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2,015 results for “context”
See no evil in the voice-to-voice customer service context
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Data from: Effects of home range size and burrow fidelity on survival and reproduction in eastern chipmunks (Tamias striatus) across different environmental contexts
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Data from: Vegetation biomass and landscape context shape web-building spider dietary niche breadth in urban vacant lots
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Hybrid evolution repeats itself across environmental contexts in Texas sunflowers (Helianthus)
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Context dependence of grassland plant mycorrhizal response, University of Kansas, 2021
Many of the disturbance-sensitive, late successional plant species in grasslands respond to arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi more positively via growth and establishment than plants that readily establish in disturbed areas (i.e. early successional species). Inoculation with AM fungi can therefore aid the establishment of late successional species in disturbed areas. If the differential benefit of AM fungi to late vs. early successional plants is context-dependent, however, this advantage could be diminished in high phosphorus (P) post-agricultural soils or in future climates with altered precipitation. In this greenhouse experiment, we tested if late successional plant species are less plastic in their reliance on AM fungi than early successional plants by growing 17 tallgrass prairie plant species of different successional status (9 early and 8 late successional) in full factorial combinations of inoculated or uninoculated with AM fungi, with ambient or high P levels, and with low or high levels of water.
Data for Context-dependent biotic interactions control plant abundance across altitudinal environmental gradients, 2014, 2016, Colorado, USA
Many biotic interactions influence community structure, yet most distribution models for plants have focused on plant competition or used only abiotic variables to predict plant abundance. Furthermore, biotic interactions are commonly context-dependent across abiotic gradients. For example, plant-plant interactions can grade from competition to facilitation over temperature gradients. We used a hierarchical Bayesian framework to predict the abundances of 12 plant species across a mountain landscape and test hypotheses on the context-dependency of biotic interactions over abiotic gradients. We combined field-based estimates of six biotic interactions (foliar herbivory and pathogen damage, fungal root colonization, fossorial mammal disturbance, plant cover, and plant diversity) with abiotic data on climate and soil depth, nutrients, and moisture. All biotic interactions were significantly context-dependent along temperature gradients. Results supported the stress gradient hypothesis: As abiotic stress increased, the strength or direction of the relationship between biotic variables and plant abundance generally switched from negative (suggesting suppressed plant abundance) to positive (suggesting facilitation/mutualism). For half of the species, plant cover was the best predictor of abundance, suggesting that the prior focus on plant-plant interactions is well-justified. Explicitly incorporating the context-dependency of biotic interactions generated novel hypotheses about drivers of plant abundance across abiotic gradients and may improve the accuracy of niche models.
Reinstated episodic context guides sampling-based decisions for reward
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Bharathi - Linked Data Vocabulary for the Indian Context
<p>Bharathi is a collection of linked data vocabularies for the Indian context linking the metadata of terms and inter relationships across different entities within Government functions. In its first release, Bharathi contains information regarding Government Organisations at the Union Government and State Government level, the various Administrative Regions and its respective classifications, Sectors, Sub Sectors and common topics within the hierarchy of the Government functions</p>
FIG. 2 in Des bestes médiévales aux espèces linnéennes : autour de la classification de quelques espèces en contexte castral au Moyen Âge
FIG. 2. — Courtine nord et tour maîtresse du château de Talmont (crédits photo C. Viaut).
Data from: Social context and noise affect within and between-male song adjustments in a common passerine
Across populations, animals that inhabit areas with high anthropogenic noise produce vocalizations that differ from those inhabiting less noisy environments. Such patterns may be due to individuals rapidly adjusting their songs in response to changing noise, but individual variation is seldom explored. We tested the hypothesis that male house wrens (Troglodytes aedon) immediately adjust their songs according to changing noise, and that social context further modifies responses. We recorded songs, quantified noise, and defined social context within pairs as female fertile status and between males as number of conspecific neighbors. We used a reaction norm approach to compare song trait intercepts (between-male effects) and slopes (within-male effects) as a function of noise. Individuals immediately adjusted song duration in response to changing noise. How they achieved adjustments varied: some sang shorter and others longer songs with greater noise, and individuals varied in the extent to which they adjusted song duration. Variation in song duration could be affected by competition, as between-male noise levels interacted with number of neighbors to affect syllable duration. Neither within- nor between-male noise effects were detected for frequency traits. Rather males with fertile mates sang lower frequency songs and increased peak frequency with more neighbors. Among males, social context but not noise affected song frequency, whereas temporal structure varied between and within individuals depending on noise and social factors. Not all males adjusted signals the same way in response to noise and selection could favor different levels of variation according to noise.
