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1,890 results for “cooperative”
Data from: Inbreeding and inbreeding depression of early life traits in a cooperative mammal
Mating between relatives often results in negative fitness consequences or inbreeding depression. However, the expression of inbreeding in populations of wild cooperative mammals and the effects of environmental, maternal and social factors on inbreeding depression in these systems are currently not well understood. This study uses pedigree-based inbreeding coefficients from a long-term study of meerkats (Suricata suricatta) in South Africa to reveal that 44% of the population have detectably non-zero (F>0) inbreeding coefficients. 15% of these inbred individuals were the result of moderate inbreeding (F≥0.125), although such inbreeding events almost solely occurred when mating individuals had no prior experience of each other. Inbreeding depression was evident for a range of traits: pup mass at emergence from the natal burrow, hind-foot length, growth until independence and juvenile survival. However, we found no evidence of significant inbreeding depression for skull and forearm length or for pup survival. This research provides a rare investigation into inbreeding in a cooperative mammal, revealing high levels of inbreeding, considerable negative consequences and complex interactions with the social environment.
Data from: Resolving the paradox of environmental quality and sociality: the ecological causes and consequences of cooperative breeding in two lineages of birds
Cooperatively breeding animals occur in virtually every ecosystem on earth. Comparative and biogeographic studies suggest that that both benign and harsh, as well as stable and fluctuating, environments can favor the evolution of cooperative breeding behavior. The fact that cooperative societies occur in environments of such contrasting quality creates a paradox of environmental quality and sociality. The dual-benefits framework—which leads to the prediction that the ecological consequences of sociality (e.g. range size) vary depending on the benefits that individuals of each species receive by forming social groups—offers a potential resolution to this paradox. Here, we use a case study of two avian lineages, starlings (Sturnidae) and hornbills (Bucerotidae), in which environmental unpredictability appears to have opposite effects on the evolution of cooperation to test the dual-benefits framework. Consistent with previous work, harsh and unpredictable environments promote cooperative breeding behavior in starlings, which in turn leads to larger geographic ranges. However, cooperatively breeding hornbills occur in benign and stable environments, but sociality does not influence range size. Our study suggests that the paradox of environmental quality and sociality arises largely because cooperative breeding is an umbrella term, encompassing social species that form groups for different reasons. Differentiating between these reasons that social groups form is crucial for developing a predictive framework for understanding the evolution of cooperative breeding behavior.
Data from: Sibling cooperation influences the age of nest leaving in an altricial bird
In altricial birds, siblings raised within a nest usually leave the nest within hours of each other, despite often differing considerably in age. The youngest members of the brood are typically underdeveloped at this time and less likely than their older siblings to survive outside the nest, yet they risk abandonment if they do not fledge with their older siblings. Nest leaving is usually initiated by the older offspring, which may delay this process to provide more time for their younger siblings to mature, increasing the younger siblings' postfledging survival and their own inclusive fitness. We tested this hypothesis in a population of house wrens Troglodytes aedon and found that broods with broad age spans among siblings had longer nestling periods than broods with narrow age spans and that delayed fledging improves the survival and reproductive prospects of younger siblings, although at a potential cost to future siblings. We also manipulated age spans through cross-fostering and found that older foster nestlings postponed fledging when raised with younger broodmates, as predicted if the age of younger nestlings determines the time of fledging. Our results support kin-selection theory and demonstrate that the exact time of fledging is attributable, in part, to sib-sib interactions.
Data from: Cooperative breeding favours maternal investment in size over number of eggs in spiders
The transition to cooperative breeding may alter maternal investment strategies depending on density of breeders, extent of reproductive skew and allo-maternal care. Change in optimal investment from solitary to cooperative breeding can be investigated by comparing social species with non-social congeners. We tested two hypotheses in a mainly semelparous system: that social, cooperative breeders, compared to subsocial, solitarily breeding congeners, 1) lay fewer and larger eggs because larger offspring compete better for limited resources and become reproducers; 2) induce egg size variation within clutches as a bet-hedging strategy to ensure that some offspring become reproducers. Within two spider genera, Anelosimus and Stegodyphus, we compared species from similar habitats and augmented the results with a mini-meta-analysis of egg numbers depicted in phylogenies. We found that social species indeed laid fewer, larger eggs than subsocials, while egg size variation was low overall, giving no support for bet-hedging. We propose that the transition to cooperative breeding selects for producing few, large offspring because reproductive skew and high density of breeders and young create competition for resources and reproduction. Convergent evolution has shaped maternal strategies similarly in phylogenetically distant species and directed cooperatively breeding spiders to invest in quality rather than quantity of offspring.
