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Fig. 13 in Comparative anatomy of the larvae of argid sawflies (Hymenoptera: Argidae): a phylogenetic approach

Fig. 13 Larval thorax and legs, characters and states. a, b Dielocerus diasi. a Fore leg. b Fore coxal glands. c, d Sericoceros mexicanus. c Fore leg. d Fore coxal glands. e Sphacophilus apios fore leg. f Neoptilia malvacearum fore coxal glands. g, h Ptenos amazonicus. g Fore leg. h Fore coxal gland. i, j Scobina melanopyga. i Fore leg. j Fore pretarsus. k Didymia connurasae fore leg. l, m Aprosthema brunniventre. l Lateral prothorax and fore leg. m Prespiracular gland. n, o Sterictiphora serotina. n Lateral prothorax and fore leg. o Prespiracular gland. p, q Pampsilota dahomeyanus fore leg. q Pretarsus. r Ptenos amazonicus thorax, lateral view. s Arge berberidis hind leg. Abbreviations: cx, coxa; fm, femur; prt, pretarsus; sp, spiracle; tb, tibia; trc, trochanter; tr, tarsus

Fig. 5 Zenarge turneri larva. a–e Thorax. a Dorsal view. b Ventral view. c Prosternum. d Profurcal apodeme. e in Comparative anatomy of the larvae of argid sawflies (Hymenoptera: Argidae): a phylogenetic approach

Fig. 5 Zenarge turneri larva. a–e Thorax. a Dorsal view. b Ventral view. c Prosternum. d Profurcal apodeme. e Spinasternum apodeme. Abbreviations: bsn, basisternum; fp, furcal pits; fu, furca; n, notum; scx, subcoxal plates; snc, sternacosta; sns, sternacostal suture; spn, spinasternum; S, abdominal sternum; T, abdominal tergum

Fig. 9 in Comparative anatomy of the larvae of argid sawflies (Hymenoptera: Argidae): a phylogenetic approach

Fig. 9 Labrum and epipharynx, characters and states. a Arge pullata labrum. b Dielocerus diasi epipharynx. c Sterictiphora serotina epipharynx. d–k Epipharyngeal setae. d Atomacera decepta. e Aprosthema brunniventre. f Cimbex sp. (Cimbicidae). g Neodiprion lecontei. h Trichorhachus sp. i Pergagrapta polita (Pergidae). j Scobina melanopyga. k Pampsilota dahomeyanus. Abbreviations: clp, clypeus; epx, epipharynx, lm, labrum

Fig. 11 in Comparative anatomy of the larvae of argid sawflies (Hymenoptera: Argidae): a phylogenetic approach

Fig. 11 Maxillolabial complex, characters and states. a–d Labial palpus. a Ptenos amazonicus. b Spinarge fulvicornis. c Dielocerus diasi. d Schizocerella pilicornis. e–s Maxillary palpus. e Trichorhachus sp. f Waldheimia vitis (Tenthredinidae) apical palpomere. g Sphacophilus cellularis. h Acordulecera sp. (Pergidae). i Styracotechys dicelysma (Pergidae). j Perga sp. Apical (mxp 4) palpomere. k Schizocerella pilicornis. l, m Pterygophorus cinctus (Pergidae). l Apical palpomere. m Palpomere setae. n Atomacera decepta. o Arge pullata distal palpus. p Dielocerus diasi. q Scobina melanopyga. r Sterictiphora serotina. s Aprosthema brunniventre. Abbreviations: ga, galea; lc, lacinia; mxp #, maxillary palpomere; lbp #, labial palpomere

Fig. 12 in Comparative anatomy of the larvae of argid sawflies (Hymenoptera: Argidae): a phylogenetic approach

Fig. 12 Maxilla, characters and states. a Siobla sturmii (Tenthredinidae). b Aproceros leucopoda. c Arge pullata. d Digelasinus diversipes. e Arge berberidis. f Scobina melanopyga. g Aprosthema brunniventre. h Dielocerus diasi. i Atomacera decepta. j Schizocerella pilicornis. k Pampsilota dahomeyanus. l Trichorhachus sp. m Didymia connurasae. n Sphacophilus apios. o Ptenos amazonicus. Abbreviations: ga, galea; lc, lacinia; mxp #, maxillary palpomere

Fig. 7 in Comparative anatomy of the larvae of argid sawflies (Hymenoptera: Argidae): a phylogenetic approach