Data: Assessing year-round habitat use by migratory sea ducks in a multi-species context reveals seasonal variation in habitat selection and partitioning
<p>This data file consists of state-space model-derived locations and individual data used to analyze transmitter effects for sea ducks in Eastern North America and is associated with the manuscript "Assessing year-round habitat use by migratory sea ducks in a multi-species context reveals seasonal variation in habitat selection and partitioning" published in Ecography. Columns are organized as follows:</p> <p>id - unique identifier</p> <p>species - species from which the centroid was obtained (BLSC = black scoter, COEI = common eider, LTDU = long-tailed duck, SUSC = surf scoter, WWSC = white-winged scoter)</p> <p>date - date of location (mm/dd/yy)</p> <p>jday - Julian date of location</p> <p>year - calendar year of location</p> <p>lon - longitude of location</p> <p>lat - latitude of location</p> <p>b - average assignment of location to either migrant (1) or resident (2) across all runs of the state-space model</p> <p>b.5 - most probable behavioral category based on average state assignment (1 = b ≤ 1.5 ; 2 = b > 1.5)</p> <p>sex - sex of individual (M = male, F = female)</p> <p>age - age of individual (HY = hatch year, SY = second year, TY = third year, ASY = after second year, ATY = after third year, AHY = after hatch year</p> <p>capture_reg - general area where individual was captured</p> <p>capture_subreg - specific region within capture region where individual was captured</p> <p>stage - period of the annual cycle to which the centroid belongs (W = winter, B = breeding, S = spring staging, M = fall staging and molt, WM = winter migration, BM = breeding migration, MM = molt migration, SM = spring migration)</p> <p>site - position of centroid within season (i.e., W1 = first site occupied during winter, W2 = second site occupied, etc.)</p> <p>cycle - number of annual cycles following transmitter attachment (1 = first cycle after attachment, 2 = second cycle after attachment, etc.)</p> <p>season - season of annual cycle in which centroid occurred (W = winter, F = fall, B = breeding, S = spring)</p>
No, you go first: phenotype and social context affect house sparrow neophobia
<p>Novel object trials are commonly used to assess aversion to novelty (neophobia), and previous work has shown neophobia can be influenced by the social environment, but whether the altered behaviour persists afterwards (social learning) is largely unknown in wild animals. We assessed house sparrow (<i>Passer domesticus</i>) novel object responses before, during, and after being paired with a conspecific of either similar or different behavioral phenotype. During paired trials, animals housed with a similar or more neophobic partner demonstrated an increased aversion to novel objects. This change did not persist a week after unpairing, but neophobia decreased after unpairing in birds previously housed with a less neophobic partner. We also compared novel object responses to non-object control trials to validate our experimental procedure. Our results provide evidence of social learning in a highly successful invasive species, and an interesting asymmetry in the effects of social environment on neophobia behavior depending on the animal's initial behavioral phenotype.</p>
Data from: Thermal tolerance and the importance of microhabitats for Andean frogs in the context of land-use and climate change
<p><span>1. Global warming is having impacts across the Tree of Life. Understanding species' physiological sensitivity to temperature change and how they relate to local temperature variation in their habitats is crucial to determining vulnerability to global warming. </span></p> <p><span>2. We ask how species' vulnerability varies across habitats and elevations, and how climatically-buffered microhabitats can contribute to reduce their vulnerability. </span></p> <p><span>3. We measured thermal sensitivity (critical thermal maximum – CT<sub>max</sub>) of 14 species of <i>Pristimantis</i> frogs inhabiting young and old secondary, and primary forests in the Colombian Andes. Exposure to temperature stress was measured by recording temperature in the understory and across five microhabitats. We determined the frogs' current vulnerability across habitats, elevations and microhabitats accounting for phylogeny and then ask how vulnerability varies under four warming scenarios: +1.5⁰C, +2⁰C, +3⁰C and +5⁰C. </span></p> <p>4. We found that CT<sub>max</sub> was constant across species regardless of habitat and elevation. However, species in young secondary forests are expected to become more vulnerable because of increased exposure to higher temperatures. Microhabitat variation could enable species to persist within their thermal temperature range as long as regional temperatures do not surpass +2°C. The effectiveness of microhabitat buffering decreases with a 2-3°C increase, and is almost null under a 5°C temperature increase.</p> <p><span>5. Microhabitats will provide thermal protection to Andean frog communities from climate change by enabling tracking of suitable climates through short distance movement. Conservation strategies, such as managing landscapes by preserving primary forests and allowing regrowth and re-connection of secondary forest would offer thermally buffered microhabitats and aid in the survival of this group. </span></p>
