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836 results for “Toads”
FIGURE 1 in Two new surprising species of leaf-litter toad of the Rhinella margaritifera species group (Anura: Bufonidae) from the Peruvian Amazon, Loreto-Peru
FIGURE 1. Maximum likelihood phylogenetic hypothesis of Rhinella angeli sp. nov. (yellow) and R. unapensis sp. nov (red) based on Maximum Likelihood (HKY+I+G model), analyzing 500 bp of 16S rDNA. Numbers below branches represent bootstrap support for 200000 pseudoreplications.
FIGURE 3 in Two new surprising species of leaf-litter toad of the Rhinella margaritifera species group (Anura: Bufonidae) from the Peruvian Amazon, Loreto-Peru
FIGURE 3. Type series and morphological variation in preserved specimens of Rhinella angeli sp. nov. A–C: Holotype (CRBIIAP-2126—adult male); D–L: Paratypes (D–F= CRBIIAP-2127—adult male; G-I= CRBIIAP-2128—adult female; J–L= CRBIIAP-2129—juvenile).
FIGURE 2 in Two new surprising species of leaf-litter toad of the Rhinella margaritifera species group (Anura: Bufonidae) from the Peruvian Amazon, Loreto-Peru
FIGURE 2. Holotype of Rhinella angeli sp. nov. (CRBIIAP-2126); A= dorsal view; B= ventral view; C= lateral view of head; D= dorsal view of head; E= ventral view of right hand; F= ventral view of right foot.
FIGURE 2. A in A new species of stream toad of the genus Ansonia Stoliczka, 1870 (Anura: Bufonidae) from Nakhon Si Thammarat Range in southern Thailand
FIGURE 2. A. Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian Inference topologies of Ansonia based on 2453 bp of concatenated 12S and 16S ribosomal DNA. Ancestral nodes for all species are supported by a UFB and BPP of 100 and 1.00, respectively. Blue circles denote backbone nodes with 1.00/100 nodal support. Green circle denotes backbone nodes with only a BPP of 1.00. Unannotated backbone nodes are only weakly supported (UFB and BPP <95/0.95). B. PCA of selected members of the Thai-Burmese clade of Ansonia for which complete adjusted mensural data sets were available. C. Bar graph of uncorrected pairwise sequence divergence of the Thai-Burmese Ansonia species from A. infernalis sp. nov. based on 477 base pairs of 16S RNA.
FIGURE 5 in A new species of stream toad of the genus Ansonia Stoliczka, 1870 (Anura: Bufonidae) from Nakhon Si Thammarat Range in southern Thailand
FIGURE 5. Natural habitat of Ansonia infernalis sp. nov. A and B. Microhabitat at the type locality in Thungsong District, Nakhon Si Thammarat Provice, Thailand. C–D. Male (not collected) in situ at the type locality. E. Male (not collected) in ventral view at Ron Phibun District, Nakhon Si Thammarat Provice, Thailand. F. Female (not collected) in situ in dorsolateral view at Ron Phibun District, Nakhon Si Thammarat Provice, Thailand. Photographs by Parinya Pawangkhanant.
FIGURE 4 in A new species of stream toad of the genus Ansonia Stoliczka, 1870 (Anura: Bufonidae) from Nakhon Si Thammarat Range in southern Thailand
FIGURE 4. Female paratype (AUP-00328) of Ansonia infernalis sp. nov. A. Lateral view. B. Ventral view. Photographs by Parinya Pawangkhanant.
FIGURE 3 in A new species of stream toad of the genus Ansonia Stoliczka, 1870 (Anura: Bufonidae) from Nakhon Si Thammarat Range in southern Thailand
FIGURE 3. Male holotype (AUP-00327) of Ansonia infernalis sp. nov. A. Dorsolateral view. B. Lateral view. C. Ventral view. Photographs by Parinya Pawangkhanant.
