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FIG. 5 in Cheliceral Morphology in Solifugae (Arachnida): Primary Homology, Terminology, and Character Survey

FIG. 5. Solifugae, chelicerae, retrolateral (A, B, D, G, I) and dorsal (C, E, F) views, and fixed finger, retrolateral view (H), measurements, ratios, and landmarks. A–C. Landmarks used to measure cheliceral length (CL), including (A) fixed finger apex to cheliceropeltidial condyle (Muma, 1951; Brookhart and Cushing, 2004); (B) fixed finger apex to anterolateral propeltidial lobe anterior margin, in direct line (i) or parallel to longitudinal axis (ii) of chelicera; and (C) fixed finger apex to propeltidium anterior margin. D. CL/CH ratio (CloudsleyThompson, 1961). E. CL/CW* ratio (asterisk indicates use of CW as defined in present contribution). F. A/ CP index (Brookhart and Muma, 1981, 1987; Muma and Brookhart, 1988). G. Fixed and movable (ventral) finger lengths from retrolateral interdigital condyle (ric) center to (applicable) finger apex. H. FN ratio (FNL/ FNH), i.e., fondal notch L/W or FN ratio sensu Brookhart and Muma (1981, 1987) and Muma and Brookhart (1988), and FL/FW ratio sensu Brookhart and Cushing (2004); and FNH/FFH ratio (FW/FFW) sensu Brookhart and Cushing (2004), based on finger to notch ratio (FF/FN) of Brookhart and Muma (1987), with numerator and denominator switched. I. CH/FFH ratio. Abbreviations: CH, cheliceral height; CL, cheliceral length; CP, chelicera-propeltidium length; CW, cheliceral height; FFH, fixed finger height; FFL, fixed finger length; FN, fondal notch; FNH, fondal notch height; FNL, fondal notch length; MFL, movable finger length; ric, retrolateral interdigital condyle.

FIG. 23. Lipophaginae Wharton, 1981 in Cheliceral Morphology in Solifugae (Arachnida): Primary Homology, Terminology, and Character Survey

FIG. 23. Lipophaginae Wharton, 1981, Bdellophaga angulata Wharton, 1981, 3 (NMNW 11601), chelicera, prolateral view (A) and flagellar complex setae, retrolateral (B) and prolateral (C) views, indicating stridulatory apparatus and type B sfc. Abbreviations: MM, movable finger, medial tooth; MP, movable finger, proximal tooth; MSM, movable finger, submedial tooth; pic, prolateral interdigital condyle; pvd, proventral distal setae (plumose); pvsd, proventral subdistal setae; sfc, setiform flagellar complex.

FIG. 1. Galeodidae Sundevall, 1833 in Cheliceral Morphology in Solifugae (Arachnida): Primary Homology, Terminology, and Character Survey

FIG. 1. Galeodidae Sundevall, 1833 (A, B), Rhagodidae Pocock, 1897 (C, D), Hexisopodidae Pocock, 1897 (E, F), Solpugidae Leach, 1815 (G, H), Daesiidae Kraepelin, 1899 (I, J), Gylippinae Roewer, 1933 (K), Eremobatidae Kraepelin, 1899 (L), Ammotrechidae Roewer, 1934 (M), and Mummuciidae Roewer, 1934 (N), habitus in life. A, B Galeodes caspius fuscus Birula, 1890, Kazakhstan, ♀ (A) and 3 (B). C. Rhagodes sp., ♀, Kenya. D. Rhagodes sp., ♀, India. E. Hexisopus sp., ♀, Namibia. F. Chelypus sp., 3, Namibia. G. Metasopuga picta (Kraepelin, 1899), 3, Namibia. H. Zeria sericea (Pocock, 1897), 3, Namibia. I. Hemiblossia sp., ♀, Namibia. J. Blossia sp., 3, Namibia. K. Gyllipus (Paragylippus) monoceros Werner, 1905, 3, Turkey. L. Eremocosta striata (Putnam 1883), ♀, U.S.A. M. Nothopuga cuyana Maury, 1976, 3, Argentina, N. Gaucha sp. ♀, Brazil.

