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Fig. 8 in A Partial Skeleton of Pseudaelurus (Carnivora: Felidae) from the Nambé Member of the Tesuque Formation, Española Basin, New Mexico

Fig. 8. Articulated left manus: third phalanges (ph3), lateral concavity in the second phalanges (ph2) for retractile claws.

Fig. 9 in A Partial Skeleton of Pseudaelurus (Carnivora: Felidae) from the Nambé Member of the Tesuque Formation, Española Basin, New Mexico

Fig. 9. Disarticulated and prepared right manus. The vestigial state of Mc1 is almost identical to that seen in modern members of Felidae. sc = scapholunar carpal bone, acc = accessory, cun = cuneiform, tzm = trapezium. Greatest length measurements of metacarpal bones: first Mc, 20.9 mm; second Mc, 41.0 mm; third Mc, 49.5 mm; fourth Mc, 47.0 mm; fifth Mc, 38.1 mm.

Fig. 6 in A Partial Skeleton of Pseudaelurus (Carnivora: Felidae) from the Nambé Member of the Tesuque Formation, Española Basin, New Mexico

Fig. 6. Right humerus: dorsal view (left) and ventral view (right). The deltoid ridge (dr) can be seen extending beyond midpoint into the distal half of the diaphysis. gt = greater tubercle, sf = supracondyloid foramen, sr = supracondyloid ridge, of = olecranon fossa, me = medial epicondyle.

Fig. 15 in A Partial Skeleton of Pseudaelurus (Carnivora: Felidae) from the Nambé Member of the Tesuque Formation, Española Basin, New Mexico

Fig. 15. Postcranial logratio diagram comparing front and rear limb measurements of Proailurus and Pseudaelurus. The standard specimen on the y axis is P. lemanensis, the earliest recognized member of Felidae. Contrasted to this taxon is F:AM 62128, the early Miocene Nambé skeleton described in this paper. The length of the fragmented femur of F:AM 62128 was estimated. The data curve of the Nambé skeleton is reasonably vertical (similar in proportion to Proailurus). For the characters featured, the North American Pseudaelurus appears to be a larger version of the earlier P. lemanensis. A data point of 0.1 to the right of the y axis on this log difference scale represents an increase in size of approximately 25%.

Fig. 5 in A Partial Skeleton of Pseudaelurus (Carnivora: Felidae) from the Nambé Member of the Tesuque Formation, Española Basin, New Mexico

Fig. 5. Logratio diagram of lower jaw characters and measurements featured in table 1. The standard specimen on the y axis is P. lemanensis, an early Miocene felid from Europe. The five Pseudaelurus specimens fall into two categories of jaw types based on size of jaw and the cp3 diastema character. The two P. intrepidus species and F:AM 62128 have larger jaws than Proailurus, but still have a relatively shortened cp3 diastema when compared to their European relative. The other two Pseudaelurus species (P. marshi, P. aeluroides) have a greater reduced cp3 diastema in comparison to Proailurus.

Fig. 3 in A Partial Skeleton of Pseudaelurus (Carnivora: Felidae) from the Nambé Member of the Tesuque Formation, Española Basin, New Mexico

Fig. 3. Close view of basicranial area of skull. The x markers delineate the medial emargination of the basioccipital caused by an enlarged caudal entotympanic. Also seen: the concavity of the paroccipital process (PP) where it contacts the caudal surface of the expanded caudal entotympanic. T = ectotympanic, P = petrosal bone, PP = paroccipital process.

Fig. 4 in A Partial Skeleton of Pseudaelurus (Carnivora: Felidae) from the Nambé Member of the Tesuque Formation, Española Basin, New Mexico

Fig. 4. Lateral (A) and oblique (B) views of lower jaw indicating dental characters of generic significance: presence of p2, lack of p1 and m2, and reduced metaconid and talonid on m1.

