states), and Paraguay (E of the Rio Paraguay as far as the mouth of the Rio Parana). Its range to the west in Bolivia is poorly known; it would seem that it is absent from the Bolivian Chaco as it is from the adjacent Paraguayan Chaco west of the Rio Paraguay. There is no evidence to date that the Yungas populations in SE Bolivia and NW Argentina are continuous with the population in Brazil and Paraguay to the E. in Cebidae

Distribution. SE Bolivia (departments of Tarija and Santa Cruz), N Argentina (provinces of Jujuy, Salta, Formosa, and Chaco), Brazil (W of the Rio Parana— through the N of Mato Grosso State into SW Goias, and Mato Grosso do Sul states), and Paraguay (E of the Rio Paraguay as far as the mouth of the Rio Parana). Its range to the west in Bolivia is poorly known; it would seem that it is absent from the Bolivian Chaco as it is from the adjacent Paraguayan Chaco west of the Rio Paraguay. There is no evidence to date that the Yungas populations in SE Bolivia and NW Argentina are continuous with the population in Brazil and Paraguay to the E.

Subspecies and Distribution. C.o.olivaceusSchomburgk,1848—mightberestrictedtotheVenezuelanAmazonBasinfromtheupperRioOrinoco,andthroughouttheOrinocosavannaabovethemouthoftheRioMeta,asfarNandWastheSierradePerijaandtheVenezuelanC.o.dela C.o. (C.o. Range), to the left bank of the Rio Essequibo in W Guyana, in forests of the Guiana Shield; distributional limits separating the two subspecies are not well known. C. o. castaneus 1. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1851 — Guianas (possibly from the Rio Essequibo in Guyana E through Suriname and French Guiana) and N Brazil, where its distributional limits are not well known but are possibly marked by the rios Negro and Branco and Catrimani (right bank affluent of the Rio Branco) in the W, the Rio Amazonas in the S, and the Atlantic coast in the E, and it also occurs on Caviana and Mexiana Is in the estuary of the Rio Amazonas. Small numbers introduced as pets are now feral on Margarita I off the Venezuelan coast. in Cebidae

Subspecies and Distribution. C.o.olivaceusSchomburgk,1848—mightberestrictedtotheVenezuelanAmazonBasinfromtheupperRioOrinoco,andthroughouttheOrinocosavannaabovethemouthoftheRioMeta,asfarNandWastheSierradePerijaandtheVenezuelanC.o.dela C.o. (C.o. Range), to the left bank of the Rio Essequibo in W Guyana, in forests of the Guiana Shield; distributional limits separating the two subspecies are not well known. C. o. castaneus 1. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1851 — Guianas (possibly from the Rio Essequibo in Guyana E through Suriname and French Guiana) and N Brazil, where its distributional limits are not well known but are possibly marked by the rios Negro and Branco and Catrimani (right bank affluent of the Rio Branco) in the W, the Rio Amazonas in the S, and the Atlantic coast in the E, and it also occurs on Caviana and Mexiana Is in the estuary of the Rio Amazonas. Small numbers introduced as pets are now feral on Margarita I off the Venezuelan coast.

Distribution. Wide ranging in the upper Amazon Basin of S Venezuela (Federal Terrritory of Amazonas), S & E Colombia (Colombian Amazon region, N of the rios Amazonas and Ica-Putumayo, and patchily occurring in the E lowlands W of the Orinoco, N as far as the lower Rio Meta), and NW Brazil (N of the Solimoes, W from the rios Negro and Branco, as far N as the Rio Uraricoera); it would seem that it is absent in the Colombian Amazon Basin from the middle and upper rios Meta and Vichada and from the N bank of the upper Rio Guaviare. in Cebidae

Distribution. Wide ranging in the upper Amazon Basin of S Venezuela (Federal Terrritory of Amazonas), S & E Colombia (Colombian Amazon region, N of the rios Amazonas and Ica-Putumayo, and patchily occurring in the E lowlands W of the Orinoco, N as far as the lower Rio Meta), and NW Brazil (N of the Solimoes, W from the rios Negro and Branco, as far N as the Rio Uraricoera); it would seem that it is absent in the Colombian Amazon Basin from the middle and upper rios Meta and Vichada and from the N bank of the upper Rio Guaviare.

Distribution. Wide ranging in the upper Brazilian Amazon Basin, S of the Rio Solimoes-Amazonas, W from the Rio Tapajos, through the N of the states of Mato Grosso and Rondonia (at least to 10° S), and the Madeira, Purus, Jurua, and Javari basins to the Rio Ucayali in E Peru. White-fronted capuchins occur in northern Bolivia, S at least to the middle reaches of the Beni and Mamoré in the departments of Pando, Beni, and La Paz, and they are presumed to be Spix's White-fronted Capuchin. Nevertheless, where distributions of Spix's White-fronted Capuchin and the Shock-headed Capuchin (C. cuscinus) of the upper Purus and SE Peru meetis not known. in Cebidae

Distribution. Wide ranging in the upper Brazilian Amazon Basin, S of the Rio Solimoes-Amazonas, W from the Rio Tapajos, through the N of the states of Mato Grosso and Rondonia (at least to 10° S), and the Madeira, Purus, Jurua, and Javari basins to the Rio Ucayali in E Peru. White-fronted capuchins occur in northern Bolivia, S at least to the middle reaches of the Beni and Mamoré in the departments of Pando, Beni, and La Paz, and they are presumed to be Spix's White-fronted Capuchin. Nevertheless, where distributions of Spix's White-fronted Capuchin and the Shock-headed Capuchin (C. cuscinus) of the upper Purus and SE Peru meetis not known.

Distribution. SE Brazil (W Rio de Janeiro, much of Sao Paulo, and S Minas Gerais states), from the Parana/Parnaiba river system E to Mantiqueira and Espinhaco ranges, N to the upper Rio Sao Francisco, and S to the Rio Tieteé. in Phitheciidae

Distribution. SE Brazil (W Rio de Janeiro, much of Sao Paulo, and S Minas Gerais states), from the Parana/Parnaiba river system E to Mantiqueira and Espinhaco ranges, N to the upper Rio Sao Francisco, and S to the Rio Tieteé.

Distribution. SE Peru (Puno and Madre de Dios departments) and W Bolivia (appears to be limited to the E by the Rio Beni and to the S by the foothills of the Andes); it ranges W across the Rio Heath to the Rio Tambopata, but the N and W limits are unclear. in Phitheciidae

Distribution. SE Peru (Puno and Madre de Dios departments) and W Bolivia (appears to be limited to the E by the Rio Beni and to the S by the foothills of the Andes); it ranges W across the Rio Heath to the Rio Tambopata, but the N and W limits are unclear.