FIG. 7. Eremobatidae Kraepelin, 1899 in Cheliceral Morphology in Solifugae (Arachnida): Primary Homology, Terminology, and Character Survey

FIG. 7. Eremobatidae Kraepelin, 1899 (A, B), Solpugidae Leach, 1815 (C), and Ammotrechidae Roewer, 1934 (D), cheliceral shape modifications and positional comparison of fondal notch and medial notch, prolateral (A) and retrolateral (B–D) views. A. Eremochelis andreasana (Muma, 1962), holotype 3 (AMNH), shallow fondal notch, illustrating proximal position, relative to reduced median series dentition. B. Eremobates bajadae Muma and Brookhart, 1988, 3 (AMNH [LP 5740]), deep fondal notch. C. Solpugema derbiana (Pocock, 1895), 3 (AMNH [LP 7709]), illustrating medial notch situated within median series dentition, distal to FP. D. Branchia angustus Muma, 1951, 3, adapted from Muma (1951: 136, fig. 305), illustrating medial notch situated within median series dentition. Abbreviations: FD, fixed finger, distal tooth; FM, fixed finger, medial tooth; FN, fondal notch; FP, fixed finger, proximal tooth; FSM, fixed finger, submedial tooth; MN, medial notch; MPL, movable finger, prolateral tooth; PFM, profondal medial tooth; PFP, profondal proximal tooth; PFSM, profondal submedial tooth; PFSP, profondal subproximal tooth; RDP, retrodorsal process; RF, retrofondal teeth; RFM, retrofondal medial tooth; RFP, retrofondal proximal tooth; RFSM, retrofondal submedial tooth; RFSP, retrofondal subproximal tooth; VN, ventral notch.

Figure 5 in Peculiarities of seasonal dynamics of net primary production and its microzooplankton grazing in the coastal waters of the Black Sea (Sevastopol region)

Figure 5. Seasonal dynamics of parameters: a – relative biomass of diatoms (1) and weighted average volume of phytoplankton cells (2), b – relative biomass of dinoflagellates (1) and coccolithophores (2), c – molar ratios N/P (1) and Si/N (2), d – net phytoplankton growth rate (1) and ratio g/µ (2) in station 2.

Figure 4 in Peculiarities of seasonal dynamics of net primary production and its microzooplankton grazing in the coastal waters of the Black Sea (Sevastopol region)

Figure 4. Seasonal dynamics of parameters: a – intensity of solar radiation (1) and water temperature (2), b – nitrates (1) and ammonium (2), c – silicates (1) and phosphates (2), c – net primary production (1) and chlorophyll a concentration (2) in station 2.

Figure 3 in Peculiarities of seasonal dynamics of net primary production and its microzooplankton grazing in the coastal waters of the Black Sea (Sevastopol region)

Figure 3. Seasonal dynamics of parameters: a – relative biomass of diatoms (1) and weighted average volume of phytoplankton cells (2), b – relative biomass of dinoflagellates (1) and coccolithophores (2), c – molar ratios N/P (1) and Si/N (2), d – net phytoplankton growth rate (1) and ratio g/µ (2) in station 1.

Figure 2 in Peculiarities of seasonal dynamics of net primary production and its microzooplankton grazing in the coastal waters of the Black Sea (Sevastopol region)

Figure 2. Seasonal dynamics of parameters: a – intensity of solar radiation (1) and water temperature (2), b – nitrates (1) and ammonium (2), c – silicates (1) and phosphates (2), c – net primary production (1) and chlorophyll a concentration (2) in station 1.

Fig. 42 in Complex of primary and secondary parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae and Signiphoridae) of Hypogeococcus spp. mealybugs (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) in the New World

Fig. 42. Phylogenetic placement of Tetracneminae specimens inferred from ML analysis of concatenated sequences of 28S and COI. The analysis was conducted in RAxML and branch support, expressed as a percentage, was assessed with 1,000 rapid bootstrap replicates. Clade 1 = Leptomastidea hypogeococci; clade 2 = Anagyrus cachamai; clade 3 = Anagyrus quilmes. Encyrtus spp. (the outgroup) belong to the subfamily Encyrtinae.