On following pages: 534. Macedonian Mouse (Mus macedonicus); 535. Mound-building Mouse (Mus spicilegus); 536. Cypriot Mouse (Mus cypriacus); 537. Ethiopian Striped Mouse (Mus imberbis); 538. Mahomet Mouse (Mus mahomet): 539. Hausa Mouse (Mus haussa); 540. West African Pygmy Mouse (Mus musculoides); 541. Baoule Mouse (Mus baoulei); 542. Matthey's Mouse (Mus mattheyi); 543. Toad Mouse (Mus bufo); 544. Callewaert's Mouse (Mus callewaerti); 545. Gounda Mouse (Mus goundae); 546. Neave's Mouse (Mus neavel); 547. Ubangui Mouse (Mus oubanguii); 548. Peters's Mouse (Mus setulosus); 549. Thomas's Mouse (Mus sorella): 550. Gray-bellied Mouse (Mustriton); 551. Delicate Mouse (Mus tenellus); 552. Desert Pygmy Mouse (Mus indutus); 553. Sub-Saharan Pygmy Mouse (Mus minutoides); 554. Setzer's Mouse (Mus setzeri); 555. Little Indian Field Mouse (Mus booduga); 556. Phillips's Mouse (Mus phillipsi); 557. Flat-haired Mouse (Mus platythrix); 558. Saxicolous Mouse (Mus saxicola); 559. Earth-colored Mouse (Mus terricolon); 560. Servant Mouse (Mus famulus): 561. Ceylon Spiny Mouse (Mus fernandoni); 562. Mayor's Mouse (Mus mayori); 563. Ryukyu Mouse (Mus caroli); 564. Fawn-colored Mouse (Mus cervicolor); 565. Cook's Mouse (Mus cookii); 566. Sheath-tailed Mouse (Mus fragilicauda); 567. Little Burmese Field Mouse (Mus lepidoides); 568. Blyth's Mouse (Mus nitidulus); 569. Indochinese Shrew-like Mouse (Mus pahari); 570. Shortridge's Mouse (Mus shortridgei); 571. Sumatran Shrew-like Mouse (Mus crociduroides); 572. Javan Shrew-like Mouse (Mus vulcani). in Muridae
On following pages: 534. Macedonian Mouse (Mus macedonicus); 535. Mound-building Mouse (Mus spicilegus); 536. Cypriot Mouse (Mus cypriacus); 537. Ethiopian Striped Mouse (Mus imberbis); 538. Mahomet Mouse (Mus mahomet): 539. Hausa Mouse (Mus haussa); 540. West African Pygmy Mouse (Mus musculoides); 541. Baoule Mouse (Mus baoulei); 542. Matthey's Mouse (Mus mattheyi); 543. Toad Mouse (Mus bufo); 544. Callewaert's Mouse (Mus callewaerti); 545. Gounda Mouse (Mus goundae); 546. Neave's Mouse (Mus neavel); 547. Ubangui Mouse (Mus oubanguii); 548. Peters's Mouse (Mus setulosus); 549. Thomas's Mouse (Mus sorella): 550. Gray-bellied Mouse (Mustriton); 551. Delicate Mouse (Mus tenellus); 552. Desert Pygmy Mouse (Mus indutus); 553. Sub-Saharan Pygmy Mouse (Mus minutoides); 554. Setzer's Mouse (Mus setzeri); 555. Little Indian Field Mouse (Mus booduga); 556. Phillips's Mouse (Mus phillipsi); 557. Flat-haired Mouse (Mus platythrix); 558. Saxicolous Mouse (Mus saxicola); 559. Earth-colored Mouse (Mus terricolon); 560. Servant Mouse (Mus famulus): 561. Ceylon Spiny Mouse (Mus fernandoni); 562. Mayor's Mouse (Mus mayori); 563. Ryukyu Mouse (Mus caroli); 564. Fawn-colored Mouse (Mus cervicolor); 565. Cook's Mouse (Mus cookii); 566. Sheath-tailed Mouse (Mus fragilicauda); 567. Little Burmese Field Mouse (Mus lepidoides); 568. Blyth's Mouse (Mus nitidulus); 569. Indochinese Shrew-like Mouse (Mus pahari); 570. Shortridge's Mouse (Mus shortridgei); 571. Sumatran Shrew-like Mouse (Mus crociduroides); 572. Javan Shrew-like Mouse (Mus vulcani).
