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FIG. 5 in New material of Incadelphys antiquus (Pucadelphyda, Metatheria, Mammalia) from the early Palaeocene of Bolivia reveals phylogenetic affinities with enigmatic North and South American metatherians

FIG. 5. — Incadelphys antiquus, MHNC 13906:A, lateral view of the right upper tooth row; B, lateral view of the left upper tooth row. Scale bar: 5 mm.

FIG. 4 in New material of Incadelphys antiquus (Pucadelphyda, Metatheria, Mammalia) from the early Palaeocene of Bolivia reveals phylogenetic affinities with enigmatic North and South American metatherians

FIG. 4. — Incadelphys antiquus, MHNC 13906: A, stereopair of the right maxilla and upper tooth row in occlusal view. Scale bar: 5 mm.

FIG. 7 in New material of Incadelphys antiquus (Pucadelphyda, Metatheria, Mammalia) from the early Palaeocene of Bolivia reveals phylogenetic affinities with enigmatic North and South American metatherians

FIG. 7. — Incadelphys antiquus, MHNC 13906: A, lateral view of the right lower tooth row; B, medial view of the right lower tooth row; C, lateral view of the left lower tooth row; D, medial view of the left lower tooth row. Scale bar: 5 mm.

FIG. 3 in New material of Incadelphys antiquus (Pucadelphyda, Metatheria, Mammalia) from the early Palaeocene of Bolivia reveals phylogenetic affinities with enigmatic North and South American metatherians

FIG. 3. — Incadelphys antiquus, MHNC 13906, partial skull with dentaries: A, ventral view; B, dorsal view; C, left lateral view; D, right lateral view; E, right dentary in lateral view; F, left dentary in lateral view. Scale bar: 5 mm.

FIG. 2 in New material of Incadelphys antiquus (Pucadelphyda, Metatheria, Mammalia) from the early Palaeocene of Bolivia reveals phylogenetic affinities with enigmatic North and South American metatherians

FIG. 2. — Incadelphys antiquus, holotype, YPFB Pal 6251 (SEM photo of cast): A, left maxillary with P1-P2, dP3, M1-M2; M3, missing the protocone, erupting; B, right maxillary with dP3, M1-M2, M3 erupting; C, right dentary with p3, dp3, m1-m2, m3 missing the trigonid, m4 in crypt. Scale bar: 1 mm.

FIG. 13 in New material of Incadelphys antiquus (Pucadelphyda, Metatheria, Mammalia) from the early Palaeocene of Bolivia reveals phylogenetic affinities with enigmatic North and South American metatherians

FIG. 13. — Phylogenetic relationships of Incadelphys among other metatherians: strict consensus tree of four equally parsimonious trees resulting from the analysis of the data matrix of 287 osteological characters and 32 taxa with equally weighted homoplastic characters (Tree length [L] = 889; Consistency index [CI] = 0.4; Retention index [RI] = 0.606); the Bremer index is given at branches in black numbers below nodes.

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Topographically distinct adaptive landscapes for teeth, skeletons, and size explain the adaptive radiation of Carnivora (Mammalia)

<p>Models of adaptive radiation were originally developed to explain the early, rapid appearance of distinct modes of life within diversifying clades. Phylogenetic tests of this hypothesis have yielded limited support for temporally declining rates of phenotypic evolution across diverse clades, but the concept of an adaptive landscape that links form to fitness, while also crucial to these models, has received more limited attention. Using methods that assess the temporal accumulation of morphological variation and estimate the topography of the underlying adaptive landscape, I found evidence of an early partitioning of craniodental morphological variation in Carnivora (Mammalia) that occurs on an adaptive landscape with multiple peaks, consistent with classic ideas about adaptive radiation. Although strong support for this mode of adaptive radiation is present in traits related to diet, its signal is not present in body mass data or for traits related to locomotor behavior and substrate use. These findings suggest that adaptive radiations may occur along some axes of ecomorphological variation without leaving a signal in others and that their dynamics are more complex than simple univariate tests might suggest.</p>

FIGURE 21 in Spatial And Temporal Distribution Of The Island-Dwelling Kogaionidae (Mammalia, Multituberculata) In The Uppermost Cretaceous Of Transylvania (Western Romania)

FIGURE 21. Latest Cretaceous Transylvanian kogaionid occurrences, highlighting the spatial distribution of the different chronofaunal tiers represented. Numbers within kogaionid silhouettes refer to their respective tiers (see fig. 3). A. Hațeg Basin; B. southwestern Transylvanian Basin; C. Rusca Montană Basin.

