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Fig. 1 in The soft-tissue attachment scars in Late Jurassic ammonites from Central Russia

Fig. 1. Maps of Central Russia (A) and Moscow area (B) with indicated localities (asterisks): 1, Eganovo (55°32'08.28"N; 38°03'10.47"E); 2, Mnevniki (55°46'4.12"N; 37°28'4.67"E); 3, Kuntsevo (55°44'40.83"N; 37°26'16.23"E); 4, Cheremukha (Mikhalevo-Ivanovskoe) (57°57'25.68"N; 38°43'7.36"E).

Fig. 11 in The soft-tissue attachment scars in Late Jurassic ammonites from Central Russia

Fig. 11. Apertural parts of the anterior lateral sinuses of Kachpurites fulgens (Trautschold, 1861) from Late Volgian (Kachpurites fulgens Zone), Moscow region, Eganovo locality (B) and Mnevniki locality (A, C–F). A. MSU 113/24, lateral sinus line in the apertural part of the body chamber. B. MSU 113/7 see also Fig. 6B), apertural part of the body chamber with lateral sinuses. C. MSU 113/12 (see also Fig. 10B), lateral sinuses in the apertural part of the body chamber. D. MSU 113/23, apertural part of the body chamber with lateral sinuses. E. MSU 113/27, apertural part of the body chamber with a very bright lateral sinus. F. MSU 113/6 (see also Fig. 10C), apertural part of the body chamber. Apertural edge is not preserved. Photographs (A 1 –F 1) and explanatory drawings (A 2 –F 2).

Fig. 8 in The soft-tissue attachment scars in Late Jurassic ammonites from Central Russia

Fig. 8. Abnormal lateral attachment scars and lateral sinuses on Kachpurites fulgens (Trautschold, 1861) shells from Late Volgian (Kachpurites fulgens Zone), Moscow region, Mnevniki locality. A. MSU 113/26, fragment of the body chamber with scars visible on both sides of the shell, normal shape scar A3, A4), anomalous scar-merged with anterior lateral sinuses (A1, A2). B. MSU 113/25, fragment of the body chamber with anomalous scars merged with lateral sinuses on both sides of the shell. C. MSU 113/2, body chamber with abnormal scars merged with lateral sinuses. The apertural part is not preserved. D. MSU 113/16, posterior part of body chamber. Visible two growth stages of scars: a later-formed with a sharp-edged border and an earlier-formed rounded inside the first one. Asterisks mark the base of the body chamber. Photographs (A1, A3, B1, B3, C1, D1) and explanatory drawings (A2, A4, B2, B4, C2, D2).

Fig. 7 in The soft-tissue attachment scars in Late Jurassic ammonites from Central Russia

Fig. 7. Lateral attachment scars on Garniericeras catenulatum (Fischer, 1830) shells from Late Volgian (Craspedites subditus Zone), Yaroslavl region, Cheremukha locality (A, B), and Moscow region, Kuntsevo locality (C, D). A. MSU 113/45, shell with a fully preserved body chamber and clearly visible scars on both sides; in lateral (A1, A2) and ventral (A3, A4) views. Scars are wider than in the other specimens of the same genus, their shape is similar to the shape of scars on Kachpurites cheremkhensis shells. The aperture is partially preserved. B. MSU 113/44, scar on the shell. C. MSU 113/22, a part of the body chamber with a light-colored scar. D. MSU 113/13, fragment of the phragmocone with a light-colored trace of a scar. Asterisks mark the base of the body chamber. Photographs (A1, A3, B1, C1, D1) and explanatory drawings (A2, A4, B2, C2, D2).