Demographic analysis of invasible habitat fraction identifies context-dependent roles of resource availability and biotic resistance in determining invasion success
<p>Theories of plant invasions predict that plant communities should be more easily invaded when resources increase and/or competition decreases. We tested this with an experimentally introduced plant population by manipulating precipitation and resident community biomass. We used a spatially-explicit demographic approach to develop a new population-level metric of invasibility that quantifies the invasible habitat fraction (IHF) across the landscape.</p> <p>The existing community was essentially uninvasible (median IHF ≈ 0%), but experimental manipulations greatly increased the range of outcomes, with maximum observed IHF values over 50%. However, changes in invasibility were often context-dependent, resulting in some outcomes that aligned with existing theory, and others that were not readily predicted. Moreover, variation in invasibility was often driven by specific sets of invader demographic vital rates.</p> <p>Removing competitors revealed the capacity for strong biotic resistance, but this interacted with precipitation such that little biotic resistance was detected under drought conditions. Adding precipitation typically had little positive effect on invasibility, and moderate drought relief led to relatively high invasibility. However, the latter was driven to a large extent by interactions with mammal herbivory that otherwise inhibited invasion in one year.</p> <p><i>Synthesis</i>. Our findings show that interactions between abiotic and biotic factors, as well as legacy effects, can strongly mediate invasibility. This study also highlights the importance of incorporating spatial heterogeneity into population-level assessments of invasion, as initial population declines do not necessarily indicate resistance to invasion.</p>
Supplementary material from "Possible fates of the dispersion of SARS-COV-2 in the Mexican context"
<p>The determination of the adequate time for house confinement and when social distancing restrictions should end are now two of the main challenges that any country has to face in an effective battle against. The possibility of a new outbreak of the pandemic and how to avoid it is, nowadays, one of the primary objectives of epidemiological research. In this work, we go deep in this subject by presenting an innovative compartmental model, that explicitly introduces the number of active cases, and employing it as a conceptual tool to explore the possible fates of the dispersion of SARS-COV-2 in the Mexican context. We incorporated the impact of starting, inattention, and end of restrictive social policies on the time evolution of the pandemics via time-in-run corrections to the infection rates. The magnitude and impact on the epidemic due to post-social restrictive policies are also studied. The scenarios generated by the model can help authorities to determine an adequate time and population load that may be allowed to reassume normal activities.</p>
Data from: Genome duplication effects on functional traits and fitness are genetic context and species dependent: studies of synthetic polyploid Fragaria
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Divergence in functional traits and adaptive responses to environmental change underlies the ecological advantage of polyploid plants in the wild. While established polyploids may benefit from combined outcomes of genome doubling, hybridization and polyploidy-enabled adaptive evolution, it remains less clear whether genome doubling alone can drive ecological divergence or whether the outcome is genetically variable.METHODS Using synthetic, colchicine-induced, autotetraploid (4x) plants derived from self-pollinated diploid (2x) seeds, and their colchicine-treated but unconverted diploid (2x.nc) full sibs from two diploid wild strawberry taxa (Fragaria vesca ssp. vesca and F. vesca ssp. bracteata), we examined the effects of genome doubling on functional traits, heat stress tolerance and fitness components across taxa and maternal families (i.e. genetic families) within taxa.KEY RESULTS Comparisons between 2x and 2x.nc plants indicated a negligible effect of colchicine treatment on functional traits. Genome doubling increased stomatal length, and decreased stomatal density, specific leaf area and leaf vein density, recapitulating patterns observed in wild polyploid Fragaria. Trichome density, heat stress tolerance and relative growth rate were not significantly affected by genome doubling. Although a reduction in clonal reproduction was observed in response to genome doubling, this effect was strongly genetic family dependent.CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that genome doubling during incipient speciation alone can generate ecological divergence and variation among genetic lineages. This response potentially allows for rapid short-term evolutionary adaptation and fuels genomic diversity and independent origins of polyploidy.