FIGURE 23 in Spatial And Temporal Distribution Of The Island-Dwelling Kogaionidae (Mammalia, Multituberculata) In The Uppermost Cretaceous Of Transylvania (Western Romania)

FIGURE 23. Chronostratigraphic distribution of the sedimentary facies represented, combined with the nature of the kogaionid remains recovered, at the different uppermost Cretaceous Transylvanian kogaionid sites. Dark gray, marine deposits; light gray, continental deposits.

FIGURE 22 in Spatial And Temporal Distribution Of The Island-Dwelling Kogaionidae (Mammalia, Multituberculata) In The Uppermost Cretaceous Of Transylvania (Western Romania)

FIGURE 22. Chronostratigraphic distribution of the estimated body sizes of known latest Cretaceous Transylvanian kogaionid occurrences. Dark gray, marine deposits; light gray, continental deposits.

FIGURE 20 in Spatial And Temporal Distribution Of The Island-Dwelling Kogaionidae (Mammalia, Multituberculata) In The Uppermost Cretaceous Of Transylvania (Western Romania)

FIGURE 20. Chronostratigraphic distribution of the different kogaionid taxa identified in the uppermost Cretaceous beds of Transylvania. Dark gray, marine deposits; light gray, continental deposits. For color-coding of the taxa, see legend in figure 19.

FIGURE 12 in Spatial And Temporal Distribution Of The Island-Dwelling Kogaionidae (Mammalia, Multituberculata) In The Uppermost Cretaceous Of Transylvania (Western Romania)

FIGURE 12. In situ remains of the referred specimen of Barbatodon transylvanicus, LPB (FGGUB) M.1635, Pui Beds, site PB3, documenting their associated nature. A. Remains of M.1635 as first spotted in the field, July 2002, showing the dentaries and one of the femora exposed on the bed surface by river erosion. B. Closeup from the initial preparation stage of the plaster jacket containing the partial skeleton M.1635, with the fully exposed dentaries and right femur. C. Presence of further postcranial remains revealed within the plaster jacket; boxed area in left center (B) highlights the position of the first discovered remains. Abbreviations: de, dentary; fe, femur; fi, fibula; l, left; r, right.

FIGURE 14 in Spatial And Temporal Distribution Of The Island-Dwelling Kogaionidae (Mammalia, Multituberculata) In The Uppermost Cretaceous Of Transylvania (Western Romania)

FIGURE 14. Isolated kogaionid teeth from the Pui Beds, site PB4. A–C. Isolated left I2, LPB (FGGUB) M.1706, in A. labial, B. distal, and C. mesial views. D–F. Isolated left I3, LPB (FGGUB) M.1670, in D. mesial, E. labial, and F. distal views. Arrows in B, C, and F point to the demarcation line between thicker and thinner enamel cover. G. Isolated left M1, LPB (FGGUB) M.1671, in occlusal view. H. Holotype of Litovoi tholocephalos, LPB (FGGUB) M.1700, left M1 in occlusal view, for comparison.

FIGURE 16 in Spatial And Temporal Distribution Of The Island-Dwelling Kogaionidae (Mammalia, Multituberculata) In The Uppermost Cretaceous Of Transylvania (Western Romania)

FIGURE 16. Kogaionid-bearing fossiliferous localities from the Densuș-Ciula Formation, Hațeg Basin. A. The Tuștea-Oltoane nesting locality, corresponding to site DC1; large-scale excavation on the newly created platform, August 1998. B. Close-up of the fossiliferous bed at Vălioara-Fântânele, hosting site DC2; C. Close-up of the fossiliferous bed at Vălioara-Fântânele 2, location of site DC3. D. Ravines north of Livezi with outcrops of uppermost Cretaceous continental beds; in the middle foreground, below the grass cover, is site DC4; E. Limited exposures of the uppermost Cretaceous continental beds north of General Berthelot, locality GB1, with the lower red silty mudstones hosting site DC5.

FIGURE 19 in Spatial And Temporal Distribution Of The Island-Dwelling Kogaionidae (Mammalia, Multituberculata) In The Uppermost Cretaceous Of Transylvania (Western Romania)

FIGURE 19. Latest Cretaceous Transylvanian kogaionid occurrences, highlighting the spatial distribution of the different taxa; estimated body sizes taken from figure 18. A. Hațeg Basin; B. southwestern Transylvanian Basin; C. Rusca Montană Basin. Question-mark refers to taxonomical uncertainty concerning the small kogaionid taxon from site RB1, in the Hațeg Basin.