Data from: Cooperative breeding influences the number and type of vocalizations in avian lineages
Although communicative complexity is often predicted to correlate with social complexity in animal societies, few studies have employed large-scale comparative analyses to test whether socially complex species have more complex systems of communication. I tested this social complexity hypothesis in birds (Class: Aves) using the large amount of natural history information that describes both vocal repertoire and social system in these species. To do so, I marshalled data from primary and secondary records of avian vocal repertoires (n = 253), and for each of the species in the dataset I recorded the reported repertoire size and associated species information. Using phylogenetic comparative methods, I found that cooperative breeding was a strong and repeatable predictor of vocal repertoire size, while other social variables, e.g. group size and group stability, had little or no influence on repertoire size. Importantly, repertoire sizes expanded concurrently with the evolution of cooperative breeding, suggesting a direct link between these two traits. Cooperatively breeding species devoted significantly more of their repertoire to contact calls and alarm calls. Overall, these results therefore lend support to the hypothesis that social complexity via behavioural coordination leads to increases in vocal complexity.
Data from: Aggregation and a strong Allee effect in a cooperative outbreak insect
Most species that are negatively impacted when their densities are low aggregate to minimize this effect. Aggregation has the potential to change how Allee effects are expressed at the population level. We studied the interplay between aggregation and Allee effects in the mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins), an irruptive bark beetle that aggregates to overcome tree defenses. By cooperating to surpass a critical number of attacks per tree, the mountain pine beetle is able to breach host defenses,oviposit and reproduce. Mountain pine beetles and Hymenopteran parasitoids share some biological features, the most notable of which is obligatory host death as a consequence of parasitoid attack and development. We developed spatiotemporal models of mountain pine beetle dynamics that were based on the Nicholson-Bailey framework but which featured beetle aggregation and a tree-level attack threshold. By fitting our models to data from a local mountain pine beetle outbreak, we demonstrate that due to aggregation, attack thresholds at the tree level can be overcome by a surprisingly low ratio of beetles per susceptible tree at the stand level. This results confirms the importance of considering aggregation in models of organisms that are subject to strong Allee effects.
Supplemental Information: Cooperative Coevolution of Control for a Real Multirobot System
<p>Supplemental information for the paper "Cooperative Coevolution of Control for a Real Multirobot System".</p> <p>[real_logs.csv] Position (from GPS) and orientation (from compass) logs of the robots in the real-robot experiments.</p> <p>[camera_video.mp4] Video recorded in one of the experimental trials, showing the real robots and the environment.</p> <p>[traces_all_trials.pdf] Images with the traces of the robots in all real-robot experiments.</p> <p>[video_CONTROLLER_TRIAL] Videos of the traces of the robots in the real-robot experiments.</p> <p> </p> <p>The source code for the evolutionary process can be found here: https://github.com/jorgemcgomes/mase</p> <p>And the simulation environment here: https://github.com/BioMachinesLab/drones</p>
FIGURE 13. Thecidellina minuta Cooper, 1981 in Recent Brachiopoda from the Norfolk Ridge, New Caledonia, with description of four new species
FIGURE 13. Thecidellina minuta Cooper, 1981, Norfolk Ridge, Norfolk 1 Stn DW 1723, 266–267 m: A, dorsal view of complete specimen, visible pseudodeltidium, MNHN BRA-3177; B, C, inner view of ventral valve and titled enlargement to show hemispondylium in form of two plates, MNHN BRA-3178; D, inner view of dorsal valve, visible interconnected canopying spicules, MNHN BRA-3179; E, F, inner and posterior views of dorsal valve, visible brachial bridge supported by a slender calcitic pole, MNHN BRA-3180; G-I, inner, posterior and lateral views of dorsal valve, visible interconnected canopying spicules and a slender pole, MNHN BRA-3181. All SEM.
FIGURE 6. Argyrotheca jacksoni Cooper, 1973, Red Sea. A–B in New records of Recent Brachiopoda from the Red Sea with a description of a new species
FIGURE 6. Argyrotheca jacksoni Cooper, 1973, Red Sea. A–B. Dorsal views of complete specimens, A. SM 4A, NHMW 87192/GP/234, B. AB 24, NHMW 87192/GP/235. C. Ventral view of complete specimen, SM 4A, NHMW 87192/GP/236. D–E. Dorsal views of complete specimens, D. SM 6B, NHMW 87192/GP/237, E. SM 8B, NHMW 87192/GP/238. F–H. Ventral valve, SM 9A, NHMW 87192/GP/239. F. Inner view. G–H. Enlargement of posterior (G) to show details of the beak and of a tooth (H). I. Inner view of ventral valve, GZ 100/8, NHMW 87192/GP/240. J–M. Dorsal valves, SM 5B, J. NHMW 87192/GP/241, K–M. NHMW 87192/GP/242. J. Inner view. K. Inner view. L–M. Oblique and tilted views to show high median septum, short crura and crural processes. Scale bars: A–F, I–M, 500 µm; G, 200 µm; H, 100 µm. All SEMs.