Fig. 7 Digestive tract, characters and states. a–c Zenarge turneri. a Overview diagram. b Gastric caeca. c Malpighian tubules. d–f Perreyia sp. (Pergidae). d Overview diagram. e Gastric caeca. f Malpighian tubules. g, h Trichorhachus sp. Malpighian tubules. Abbreviations: gc, gastric caeca; ment, mesenteron; mg, malpighian tubules; proc, proctodaeum; stom, stomodaeum

Fig. 3 Zenarge turneri larva. a–e Maxillolabial complex. a Maxilla, anterior view. b in Comparative anatomy of the larvae of argid sawflies (Hymenoptera: Argidae): a phylogenetic approach

Fig. 3 Zenarge turneri larva. a–e Maxillolabial complex. a Maxilla, anterior view. b Apex of lacinia. c Apex of maxillary palp. d Maxilla and labium, posterior view. e Maxillary and labial palp. f Epipharynx. g Epipharyngeal setae. h Labrum. i Left mandible. Abbreviations: eps,

Fig. 8 in Comparative anatomy of the larvae of argid sawflies (Hymenoptera: Argidae): a phylogenetic approach

Fig. 8 Larval head, characters and states. a, b Styracotechys dicelysma (Pergidae). a Eye and antenna. b Crown-shaped seta of antenna. c Blasticotoma filiceti (Blasticotomidae). d, e Schizocerella pilicornis. d Antenna. e Placoidal sensilla of antenna. f Aprosthema brunniventre antenna and sensillar fovea. g Pterygophorus cinctus (Pergidae) sensillum basiconicum of antenna. h Sphacophilus cellularis antenna. i Pergagrapta polita (Pergidae) multi-spined setae. j Sterictiphora serotina eye and antenna. k Trichorhachus sp., antenna. l Arge pullata antenna. m Sericoceros mexicanus head, frontal view. n Trichorhachus sp., eye and antenna. o, p Cimbex sp. (Cimbicidae). o Labrum. p Head, posterior view. Abbreviations: ant, antenna; clp, clypeus; e, eye; fr, frons; lm, labrum

Fig. 10 in Comparative anatomy of the larvae of argid sawflies (Hymenoptera: Argidae): a phylogenetic approach

Fig. 10 Mandibles, characters and states. a–c Aprosthema brunniventre. a Left mandible. b Right mandible. c Inner proximal denticles right mandible. d Dielocerus diasi. e, f Aproceros leucopoda. e Right mandible. f Left mandible. g, h Didymia connurasae. g Left mandible. h Right mandible. i Arge berberidis. j, k Sphacophilus cellularis. j Right mandible. k Scopa mandibularis. l, m Pergagrapta polita (Pergidae). l Left mandible. m Scopa mandibularis. n, o Perga sp. (Pergidae). n Right mandible. o Scopa mandibularis

FIGURE 53 in Reassessment of the phylogenetic position of the spiny-scale pricklefish Hispidoberyx ambagiosus (Teleostei: Hispidoberycidae) based on comparative morphology

FIGURE 53. Previously inferred relationships of Berycida and related taxa based on molecular data. A, Miya et al. (2005) and Near et al. (2012); B, Betancur-R et al. (2013, 2017); C, Miya et al. (2003), Chen et al. (2014), Dornburg et al. (2017) and Ghezelayagh et al. (2022).

FIGURE 52 in Reassessment of the phylogenetic position of the spiny-scale pricklefish Hispidoberyx ambagiosus (Teleostei: Hispidoberycidae) based on comparative morphology

FIGURE 52. Previously inferred relationships of Berycida and related taxa based on morphological characters. A, Stiassny & Moore (1992); B, Moore (1993); C, Johnson & Patterson (1993); D, Zehren (1979).

FIGURE 50 in Reassessment of the phylogenetic position of the spiny-scale pricklefish Hispidoberyx ambagiosus (Teleostei: Hispidoberycidae) based on comparative morphology

FIGURE 50. Cladogram and character distribution on clades A to M2. A, ACCTRAN; D, DELTRAN; r, reversal; asterisk, autapomorphy.

FIGURE 48 in Reassessment of the phylogenetic position of the spiny-scale pricklefish Hispidoberyx ambagiosus (Teleostei: Hispidoberycidae) based on comparative morphology

FIGURE 48. Photograph (A) and line drawing (B) of lateral line scales in Hispidoberyx ambagiosus, HUMZ 194634, 180.7 mm SL. Gray shaded processes and dashed lines indicate papillate neuromasts and trunk canals, respectively. Scale indicates 5 mm.

