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Figs 5–8 in New fossil and extant species of Nemopalpus Macquart (Diptera: Psychodidae: Bruchomyiinae)
Figs 5–8. Nemopalpus stuckenbergi Wagner, sp. n., male: (5) abdomen, segments 4–8 and terminalia, lateral view (note tufts of ornamental setulae on lateral extensions of tergites 6 and 7, and torsion of segment 8 and terminalia); (6) cleared terminal pregenital segments and terminalia, lateral view (ornamental setulae on lateral extensions of terga 6 and 7 removed); (7) abdominal segments 6 to 8 and terminalia, ventral view (ornamental setulae on terga 6 and 7 removed); (8) terga 9–10 and cerci, GRUVDO YLHZ. ($OO ¿JXUHV E\ %6). 6FDOH EDUV = Ɵ.ƽ PP.
Data from: Evolvability predicts evolutionary divergence in extant and extinct species
Heritable variation is a prerequisite for evolutionary change. Yet, whether genetic potential for microevolution is relevant on macroevolutionary timescales is debated. Here we show that evolutionary divergence among populations, and to a lesser extent among species, increases with microevolutionary evolvability in both extant and extinct taxa. We evaluate and reject a number of hypotheses put forward to explain this relationship and propose that an effect of evolvability on population and species divergence can be explained by the influence of genetic constraints on population's ability to track rapid stationary environmental fluctuations.
Plate 6 in Taxonomic Revision and Classification of Extant Holococcolithophores Previously Placed in the Genus Anthosphaera Kamptner emend. Kleijne 1991
Plate 6. Syracosphaera elevata Archontikis, Young, Cros sp. nov. HOL Scale bars = 1μm 1. Holotype; flattened coccosphere with high-arched CFCs and tiny and partially calcified BCs. 2. Paratype; coccosphere with CFCs that bear distal processes made of delicate microcrystals (arrow a), and BCs with a loose assembly of irregularly arranged microcrystals at their distal cover (arrow b). 3. Paratype; BCs' central structure may lose its crystal assembly (arrow). 4. Paratype.
Plate 5 in Taxonomic Revision and Classification of Extant Holococcolithophores Previously Placed in the Genus Anthosphaera Kamptner emend. Kleijne 1991
Plate 5. Syracosphaera rotaconica Archontikis, Young, Cros sp. nov. HOL Scale bars = 1μm 1. Holotype; flattened coccosphere with chiral-conical BCs that usually show a small apical boss on top of the central distal cover. BCs' central structure is made of numerous crystal struts, progressively meeting and forming the distal cover. 2. Detail of figure 1 showing the ultrastructure of BCs. 3. Paratype; coccosphere showing the delicate structure of CFCs (see arrow). 4. Paratype.
Plate 2 in Taxonomic Revision and Classification of Extant Holococcolithophores Previously Placed in the Genus Anthosphaera Kamptner emend. Kleijne 1991
Plate 2. Syracosphaera marginiporata Knappertsbusch HOL Scale bars = 1μm 1. Complete coccosphere with CFCs that show distal processes with straight sides (arrow a) and lateral columns of crystallites (arrow b). 2. Collapsed coccosphere with BCS that leave multiple openings at the central structure (arrow a) and a broken CFC in which the column is attached to the rim (arrow b). 3. Flattened coccosphere with CFCs that bear high processes with rounded to somewhat straight sides (arrow a), sustained by columns of large crystallites (arrow b). 4. Detailed view of specimen showing a broken CFCs with the two columns of crystals (see arrow) attached to the rim and next to the broken distal process (see arrow).
Fig. 2 in Taxonomic Revision and Classification of Extant Holococcolithophores Previously Placed in the Genus Anthosphaera Kamptner emend. Kleijne 1991
Fig. 2. Schematic representation and terminology of Anthosphaera coccosphere and holococcolith types.