FIGURE 5. Argyrotheca somaliensis Cooper, 1973, Red Sea. A in New records of Recent Brachiopoda from the Red Sea with a description of a new species
FIGURE 5. Argyrotheca somaliensis Cooper, 1973, Red Sea. A. Outer view of ventral valve, GZ100/8, 90m, NHMW 87192/GP/229. B. Outer view of dorsal valve, GZ93/10, NHMW 87192/GP/230. C. Inner view of ventral valve, GZ 100/ 8, NHMW 87192/GP/231. D–F. Dorsal valve, GZ100/8, 56m, NHMW 87192/GP/232. D. Inner view. E. Oblique view to show high median septum with four serrations. F. Enlargement of posterior part to show massive cardinal process. G–H. Dorsal valve, TAU 30, 136–145m, off Nuweiba, Gulf of Aqaba, Egypt, NHMW 87192/GP/233. G. Inner view. H. Oblique view. Scale bars: A, 2 mm; B–E, G–H, 1 mm; F, 500 µm. All SEMs.
Supplemental Information: Dynamic Team Heterogeneity in Cooperative Coevolutionary Algorithms
<p>Videos of some of the solutions evolved with Hyb-CCEA and a standard CCEA, for the Soccer and Multi-rover tasks.</p>
Second-order cooperation: cooperative offspring as a living public good arising from second-order selection on non-cooperative individuals
<p>Code and data for Frénoy et al 2017, in Evolution (Second-order cooperation: cooperative offspring as a living public good arising from second-order selection on non-cooperative individuals)</p>
Cooperation in public goods game does not require assortment and depends on population density
<p>The threshold public goods game is one of the best-known models of nonlinear public goods dilemmas. Cooperators and defectors typically coexist in this game when the population is assumed to follow the so-called structured deme model. In this paper we develop a dynamical model of a general N-player game in which there is no deme structure: individuals interact with randomly chosen neighbours and selection occurs between randomly chosen pairs of indi- viduals. We show that in the deterministic limit the dynamics in this model leads to the same replicator dynamics as in the structured deme model, i.e. coexistence of cooperators and defectors is typical in threshold public goods game even when the population is completely well-mixed. We extend the model to study the effect of density dependence and density fluctuation on the dynamics. We show analytically and numerically that decreasing population density increases the equilibrium frequency of cooperators till the fixation of this strategy, but below a critical density coop- erators abruptly disappear from the population. Our numerical investigations show that weak density fluctuations enhance cooperation, while strong fluctuations suppress it.</p>
Data for: Living fast, dying young: anthropogenic habitat modification influences the fitness and life history traits of a cooperative breeder
<p>Datasets and scripts for the study: Living fast, dying young: anthropogenic habitat modification influences the fitness and life history traits of a cooperative breeder</p>
FIGURE 18. Philobrya wandelensis. A, J in The Genus Philobrya J.G. Cooper, 1867 (Bivalvia: Philobryidae) In Patagonia And Adjacent Antarctic Waters
FIGURE 18. Philobrya wandelensis. A, J: syntype (MNHN-IM-2000-31621), B, C, E‒I, K, L: specimens from South Georgia (MACN-In 43523), D: specimen from South Orkney (NMS Z 1921.143.701). A‒C, E: outer views right valve (A‒C: with periostracum, E: without periostracum), D, F: outer views left valve (D: with periostracum, F: without periostracum), G: inner view left valve, H: inner view right valve, I: detail of prodissoconch, J, K: hinge plates right valve (J: specimen of 4.1 mm L, K: specimen of 2.7 mm L), L: hinge plate left valve (specimen of 2.7 mm L). Scale bars A‒H: 1 mm; I: 100 µm; J‒L: 500 µm. (Figures 18A‒L are reproduced from Urcola & Zelaya (2021)).
FIGURE 16. Philobrya sanjuani. A‒C, J, K in The Genus Philobrya J.G. Cooper, 1867 (Bivalvia: Philobryidae) In Patagonia And Adjacent Antarctic Waters
FIGURE 16. Philobrya sanjuani. A‒C, J, K: paratypes (MACN-In 43524), D‒G: specimens from Shag Rocks (MLP-Ma 16135), H, I, L, M: holotype (MLP-Ma 15115). A, B, D‒G: outer views right valve (A: with periostracum, B, D‒G: without periostracum), C: outer view left valve (without periostracum), H: inner view left valve, I: inner view right valve, J: detail of prodissoconch, K, L: hinge plates right valve (K: specimen of 2.3 mm L, L: specimen of 2.7 mm L), M: hinge plate left valve (specimen of 2.7 mm L). Scale bars A‒I: 1 mm; J: 100 µm; K‒M: 500 µm. (Figures 16A‒C, H‒M are reproduced from Urcola & Zelaya (2021)).