Fig. 2a in A Partial Skeleton of Pseudaelurus (Carnivora: Felidae) from the Nambé Member of the Tesuque Formation, Española Basin, New Mexico

Fig. 2a. Dorsal view of F:AM 62128 skull. The morphology of the cranium resembles that of the P. lemanensis skull (MNHN S.G. 3509a) from Europe and the early North American Ginn Quarry skull (F:AM 61847) from Nebraska. sc = sagittal crest, nc = nuchal crest.

Fig. 1 in A Partial Skeleton of Pseudaelurus (Carnivora: Felidae) from the Nambé Member of the Tesuque Formation, Española Basin, New Mexico

Fig. 1. Stratigraphic ranges for Proailurus spp. (Pro), Pseudaelurus spp. in Europe (Eur), Pseudaelurus spp. in North America (NA) and Felis (Felis). There appears to be no overlap in the fossil record among these three genera of Felidae. Proailurus is not found after MN2b. European Pseudaelurus range is that of the smallest species, P. turnauensis: MN3 to MN9. Correlation references: McKenna and Bell (1997), MacFadden and Hunt (1998).

Fig. 2b in A Partial Skeleton of Pseudaelurus (Carnivora: Felidae) from the Nambé Member of the Tesuque Formation, Española Basin, New Mexico

Fig. 2b. Ventral view of F:AM 62128 skull containing four upper premolars with P2 evidenced by a singlerooted alveolus. PP = paroccipital process, P = petrosal part of the temporal bone, M = mastoid bone.

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Fig. 3. Nonpreserved ctenostomes. A. Small Bowerbankia inhabiting Tubulipora skeleton. B. Bowerbankialike form with large lophophore. C in Northern Adriatic Bryozoa From The Vicinity Of Rovinj, Croatia

Fig. 3. Nonpreserved ctenostomes. A. Small Bowerbankia inhabiting Tubulipora skeleton. B. Bowerbankialike form with large lophophore. C. Stolonate ctenostomate with campylonemidan lophophore of 10 tentacles. D. Robust stolonate ctenostomate with 16–17 tentacles. (0.5 mm)

Fig. 6. Isotemnid foot. AMNH 28690. A in Morphological Diversity in the Postcranial Skeleton of Casamayoran (?Middle to Late Eocene) Notoungulata and Foot Posture in Notoungulates

Fig. 6. Isotemnid foot. AMNH 28690. A, Dorsal view of pes; B, astragalus in plantar view (left) and lateral view (right); C, calcaneum in dorsal view (left) and lateral view (right); D, line drawing illustrating maximum dorsiflexion of the upper ankle joint (left) and maximum plantarflexion (right); E, posterior view of upper ankle joint at maximum plantarflexion, showing the exposed superior astragalar foramen and groove for the tendon of the flexor hallucis longus. Abbreviations: cu, cuboid; dp, dorsal; ect f, ectal facet; ent, entocuneiform; fib, fibula; fib f, fibular facet; flx g, groove for the tendon of the flexor hallucis longus; med p, medial process; nav, navicular; nav f, navicular facet; plnt ast f, plantar astragalar foramen; pp, peroneal process; ps, peroneal shelf; sup ast f, superior astragalar foramen; tib, tibia. (The upper scale bar applies to A, B, and C, the lower bar to D and E.)

Fig. 3. Isotemnid antebrachia, ulnae A, B in Morphological Diversity in the Postcranial Skeleton of Casamayoran (?Middle to Late Eocene) Notoungulata and Foot Posture in Notoungulates

Fig. 3. Isotemnid antebrachia, ulnae A, B, and C; radii D, E, and F. A and D are of Anisotemnus distentus, AMNH 28906; B and E are of Thomashuxleya externa, AMNH 28653; C and F are of Pleurostylodon similis, AMNH 28904. All are shown as being from the right side, but the elements of Pleurostylodon (C and F) and the radius of Anisotemnus (D) are from the left, but digitally reversed to appear as right. Abbreviations are: ap, anconeal process; cp, coronoid process; and ce, capitular eminence. The olecranon process of Pleurostylodon (C) is reconstructed.