Figs. 27–33 in Complex of primary and secondary parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae and Signiphoridae) of Hypogeococcus spp. mealybugs (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) in the New World

Figs. 27–33. Cheiloneurus sp. near banksi (Rockley, Christ Church Parish, Barbados): 27, female antenna; 28, female head (frontal view); 29, female mesosoma and metasoma; 30, female fore wing; 31, male antenna; 32, male fore wing; 33, male genitalia.

Figs. 34–36 in Complex of primary and secondary parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae and Signiphoridae) of Hypogeococcus spp. mealybugs (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) in the New World

Figs. 34–36. Prochiloneurus spp. males (34–35, P. argentinensis, Loreto, Misiones, Argentina [photographs courtesy of D. A. Aquino]; 36, P. narendrani, Mona Island, Puerto Rico): 34, habitus; 35, antennae; 36, habitus.

Fig. 1. A in Complex of primary and secondary parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae and Signiphoridae) of Hypogeococcus spp. mealybugs (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) in the New World

Fig. 1. A gall-like formation caused by the feeding of Harrisia cactus mealybug, Hypogeococcus sp., on Stenocereus fimbriatus columnar cactus in Caja de Muertos Island, Puerto Rico.

Figs. 12–13 in Complex of primary and secondary parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae and Signiphoridae) of Hypogeococcus spp. mealybugs (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) in the New World

Figs. 12–13. Leptomastidea hypogeococci sp. n. female (holotype): 12, mesosoma and metasoma; 13, fore and hind wings.

Figs. 14–17 in Complex of primary and secondary parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae and Signiphoridae) of Hypogeococcus spp. mealybugs (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) in the New World

Figs. 14–17. Leptomastidea hypogeococci sp. n. male (paratype, Cabo Rojo, Puerto Rico, USA): 14, antenna; 15, body; 16, fore and hind wings; 17, genitalia.

Figs. 9–11 in Complex of primary and secondary parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae and Signiphoridae) of Hypogeococcus spp. mealybugs (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) in the New World

Figs. 9–11. Leptomastidea hypogeococci sp. n. female (holotype): 9, slide; 10, head (frontal view); 11, antenna.

Figs. 37–41 in Complex of primary and secondary parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae and Signiphoridae) of Hypogeococcus spp. mealybugs (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) in the New World

Figs. 37–41. Anagyrus tanystis female (holotype): 37, slide; 38, head (frontal view); 39, antennae; 40, mesosoma and metasoma; 41, fore wing.

Figs. 2–3 in Complex of primary and secondary parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae and Signiphoridae) of Hypogeococcus spp. mealybugs (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) in the New World

Figs. 2–3. Leptomastidea abnormis female (San Miguel de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina): 2, antenna; 3, fore wing.

Fig. 8 in Complex of primary and secondary parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae and Signiphoridae) of Hypogeococcus spp. mealybugs (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) in the New World

Fig. 8. Leptomastidea hypogeococci sp. n. female, photographed live (from colony, San Juan, Puerto Rico, USA): habitus.

Figs. 25–26 in Complex of primary and secondary parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae and Signiphoridae) of Hypogeococcus spp. mealybugs (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) in the New World

Figs. 25–26. Cheiloneurus sp. near banksi (Rockley, Christ Church Parish, Barbados): 25, habitus of female; 26, habitus of male.

Figs. 18–21 in Complex of primary and secondary parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae and Signiphoridae) of Hypogeococcus spp. mealybugs (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) in the New World

Figs. 18–21. Leptomastidea hypogeococci sp. n. (paratypes, Seacrest Scrub Natural Area, Palm Beach County, Florida, USA): 18, female antenna; 19, female fore wing; 20, male antenna; 21, male fore wing.