Fig. 6 in The soft-tissue attachment scars in Late Jurassic ammonites from Central Russia

Fig. 6. Lateral attachment scars and lateral sinuses on Kachpurites fulgens (Trautschold, 1861) shells from Late Volgian (Kachpurites fulgens Zone), Moscow region, Mnevniki locality (A), and Eganovo locality (B). A. MSU 113/1, fully preserved body chamber. Bright scars and lateral sinuses on both sides of the shell. Posterior parts of the scars visible near the last septum. B. MSU 113/7, complete body chamber with scars and lateral sinuses. It is clearly visible that lateral sinuses are located at a distance from the aperture. Asterisks mark the base of the body chamber. Photographs (A 1, B 1) and explanatory drawings (A 2, B 2).

Fig. 3 in The soft-tissue attachment scars in Late Jurassic ammonites from Central Russia

Fig. 3. Lateral attachment scars on Kachpurites fulgens (Trautschold, 1861) (A, B) and Kachpurites subfulgens (Nikitin, 1881) (C) and shells from Late Volgian (Kachpurites fulgens Zone). A. MSU 113/5, Eganovo locality, Moscow region, shell with scars on both sides, specimen in lateral view. The shell is preserved without a phragmocone and an aperture. B. MSU 113/14, Mnevniki locality, Moscow, body chamber in lateral (B 1, B2) and ventral (B 3, B4) views. C. MSU 113/4, Kuntsevo locality, Moscow, shell with a fully preserved body chamber and an aperture. Asterisks mark the base of the body chamber. Photographs (A 1, A 3, B1, B3, C 1) and explanatory drawings (A 2, A 4, B2, B4, C 2).

Fig. 14 in The soft-tissue attachment scars in Late Jurassic ammonites from Central Russia

Fig. 14. Reconstruction of two Late Volgian ammonites from Craspeditidae family, Kachpurites fulgens (Trautschold, 1861) (A), Garniericeras catenulatum (Fischer, 1830) (B). Ten arms are shown because Nautilus and representatives of Coleoidea exhibit five arm pairs in embryos, it can be a base number of arms in Cephalopoda (Kröger et al. 2011). Two long tentacles are very speculative. However, such tentacles for external-shelled cephalopods could be very useful for catching pray which is at a distance; since rapid jumping forward could be difficult for these mollusks. The large hyponome was shown because of the presence of a funnel-locking apparatus and hyponomic retractors, and also due to the shape of aperture edges with lateral apertural sinuses and the presence of a large round opening between lappets in some ammonites (Westermann 1990: fig. 2). The eyes were drawn similar to coleoid eyes because Ammonoidea and Coleoidea were sister taxons (Jacobs and Landman 1993). The dark transverse bands on the shells correspond to the most common ammonites' color pattern (Keupp 2000). The presence of such a color pattern in the Craspeditidae family is confirmed by findings of shells with transverse dark bands (AAM unpublished material). This picture, drawn by Andrey Atuchin, was based on the sketch of the author of this article.

Fig. 13. A in The soft-tissue attachment scars in Late Jurassic ammonites from Central Russia

Fig. 13. A. Schematic reconstruction of the ammonite muscular system, lateral view. The mantle and organs in the body chamber are not shown. The size and shape of the arms and tentacles are highly speculative and drawn schematically. Arrow marks position of the schematic cross-section in B. B. Schematic cross-section of ammonite soft body. The cross-section is located in the first third of the body chamber starting from the aperture (arrow in A), only muscles-retractors are shown.

Fig. 12 in The soft-tissue attachment scars in Late Jurassic ammonites from Central Russia

Fig. 12. Dorsal and ventral attachment scars on Kachpurites fulgens (Trautschold, 1861) shells from Late Volgian (Kachpurites fulgens Zone), Moscow region, Kuntsevo locality (A, C) and Mnevniki locality (B, E). A. MSU 113/37, dorsal scar, apical parts of scars are merged with an annular elevation (black line near the last septum). B. MSU 113/40, dorsal (B 1) and ventral (B 2) scars. C. MSU 113/38, dorsal scar with preserved growth lines (C 1), ventral scar (C 2). D. MSU 113/41, ventral attachment scar.