Data from: Identification of candidate loci for adaptive phenotypic plasticity in natural populations of spadefoot toads
<p>Phenotypic plasticity allows organisms to alter their phenotype in direct response to changes in the environment. Despite growing recognition of plasticity's role in ecology and evolution, few studies have probed plasticity's molecular bases—especially using natural populations. We investigated the genetic basis of phenotypic plasticity in natural populations of spadefoot toads (<i>Spea multiplicata</i>). <i>Spea</i> tadpoles normally develop into an 'omnivore' morph that is favored in long-lasting, low-density ponds. However, if tadpoles consume freshwater shrimp or other tadpoles, they can develop (via plasticity) into a 'carnivore' morph that is favored in shallow, high-density ponds. By combining natural variation in pond ecology and morph production with population genetic approaches, we identified candidate loci associated with morph (carnivores versus omnivores) and loci associated with adaptive phenotypic plasticity (adaptive versus maladaptive morph choice). Our candidate morph loci mapped to two genes, whereas our candidate plasticity loci mapped to 12 genes. In both cases, the identified genes tended to have functions related to their putative role in spadefoot tadpole biology. Our results thereby form the basis for future studies into the molecular mechanisms that mediate plasticity in spadefoots. More generally, these results illustrate how diverse loci might be deployed to mediate adaptive plasticity.</p>
FIGURE 1 in A diamond in the rough desert shrublands of the Great Basin in the Western United States: A new cryptic toad species (Amphibia: Bufonidae: Bufo (Anaxyrus)) discovered in Northern Nevada
FIGURE 1. Sampling localities of populations included for morphological (a) and DNA (b) collections within the hydrological Great Basin and surrounding states. a) Colors indicate species-specific populations measured for morphological analysis. b) Colors correspond with localized species and B. boreas colors correspond with major mtDNA haplotype clades (ONV- Oregon- NW Nevada (yellow), HL-Humboldt-Lahontan (blue), M-Mojave (aqua)) identified in Tracy et al. (in progress) molecular study of B. boreas diversity. Maps created using ArcGIS software by ESRI (2011: Release 10).
FIGURE 5 in A diamond in the rough desert shrublands of the Great Basin in the Western United States: A new cryptic toad species (Amphibia: Bufonidae: Bufo (Anaxyrus)) discovered in Northern Nevada
FIGURE 5. Discriminant function analysis (DFA). Cross validated DFA using 14 size corrected morphological characters measured from 380 live adult toads (Fig. 1a) examined within the hydrological Great Basin Bufo (Anaxyrus) boreas species complex. Species identified as B. boreas (red circle), B. nelsoni (blue diamond), B. exsul (green circle), and B. williamsi (yellow square).
FIGURE 4 in A diamond in the rough desert shrublands of the Great Basin in the Western United States: A new cryptic toad species (Amphibia: Bufonidae: Bufo (Anaxyrus)) discovered in Northern Nevada
FIGURE 4. Photographs of Bufo (Anaxyrus) williamsi sp. nov. holotype (CAS 259271). Adult male toad presented live: (a) dorsal view and (b) ventral view; and preserved: (c) dorsal view and (d) ventral view. Photographs taken by M.R.Gordon.
FIGURE 3 in A diamond in the rough desert shrublands of the Great Basin in the Western United States: A new cryptic toad species (Amphibia: Bufonidae: Bufo (Anaxyrus)) discovered in Northern Nevada
FIGURE 3. Molecular examination of Bufo (Anaxyrus) boreas species complex.The TCS haplotype network was constructed using 246 sequences (1622 aligned sites) obtained from toad sampling (Fig.1b) resulting in 72 unique haplotypes, with circle sizes corresponding with the number of individuals of a particular haplotype. Haplotype colors correspond geographically (Fig. 1b) and to localized species (B. canorus (purple), B. exsul (green) and B. nelsoni (orange)) and highlight the genetic divergence of B. williamsi (red). The condensed phylogeny identifying Great Basin Bufo (Anaxyrus) boreas species complex major haplotype clades: maximum likelihood of 10 samples (1436 aligned sites) using GTR +G+I evolutionary model. The terminals are identified by taxon name and followed by locality of collection for B. boreas. Bufo williamsi, noted with a red circle, is sister to boreas of the HL clade. Heavy bars correspond with major haplotype clades.