FIGURE 46 in Reassessment of the phylogenetic position of the spiny-scale pricklefish Hispidoberyx ambagiosus (Teleostei: Hispidoberycidae) based on comparative morphology

FIGURE 46. Tominaga's organ in Stephanoberyx monae, HUMZ 230037, 88.8 mm SL. A, lateral aspect of preorbital region after removal of epidermis. B, line drawing of lateral aspect of Tominaga's organ. NR, nasal rosette; TO, Tominaga's organ. Scale indicates 5 mm.

FIGURE 43 in Reassessment of the phylogenetic position of the spiny-scale pricklefish Hispidoberyx ambagiosus (Teleostei: Hispidoberycidae) based on comparative morphology

FIGURE 43. Dorsal aspects of anterior portions of body and carinal muscles in (A) Hispidoberyx ambagiosus, HUMZ 193670, 178.8 mm SL, and (B) Neoniphon sammara, HUMZ 40434, 151.8 mm SL. DPT, distal pterygiophore; ES, extrascapular; PPT, proximal pterygiophore; PT, posttemporal; SCA, supracarinalis anterior; SN, supraneurals. Arrows indicate unnamed muscles. Scales indicate 5 mm.

FIGURE 47 in Reassessment of the phylogenetic position of the spiny-scale pricklefish Hispidoberyx ambagiosus (Teleostei: Hispidoberycidae) based on comparative morphology

FIGURE 47. Lateral aspect of prepectoral organ on right side in Acanthochaenus luetkenii, USNM 307916, 89.1 mm SL. A, prepectoral region medial to opercle. B, after removal of epidermis, connective tissue and gill filaments. C, line drawing of prepectoral organ. D, enlarged view of prepectoral organ. CL, cleithrum; PPO, prepectoral organ; SCL, supracleithrum. Arrows indicate external openings. Scale indicates 3 mm.

FIGURE 49 in Reassessment of the phylogenetic position of the spiny-scale pricklefish Hispidoberyx ambagiosus (Teleostei: Hispidoberycidae) based on comparative morphology

FIGURE 49. Strict consensus tree of three equally parsimonious trees representing phylogenetic relationships of Hispidoberyx ambagiosus and related taxa, with classifications of Berycida sensu Nelson et al. (2016).

FIGURE 44 in Reassessment of the phylogenetic position of the spiny-scale pricklefish Hispidoberyx ambagiosus (Teleostei: Hispidoberycidae) based on comparative morphology

FIGURE 44. Lateral aspect of anterior trunk muscles in Hispidoberyx ambagiosus, HUMZ 193670, 178.8 mm SL. EPAX, epaxialis; ICA, infracarinalis anterior; ICM, infracarinalis medius; LS, lateralis superficialis; OBI, obliquus inferioris; OBS, obliquus superioris; PCE, pharyngoclavicularis externus; SCA, supracarinalis anterior; SH, sternohyoideus. Scale indicates 5 mm.

FIGURE 45 in Reassessment of the phylogenetic position of the spiny-scale pricklefish Hispidoberyx ambagiosus (Teleostei: Hispidoberycidae) based on comparative morphology

FIGURE 45. Tominaga's organ in Hispidoberyx ambagiosus (B–D, HUMZ 194634, 180.7 mm SL; E, HUMZ 193670, 178.8 mm SL). A, diagrammatic illustration indicating position of Tominaga's organ. B, lateral aspect of preorbital region after removal of epidermis. C, dorsal aspect of extracted Tominaga's organ. D, posterior tip of duct after removal of epidermis. E, line drawing of lateral aspect of Tominaga's organ. NR, nasal rosette; TO, Tominaga's organ. B and C, posterior portion of duct is damaged. D shown as mirror image. Arrow indicates tip of duct. Scale indicates 5 mm.

FIGURE 42 in Reassessment of the phylogenetic position of the spiny-scale pricklefish Hispidoberyx ambagiosus (Teleostei: Hispidoberycidae) based on comparative morphology

FIGURE 42. Lateral aspects of (A) dorsal and (B) anal-fin muscles in Hispidoberyx ambagiosus, HUMZ 194634, 180.7 mm SL. DEA, depressores anales; DED, depressores dorsales; ERA, erectores anales; ERD, erectores dorsales; ICM, infracarinalis medius; INA, inclinatores anales; IND, inclinatores dorsales; SCA, supracarinalis anterior. Scales indicate 5 mm.