FIGURE 9 in Spatial And Temporal Distribution Of The Island-Dwelling Kogaionidae (Mammalia, Multituberculata) In The Uppermost Cretaceous Of Transylvania (Western Romania)

FIGURE 9. Kogaionid remains from the Sînpetru Formation. A. Close-up of the left upper molars (M1 and M2) of Kogaionon ungureanui (ISER SPT/001), site SP1. B, C. Isolated right M2, LPB (FGGUB) M.1631, of an indeterminate kogaionid, site SP3, occlusal view as B. reflected light stereomicroscopic image; C. SEM image.

FIGURE 18 in Spatial And Temporal Distribution Of The Island-Dwelling Kogaionidae (Mammalia, Multituberculata) In The Uppermost Cretaceous Of Transylvania (Western Romania)

FIGURE 18. Latest Cretaceous Transylvanian kogaionid occurrences, highlighting the spatial distribution of their estimated body size (see text and figure 2 for identity of the fossiliferous sites marked in red in figures 18–23; see text and tables 4–7 for details of body size estimates). A. Hațeg Basin; B. southwestern Transylvanian Basin; C. Rusca Montană Basin.

FIGURE 5 in Spatial And Temporal Distribution Of The Island-Dwelling Kogaionidae (Mammalia, Multituberculata) In The Uppermost Cretaceous Of Transylvania (Western Romania)

FIGURE 5. Craniodental morphology of the Kogaionidae. Skull structure in dorsal view (A, B, D, E) and occlusal view of upper dentition (C, F) in different kogaionid genera (skulls and tooth rows, respectively, drawn to the same scale). A, B. Skull of Litovoi tholocephalos, A. Reconstructed, with missing elements (shaded) mirrored from their counterparts, and B. Simplified outline drawing (from Csiki-Sava et al., 2018). C. Left-side upper dentition of Litovoi tholocephalos (from Csiki-Sava et al., 2018). D. Skull of Kogaionon ungureanui, simplified outline drawing (from Rădulescu and Samson, 1996: Kielan-Jaworowska et al., 2004). E. Skull of Barbatodon transylvanicus, simplified outline drawing (from Smith and Codrea, 2015). F. Left-side upper dentition of Kogaionon ungureanui, in occlusal view (from Rădulescu and Samson, 1996).

FIGURE 3 in Spatial And Temporal Distribution Of The Island-Dwelling Kogaionidae (Mammalia, Multituberculata) In The Uppermost Cretaceous Of Transylvania (Western Romania)

FIGURE 3. Approximate chronostratigraphic distribution of the latest Cretaceous kogaionid occurrences from the Transylvanian area (red stars), alongside other important fossil sites (gray stars) using the biochronofaunal tier system developed by Csiki-Sava et al. (2016), in the main kogaionid-bearing successions: A, the Sînpetru Formation (SP sites); B, the Râul Mare Beds (RB sites); C, the Pui Beds (PB sites); D, the Densuș-Ciula Formation (DC sites), all in the Hațeg Basin; E, the Rusca Montană Basin (RM sites); F, the southwestern Transylvanian Basin, eastern (left column) and western (right column) outcropping areas (TB sites); dark gray, marine deposits; light gray, continental deposits. For kogaionid site abbreviations, see text and figure 2; for other abbreviations, see Csiki-Sava et al. (2016) and Botfalvai et al. (2021). Question mark added in the Râul Mare Beds succession reflects current lack of details as to the relative straigraphic positions of sites RB2 and RB3 (see text).

FIGURE 11 in Spatial And Temporal Distribution Of The Island-Dwelling Kogaionidae (Mammalia, Multituberculata) In The Uppermost Cretaceous Of Transylvania (Western Romania)

FIGURE 11. Isolated kogaionid incisors from the Pui Beds, site PB1. A–E, Isolated left i1, ISER PUI.004, of an indeterminate kogaionid, A. Specimen identified as "ptilodontoid," puncturing-grasping type of i1; drawing from Rădulescu and Samson (1997). B. apical, C. labial, D. dorsal, and E. lingual views. F. Holotype of Litovoi tholocephalos, LPB (FGGUB) M.1700, left i1 in lingual view, for comparison. G–K, Isolated left I2, ISER PUI.003, of an indeterminate kogaionid, G. Specimen identified as "taeniolabidoid," gnawing type of i1; drawing from Rădulescu and Samson (1997), H. apical, I. labial, J. dorsal, and K. lingual views. L. Holotype of Litovoi tholocephalos, LPB (FGGUB) M.1700, right premaxilla with in situ I2–I3 in labial view, for comparison.