FIGURE 2 in A diamond in the rough desert shrublands of the Great Basin in the Western United States: A new cryptic toad species (Amphibia: Bufonidae: Bufo (Anaxyrus)) discovered in Northern Nevada
FIGURE 2. Bufo (Anaxyrus) boreas species complex distribution. a) Bufo (Anaxyrus) boreas distribution (shown in brown) across the Western United States with hydrological Great Basin shown with black outline and hash mark interior; b) Bufo (Anaxyrus) boreas species complex and ranges for toads including new species, illustrating the narrow distribution of localized endemics. Spatial data for all toads except B. williamsi provided by IUCN (2015). Images taken by M.R.Gordon except B. canorus with photo credit to G. Nafis.
FIGURE 6 in A diamond in the rough desert shrublands of the Great Basin in the Western United States: A new cryptic toad species (Amphibia: Bufonidae: Bufo (Anaxyrus)) discovered in Northern Nevada
FIGURE 6. Major and minor groups identified: Bayesian inference phylogenetic tree constructed from analyses from unique haplotype sequences of 1622bp fragment of the control region of the mitochondrial genome (Fig. 1b; n = 308). Posterior probabilities are shown. Haplotype number (n = 72) and sampling locality comprise terminal ends of tree and two haplotypes of the root are shown. Minor groups include localized species: Bufo (Anaxyrus) nelsoni (green), B. exsul (orange), B. canorus (purple), B. williamsi (red) and undescribed divergent species (black). Large bars identify major groups, which include populations of B. boreas, sampled within the hydrological Great Basin (Fig. 1b).
Figure 2 in Phylogeography of the common toad (Bufo bufo, Lissamphibia: Anura) in Switzerland
Figure 2. Median-joining network of the mitochondrial 16 S rRNA gene in the B. bufo complex and outgroups. Black dots represent single substitution steps. Each haplotype is represented by a circle, with width proportional to frequency. Haplotypes represented by more than three specimens are labelled with a letter (A-M), the legend below the figure lists the associated specimens. The numbers correspond to the specimens listed in Appendix. Specimens from Switzerland in grey.
Figure 1 in Phylogeography of the common toad (Bufo bufo, Lissamphibia: Anura) in Switzerland
Figure 1. Map of Switzerland including localities of collected samples of Bufo bufo and the distribution of the corresponding mitochondrial haplotypes 1 and 2, which correspond to the haplotypes e 3 and e 1 of Garcia-Porta et al. (2012).
FIGURE 8 in A new species of flea-toad (Anura: Brachycephalidae) from southern Atlantic Forest, Brazil
FIGURE 8. Topology of one of the two most parsimonious trees (of 842 steps) for the genus Brachycephalus. Branch lengths correspond to the number of unambiguous parsimony transformations. Numbers close to nodes are Jackknife absolute frequencies. Nodes without values indicate frequencies above 70%. See Appendix 2 for DNA sequences included in this analysis.
FIGURE 5 in A new species of flea-toad (Anura: Brachycephalidae) from southern Atlantic Forest, Brazil
FIGURE 5. Color variation in Brachycephalus sulfuratus sp. nov. (A) Dorsolateral and (B) ventral views of CFBH 39148, adult male, from município de Cananéia, State of São Paulo. (C) Dorsolateral and (D) ventral views of CFBH 39142, adult male, from município de São Francisco do Sul, State of Santa Catarina. (E) Dorsolateral and (F) ventral views of CFBH 39138, adult male, from município de São Francisco do Sul, State of Santa Catarina. (G) Dorsolateral and (H) ventral views of CFBH 39145, adult female, from município de Joinville, State of Santa Catarina.
FIGURE 7 in A new species of flea-toad (Anura: Brachycephalidae) from southern Atlantic Forest, Brazil
FIGURE 7. Distribution of Brachycephalus sulfuratus sp. nov. along the States of São Paulo (SP), Paraná (PR), and Santa Catarina (SC), Brazil. The star represents the type-locality at município de São Francisco do Sul (SC) and circles represent the paratypes occurrence. The referred specimen from São José dos Pinhais (PR), not included as paratype, is represented by the triangle.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.