Fig. 10 in The soft-tissue attachment scars in Late Jurassic ammonites from Central Russia

Fig. 10. Lateral attachment scars and anterior lateral sinuses on Kachpurites fulgens (Trautschold, 1861) shells from Late Volgian (Kachpurites fulgens Zone), Moscow region, Eganovo locality (A, E) and Mnevniki locality (B–D, F). A. MSU 113/20, shell with preserved scar and lateral sinuses. B. MSU 113/12, scars and lateral sinuses on the fragment of the body chamber. C. MSU 113/6, fully preserved body chamber with a scar and frequently located lateral sinuses. D. MSU 113/39, central part of the body chamber with a scar and bright lateral sinuses. E. MSU 113/47, fragment of the body chamber with a scar and clearly visible lateral sinuses. F. MSU 113/15, a part of the body chamber with a front end of a scar and clearly visible frequently located anterior lateral sinus lines. Sinuses are absent near the aperture. Asterisks mark the base of the body chamber. Photographs (A 1–F1) and explanatory drawings (A 2–F2).

Fig. 9 in The soft-tissue attachment scars in Late Jurassic ammonites from Central Russia

Fig. 9. Posterior borders of the lateral attachment scars on the Kachpurites fulgens (Trautschold, 1861) (A–D) and Garniericeras catenulatum (Fischer, 1830) (E) shells from Late Volgian (Kachpurites fulgens and Craspedites subditus zones, respectively), Moscow region, Eganovo locality (A–D), Kuntsevo locality (E). A. MSU 113/29, apical part of body chamber with a series of posterior borders of scars very similar to the lateral sinuses. B. MSU 113/32, sinus-like lines on the posterior part of the shell, scars near the last septum. C. MSU 113/33, sinus-like lines on the posterior part of the shell, scars near the last septum. D. MSU 113/8, part of body chamber with scars and lateral sinuses. Scar has a series of clearly visible sinus-like posterior borders. The specimen is preserved without aperture. E. MSU 113/43, apical part of the body chamber, posterior border of a scar is visible on one side of this specimen at a distance from the last septum. Asterisks mark the base of the body chamber. Photographs (A 1 –E 1) and explanatory drawings (A 2 –E 2).

Fig. 2 in The soft-tissue attachment scars in Late Jurassic ammonites from Central Russia

Fig. 2. Schemes of Kachpurites and Garniericeras muscle attachment scars. A, B. Kachpurites fulgens; lateral attachment scars with enclosed apical part (A, see also Fig. 10A) and without an apical border (B, see also Fig. 6B). C. Kachpurites cheremkhensis; lateral sinus and lateral attachment scars (see also Fig. 5A). D. Kachpurites subfulgens; lateral attachment scars and partially-preserved lateral sinuses (see also Fig. 3A). E. Garniericeras catenulatum with lateral (shifted to ventral side) attachment scars (see also Fig. 7B). F. United idealized scheme of the Kachpurites fulgens mantle attachment system. Asterisks mark the base of the body chamber.

FIGURE 2 in Late Jurassic jaw bones of Halecomorph fish (Actinopterygii: Halecomorphi) studied with X-ray microcomputed tomography

FIGURE 2. Panoramic view of the highest level of exploitation in Owadów-Brzezinki quarry (i.e., unit III and most fossiliferous 'Corbulomima horizon' occurring in the middle of the quarry wall).

FIGURE 4 in Late Jurassic jaw bones of Halecomorph fish (Actinopterygii: Halecomorphi) studied with X-ray microcomputed tomography

FIGURE 4. Maxillary bone of osteichthyan fish Caturus sp. (ZPAL P.16/O-B/2): 1-2. reconstruction of 3-D 'virtual fossils'— the same specimen after digital processing and analysis of tomographic data (scale bars equal 10 mm). 3. vertical sections of Caturus sp. teeth. 4. just after discovery.