Plate 4 in Taxonomic Revision and Classification of Extant Holococcolithophores Previously Placed in the Genus Anthosphaera Kamptner emend. Kleijne 1991
Plate 4. Syracosphaera periperforata (Kleijne) Archontikis, Young, Cros comb. nov. HOL Scale bars = 1μm 1–2. Syracosphaera periperforata var. periperforata (Kleijne) Archontikis, Young, Cros HOL. 1. Coccosphere with highly arched CFCs (arrow a) and dome-shaped BCs that show an apical boss on top of their central distal cover (arrow b). 2. Detailed view showing the delicate structure of the CFCs' distal process. 3–4. Syracosphaera periperforata var. cylindrata Archontikis, Young, Cros var. nov. HOL. 3. Holotype; Complete coccosphere with high-arched CFCs (arrow a) and BCs of cylindrical shape that show no apical boss on top of their central structure; antapical coccoliths (arrow b) always bear an apical boss. 4. Paratype; detailed view showing the proximal (organic) base-plate and the rim of CFCs (arrow). 5–6. Syracosphaera periperforata var. tridentata Archontikis, Young, Cros var. nov. HOL. 5. Holotype; flattened coccosphere with CFCs that bear a low process with a three pointed upper/distal margin structure (arrow a), and a proximal rim with one to two rings of microcrystallites (arrow b); BCs present an apical boss on top of their distal cover. 6. Paratype.
Plate 1 in Taxonomic Revision and Classification of Extant Holococcolithophores Previously Placed in the Genus Anthosphaera Kamptner emend. Kleijne 1991
Plate 1. Syracosphaera molischii Schiller HOL Scale bars = 1μm 1–3. Syracosphaera molischii Schiller var. molischii HOL 1. Complete coccosphere. 2. Detailed view showing the ultrastructure (arrow) of CFCs. 3. Detailed view of BCs showing the angular microcrystallites of the central structure and the tiny perforations at the perforate cycle (arrow). 4–6. Syracosphaera molischii var. pertusa Archontikis, Young, Cros var. nov. HOL 4. Holotype; flattened coccosphere. 5. Paratype; coccosphere with BCs that bear larger (to that of S. molischii var. molischii HOL) perforations on their perforate cycle (arrow). 6. Detailed view of BCs with longitudinally arranged crystals at the central structure.
Plate 3 in Taxonomic Revision and Classification of Extant Holococcolithophores Previously Placed in the Genus Anthosphaera Kamptner emend. Kleijne 1991
Plate 3. Scale bars = 1μm 1–2. Syracosphaera lafourcadii (Lecal) Archontikis, Young, Cros comb. nov. HOL Complete coccospheres composed of CFCs that bear low distal processes (see arrows) and BCs with distal covers made of irregularly arranged crystallites. 3–4. Syracosphaera origami (Cros and McGrane) Archontikis, Young, Cros comb. nov. HOL Coccospheres with highly ornamented CFCs showing triangle-shaped distal processes (fig. 3, arrow) and BCs with an organic base-plate in proximal view (fig. 4, arrow a) and a rim that supports delicate struts of crystallites holding the origami-like paper boat distal covers (fig. 4, arrow b) in distal view.
Data from: Genomic data provide insights into the classification of extant termites
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Endocranial development in non-avian dinosaurs reveals an ontogenetic brain trajectory distinct from extant archosaurs
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How to render species comparable taxonomic units through deep time: A case study on intraspecific osteological variability in extant and extinct lacertid lizards
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Data and Scripts from: Bayesian prediction of multivariate ecology from phenotypic data yields novel insights into the diets of extant and extinct taxa
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Monitoring demography of resurrected populations of locally extinct and extant species to investigate drivers of species loss
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Recent extinctions among Little Spotted Kiwi (Apteryx owenii) and the origin of extant populations
<p>Little Spotted Kiwi (LSK; <i>Apteryx owenii</i>) have the lowest genetic diversity of five currently recognised kiwi species apparently due to a bottleneck when at most five individuals were translocated to Kapiti Island in 1912. Ancient DNA analyses show that LSK also had the lowest genetic diversity of kiwi species historically, possibly due to population bottlenecks during Pleistocene glaciation. We compare genetic diversity between LSK from Kapiti Island (extant), D'Urville Island (extinct) and the South Island of mainland New Zealand (extinct) at 495 bp of the mitochondrial control region (mtDNA) and 15 nuclear microsatellite loci (nDNA). Despite higher sample sizes in extant (<i>n</i> = 31 mtDNA, 97 nDNA) than recently extinct (<i>n</i> = 10 mtDNA, 9 nDNA) populations, extant LSK have at least 78% fewer mtDNA haplotypes and 