Using ecological context to interpret spatiotemporal variation in natural selection
<p>Spatiotemporal variation in natural selection is expected, but difficult to estimate. Pollinator-mediated selection on floral traits provides a good system for understanding and linking variation in selection to differences in ecological context. We studied pollinator-mediated selection in five populations of <i>Dalechampia scandens</i> (Euphorbiaceae) in Costa Rica and Mexico. Using a nonlinear path-analytical approach, we assessed several functional components of selection, and linked variation in pollinator-mediated selection across time and space to variation in pollinator assemblages. After correcting for estimation error, we detected moderate variation in net selection on two of four blossom traits. Both the opportunity for selection and the mean strength of selection decreased with increasing reliability of cross-pollination. Selection for pollinator attraction was consistently positive and stronger on advertisement than reward traits. Selection on traits affecting pollen transfer from the pollinator to the stigmas was strong only when there was a mismatch between pollinator and blossom size under unreliable cross-pollination. These results illustrate how consideration of trait function and ecological context can facilitate both the detection and the causal understanding of spatiotemporal variation in natural selection.</p>
Evaluating Robustness to Context-Sensitive Feature Perturbations of Different Granularities: Further Appendices
<p>Further appendices for <a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2001.11055">Evaluating Robustness to Context-Sensitive Feature Perturbations of Different Granularities</a>.</p> <p>Includes:</p> <ol> <li>imagenet_examples_appendix.pdf, which contains many examples of context-sensitive ImageNet feature perturbations of different granularities.</li> <li>animations_appendix.zip, which contains animations showing the effect as the feature perturbations are gradually introduced to different images.</li> </ol> <p>Each appendix includes a much more detailed description of its contents.</p>
Data from: Trait-based formal definition of plant functional types and functional communities in the multi-species and multi-traits context
<p>The concepts of traits, plant functional types (PFT), and functional communities are effective tools for the study of complex phenomena such as plant community assembly. Here, we (1) suggest a procedure formalising the classification of response traits to construct a PFT system; (2) integrate the PFT, and species compositional data to formally define functional communities; and, (3) identify environmental drivers that underpin the functional-community patterns.A species–trait data set featuring species pooled from two study sites (Eneabba and Cooljarloo, Western Australia), both supporting kwongan vegetation (sclerophyllous scrub and woodland communities), was subjected to classification to define PFTs. Species of both study sites were replaced with the newly derived PFTs and projected cover abundance-weighted means calculated for every plot. Functional communities were defined by classifications of the abundance-weighted PFT data in the respective sites. Distance-based redundancy analysis (using the abundance-weighted community and environmental data) was used to infer drivers of the functional community patterns for each site.A classification based on trait data assisted in reducing trait-space complexity in the studied vegetation and revealed 26 PFTs shared across the study sites. In total, seven functional communities were identified. We demonstrate a putative functional-community pattern-driving effect of soil-texture (clay—sand) gradients at Eneabba (42% of the total inertia explained) and that of water repellence at Cooljarloo (36%). Synthesis. This paper presents a procedure formalising the classification of multiple response traits leading to the delineation of PFTs and functional communities. This step captures plant responses to stresses and disturbance characteristic of kwongan vegetation, including low nutrient status, water stress, and fire (a landscape-level disturbance factor). Our study is the first to introduce a formal procedure assisting their formal recognition. Our results support the role of short-term abiotic drivers structuring the formation of fine-scale functional community patterns in a complex, species-rich vegetation of Western Australia.</p>
Botanical Analysis of Middle Horizon (AD 600-1000) Archaeological Contexts of the Upper Majes Valley, Arequipa Peru
<p>In 2019, paleobotanical analyses were conducted by the laboratory Arqueobios, Inc. located in Trujillo, Peru under the supervision of Víctor F. Vásquez Sánchez. Samples were collected from archaeological contexts from four sites that correspond to the Middle Horizon period (AD 600-1000) including Santa Rosa II, La Angostura, El Tambo, and Pakaytambo.</p> <p>Macrobotanical and microbotanical starch and phytolith analyses identified evidence of maize, potato, yuca, bottle gourd, and a variety of wild species.</p> <p>This data is a component of the PhD dissertation entitled <em>Networks of Empire: The Role of Infrastructure in Wari State Expansion in Arequipa, Peru (AD 600-1000)</em> by David A. Reid (University of Illinois at Chicago).</p> <p>Funding was provided by the National Science Foundation’s Doctoral Dissertation Research Improvement Award (#1854651).</p>
ScienceDex guides
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These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.