FIGURE 15. Philobrya quadrata. A, I in The Genus Philobrya J.G. Cooper, 1867 (Bivalvia: Philobryidae) In Patagonia And Adjacent Antarctic Waters
FIGURE 15. Philobrya quadrata. A, I: Philippiella quadrata original figures by Martens & Pfeffer (1886: figs. 6a, b), B, C, M: specimens from South Georgia (B, C: neotype, MACN-In 44471, M: MACN-In 44472), D‒H, K, L, N‒R: specimens from Burdwood Bank (D‒F, N: MACN-In 44474, G, H, K, L, O‒R: MACN-In 44475), J: Philippiella ungulata original figure by Martens & Pfeffer 1886: fig. 7). A, B, D‒G: outer views right valve (A, B: with periostracum, D‒G: without periostracum), C, H: outer views left valve (C: with periostracum, H: without periostracum), I‒K: inner views left valve, L: inner view right valve, M: brooded embryo removed from the demibranch of an adult specimen, N, Q, R: hinge plates left valve (N: specimen of 3.3 mm L, Q: specimen of 1.9 mm L, R: specimen of 3.0 mm L), O, P: hinge plates right valve (O: specimen of 1.9 mm L, P: specimen of 3.0 mm L). Scale bars A‒L: 1 mm; M: 100 µm; N‒R: 500 µm.
FIGURE 14. Philobrya olstadi. A, I in The Genus Philobrya J.G. Cooper, 1867 (Bivalvia: Philobryidae) In Patagonia And Adjacent Antarctic Waters
FIGURE 14. Philobrya olstadi. A, I: holotype (NHM.UIO D 28607), B‒H, J‒T: specimens from South Orkney (B‒G, J‒ T: MACN-In 44469, H: NMS Z 1921.143.699). A‒F: outer views right valve (A, E: with periostracum, B‒D, F: without periostracum), G, H: outer views left valve (G: without periostracum, H: with periostracum), I‒L, N: inner views right valve, M: inner view left valve, O: detail of prodissoconch, P, S, T: hinge plates left valve (P: specimen of 5.5 mm L, S: specimen of 5.8 mm L, T: specimen of 3.7 mm L), Q, R: hinge plates right valve (Q: specimen of 3.7 mm L, R: specimen of 5.8 mm L). Scale bars A‒N: 1 mm; O: 100 µm; P‒T: 500 µm.
FIGURE 13. Philobrya multistriata. A, I in The Genus Philobrya J.G. Cooper, 1867 (Bivalvia: Philobryidae) In Patagonia And Adjacent Antarctic Waters
FIGURE 13. Philobrya multistriata. A, I: syntype (MNHN-IM-2000-34158), B, G, H, N: specimens from Tierra del Fuego (MLP-Ma 7459), C‒F, J, K, O‒Q: specimens from Burdwood Bank (C‒F, Q: MACN-In 44468, J, K, O, P: MLP-Ma 7460), L, M: specimen from Isla de los Estados (MACN-In 44466). A‒G: outer views right valve (A, B: with periostracum, C‒G: without periostracum), H, L: outer view left valve (without periostracum), I, J: inner views left valve, K: inner view right valve, M: detail of prodissoconch (slightly tilt), N, O, Q: hinge plates right valve (N: specimen of 5.1 mm L, O: specimen of 3.4 mm L, Q: specimen of 7.1 mm L), P: hinge plate left valve (specimen of 3.4 mm L). Scale bars A‒K: 1 mm; L, N‒Q: 500 µm; M: 100 µm.
FIGURE 11. Philobrya limoides. A, B in The Genus Philobrya J.G. Cooper, 1867 (Bivalvia: Philobryidae) In Patagonia And Adjacent Antarctic Waters
FIGURE 11. Philobrya limoides. A, B: syntypes of P. limoides (NHMUK 1905.7.10.73-82), C: syntype of Philippiella bagei (AM C.46517), D, O, P: specimens from South Orkney (D: MACN-In 35245, O, P: MACN-In 44444), E, F, H‒L, N, Q‒T: specimens from Puerto Melchior (MACN-In 35181), G, M: specimen from Bahía Paraíso (MACN-In 35081). A, D, E: outer views left valve (A, D: without periostracum, E: with periostracum), B, J: inner views left valve, C, F‒I: outer views right valve (C: with periostracum, F‒I: without periostracum), K‒N: inner views right valve, O: brooded embryo removed from the demibranch of an adult specimen, P‒R: hinge plates left valve (P: specimen of 10.2 mm L, Q: specimen of 6.4 mm L, R: specimen of 2.7 mm L), S, T: hinge plates right valve (S: specimen of 6.4 mm L, T: specimen of 2.7 mm L). Scale bars A‒N: 1 mm; O: 100 µm; P‒T: 500 µm.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
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