Fig. 2 in Morphological Diversity in the Postcranial Skeleton of Casamayoran (?Middle to Late Eocene) Notoungulata and Foot Posture in Notoungulates

Fig. 2. Isotemnid humeri from Cañadón Vaca, Casamayoran SALMA (Vacan ''subage''). Anterior (above) and distal (below) view of humeri of A, Ansiotemnus distentus, AMNH 28906; B, Thomashuxleya extena, AMNH 28653; and C, Plexotemnus similis, AMNH 28904. Scale bar applies to all. Panels A and B show right humeri and panel C shows a left humerus (but digitally reversed for ease of comparison). Abbreviations are: cap, capitulum; Δc, deltoid crest; ent f, entepicondylar foramen gt, greater tubercle; lt, lesser tubercle; m flg, medial flange; pc, pectoral crest; tt, teres tubercle.

Fig. 7 in Morphological Diversity in the Postcranial Skeleton of Casamayoran (?Middle to Late Eocene) Notoungulata and Foot Posture in Notoungulates

Fig. 7. Changes in foot structure in South American ungulates over time. The ankle index indicates the percentage of the ungulate taxa in a fauna that lacks an astragalar canal (i.e., superior astragalar foramen absent). This absence, and associated increase in the tibioastragalar articulation, is used as a proxy for the proportion of the ungulate fauna having a subcursorial to cursorial foot. The percentage having the modified form is compared to the mean ungulate hypsodonty, and changes in the proxy of global temperature (Ο18O). Time scale, mean hypsodonty index, and temperature proxy are modified from Flynn et al. (2003).

Fig. 1 in Morphological Diversity in the Postcranial Skeleton of Casamayoran (?Middle to Late Eocene) Notoungulata and Foot Posture in Notoungulates

Fig. 1. Scapula of Anisotemnus distentus, AMNH 28906. Left, lateral view; right, distal view. Abbreviations: acr, acromion; acr ang, acromial angle; cor p, coracoid process; gln, glenoid fossa; inf spn f, infraspinous fossa; sup spn f, supraspinous fossa.

Fig. 5 in Morphological Diversity in the Postcranial Skeleton of Casamayoran (?Middle to Late Eocene) Notoungulata and Foot Posture in Notoungulates

Fig. 5. Comparative anatomy of Vacan ''subage'' (Casamayoran SALMA) isotemnids with the Mustersan taxon Periphragnis harmeri. A, Manus of Anisotemnus distentus, AMNH 28906; B, manus of Periphragnis harmeri, AMNH 14952 (cast of Roth MLP specimen); C, left astragalus (dorsal view) of cf. Thomashuxleya externa, AMNH 142463; D, left astragalus, calcaneum, and navicular (dorsal view) of Periphragnis harmeri, AMNH 14952 (cast). Abbreviations of carpal elements: cun, cuneiform; lun, lunar; mg, magnum; pis, pisiform; scp, scaphoid; td, trapezoid; tm, trapezium; unc, unciform.

Fig. 4 in Morphological Diversity in the Postcranial Skeleton of Casamayoran (?Middle to Late Eocene) Notoungulata and Foot Posture in Notoungulates

Fig. 4. Isotemnid hands: A, left manus of Anisotemnus distentus, AMNH 28906 and B, Pleurostylodon similis, AMNH 28904 shown as left, but reversed).

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Text-fig. 3. Schematic position of the human modifications (cut marks, impact marks, ochre traces, inserted bones) recognised on the canid remains from Předmostí, indicated on a wolf skeleton; the frequencies of the modifications are not shown. Modified after © 2003 ArcheoZoo.org / Michel Coutureau (Inrap). in Consumption Of Canid Meat At The Gravettian Předmostí Site, The Czech Republic

Text-fig. 3. Schematic position of the human modifications (cut marks, impact marks, ochre traces, inserted bones) recognised on the canid remains from Předmostí, indicated on a wolf skeleton; the frequencies of the modifications are not shown. Modified after © 2003 ArcheoZoo.org / Michel Coutureau (Inrap).