52% fewer microsatellite alleles than recently extinct LSK. Extant LSK were strongly divergent from historical LSK for both mtDNA and nDNA (<i>F<sub>ST</sub></i> = 0.237 to 0.480), but showed greatest similarity with historical samples from Fiordland near the putative source population of Kapiti founders. Microsatellite data suggest that Kapiti LSK could have arisen from as few as three birds and our mtDNA data show that at least two of the founders were female. Our results indicate that substantial genetic diversity has been lost with the recent extinctions of remnant populations. Locating and protecting any last surviving individuals in presumed extinct populations will require intensive conservation efforts, but could also provide an invaluable source of genetic diversity for the species.</p>
The impact of the Pull of the Recent in extant elasmobranchs
<p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Modern elasmobranchs have a long evolutionary history and an abundant fossil record. Many fossil taxa have living representatives. However, the representation of extant taxa in the fossil record is unknown. To begin to understand the geological history of extant elasmobranchs, here we assess the quality of their fossil record. We do so by assessing the Pull of the Recent (herein, POR). The POR can bias the fossil record because the rather complete record of living taxa allows palaeontologists tobridge time bins where fossils are absent. We assessed the impact of the POR by quantifying the proportion of extant elasmobranchs that have a fossil record, but do not occur in the last 5 million years. We found that the POR does not affect orders and families, but it does affect 24% of elasmobranch genera. Although modest, the impact of the POR in extant elasmobranch genera is higher than that found in other taxa. Overall, the geological history of elasmobranchs contradicts the usual assumption that the fossil record becomes worse backwards in time. This is the case across geographical regions and tooth size, further suggesting that sampling intensity and outcrop availability can help explain the POR effect on sharks and rays.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
Data from: First discovery of the charophycean green alga Lychnothamnus barbatus (Charophyceae) extant in the New World
Premise of the study: Although some species of Characeae, known as stoneworts, can be found on every continent except Antarctica, many species and some genera have limited geographic distributions. The genus Lychnothamnus, represented by a single extant species L. barbatus, was known only from scattered localities in Europe and Australasia until it was recently discovered in North America. Methods: Morphological identifications were made from specimens collected in Minnesota and Wisconsin, U.S.A. DNA sequences were obtained for three plastid-encoded genes (atpB, psbC, rbcL) from seven putative Lychnothamnus samples from two states in the U.S.A. Distribution and abundance were estimated in each lake using point intercept surveys where surveyors sampled aquatic vegetation. Key results: Fourteen lakes in Wisconsin and two lakes in Minnesota, U.S.A., were found to harbor Lychnothamnus barbatus. These represent the first report of this rare charophycean extant in the New World. The North American specimens matched the morphological description for L. barbatus and were compared directly with the neotype. Phylogenetic results using three plastid-encoded genes confirmed the identification placing New World samples with those from Europe and Australasia. Our phylogenetic analyses also confirmed the sister relationship between L. barbatus and Nitellopsis obtusa. Conclusions: Because this taxon is not known for aggressive invasiveness in its native range, it may have existed in heretofore-undiscovered native populations, although the possibility that it is a recent introduction cannot be eliminated. The potential for discovery of novel lineages of green algae in even well studied regions is apparently far from exhausted.
Fig. 111 in An Anatomical And Phylogenetic Study Of The Osteology Of The Petrosal Of Extant And Extinct Artiodactylans (Mammalia) And Relatives
Fig. 111. Dorsomedial (cerebellar) views of left petrosal of †Mesonyx obtusidens (AMNH-VP 12643)
Fig. 106 in An Anatomical And Phylogenetic Study Of The Osteology Of The Petrosal Of Extant And Extinct Artiodactylans (Mammalia) And Relatives
Fig. 106. Dorsomedial (cerebellar) views of left petrosal of †Dissacus praenuntius (UM 75501)
Fig. 110 in An Anatomical And Phylogenetic Study Of The Osteology Of The Petrosal Of Extant And Extinct Artiodactylans (Mammalia) And Relatives
Fig. 110. Ventrolateral (tympanic) views of left petrosal of †Mesonyx obtusidens (AMNH-VP 12643)
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