FIGURE 1 in Late Jurassic jaw bones of Halecomorph fish (Actinopterygii: Halecomorphi) studied with X-ray microcomputed tomography

FIGURE 1. Map of Poland (1) with the location of the Owadów-Brzezinki Quarry (2B) near Tomaszów Mazowiecki.

FIGURE 3 in Late Jurassic jaw bones of Halecomorph fish (Actinopterygii: Halecomorphi) studied with X-ray microcomputed tomography

FIGURE 3. Jaw bone of osteichthyan fish Furo sp. (ZPAL P.16/O-B/1): 1-2. 3-D model of 'virtual fossils'—a different view of the same specimen after digital processing and analysis of tomographic data. 4. vertical sections of Furo sp. teeth. 5. 3-D printed dentary – 'virtual fossils'. 6. specimen in piece of limestone (scale bars equal 10 mm).

FIGURE 12 in Dinosaur tracks from the Langenberg Quarry (Late Jurassic, Germany) reconstructed with historical photogrammetry: Evidence for large theropods soon after insular dwarfism

FIGURE 12. Details of the original tracksite. 1: Detail of the left slab, showing trackway 1 (footprints 6, 7, 8, and 9), parts of trackway 2 (footprints 11 and 12), and the isolated footprint 14. Archival photograph by Holger Lüdtke from 2003. 2: Detail of the right slab, showing a deep track (footprint 21) and a better defined track (footprint 22) in close proximity. Digitally cropped version of an archival photograph (NK, 2003). 3: Detail of the tracksite. Footprint 11 shows the morphology typical for the deep tracks of the site. Footprint DFMMh/FV 646 is a well-defined track. Digitally cropped version of archival photograph (Nils Knötschke, 2003). 4: Footprint 7, featuring a hallux impression, as shown by the arrow. Digitally cropped version of archival photograph by NK, 2003. 5: DFMMh/FV 644, as it was in situ prior excavation. Digitally cropped version of archival photograph by NK, 2003.

FIGURE 4 in Dinosaur tracks from the Langenberg Quarry (Late Jurassic, Germany) reconstructed with historical photogrammetry: Evidence for large theropods soon after insular dwarfism

FIGURE 4. Historical photogrammetry based on photographs of limited quality. Footprints 14 and DFMMh/FV 647 are only visible on very few archival photographs and thus do not appear in the photogrammetric model of the whole tracksite. 1–3: The only three detail photographs showing DFMMh/FV 647 in situ. Note that photographs 2 and 3 are nearly identical. Photograph 1 was taken by NK, while photographs 2 and 3 were taken by Holger Lüdtke at the time of excavation in 2003. 4: Photogrammetric model (depth-color image) of DFMMh/FV 647, based only on the three detail photographs (1–3), the minimum number of photographs required by the software to generate a model. This model reveals additional details (most importantly the impression of digit II), which were lost during excavation of the footprint. 5: Detail of the best photograph showing footprint 14 (digitally cropped version of an original archival photograph by NK from 2003). Note the poor resolution and the low angle of the photograph. The approximate position and width of this footprint was determined by placing marker points on the photographs and using the camera alignment performed by Agisoft Photoscan to project these marker points on the 3D model.

FIGURE 11 in Dinosaur tracks from the Langenberg Quarry (Late Jurassic, Germany) reconstructed with historical photogrammetry: Evidence for large theropods soon after insular dwarfism

FIGURE 11. The three recognized trackways. The blue lines show the pace, the green lines the stride length. Arrows indicate direction of trackways. Measurements based on the historical photogrammetric model (pace length, stride length, and pace angulation) are included. Scale bars equal 1 m, respectively. Trackways are not to scale.

FIGURE 8 in Dinosaur tracks from the Langenberg Quarry (Late Jurassic, Germany) reconstructed with historical photogrammetry: Evidence for large theropods soon after insular dwarfism

FIGURE 8. Recent photograph of DFMMh/FV 648, the best preserved footprint, photographed at a low angle. The arrow shows the strongly inclined digit impression IV.