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FIGURE 3 in A revision of the dark-bellied, stream-dwelling snakes of the genus Hebius (Reptilia: Squamata: Natricidae) with the description of a new species from China, Vietnam and Thailand
FIGURE 3. Distribution map of species with 15 or 17 dorsal scale rows at midbody. Circles: Hebius annamensis Bourret. Diamonds: Hebius venningi Wall. Inverted triangles: Hebius taronensis Smith. Squares: Hebius nigriventer Wall. Triangles: Hebius chapaensis Bourret.
FIGURE 1 in A revision of the dark-bellied, stream-dwelling snakes of the genus Hebius (Reptilia: Squamata: Natricidae) with the description of a new species from China, Vietnam and Thailand
FIGURE 1. Hebius venningi Wall, holotype (BMNH 1946.1.21.86)—A: dorsal view; B: ventral view; C: lateral view of the head, right side; D: close-up dorsal view of the head. Photographs: Gernot Vogel.
FIGURE 2 in A revision of the dark-bellied, stream-dwelling snakes of the genus Hebius (Reptilia: Squamata: Natricidae) with the description of a new species from China, Vietnam and Thailand
FIGURE 2. Hebius venningi Wall, alive—A & C: specimen from Changlang District, Arunachal Pradesh, India. Photographs: Ashok Captain.—B: specimen CAS 233206, Chun Kyone, Hakha Township, Hakha District, Chin State, Myanmar. Photograph: Hla Tun.
Data from: Phylogeography of the dark fruit-eating bat Artibeus obscurus in the Brazilian Amazon
Artibeus obscurus (Mammalia: Chiroptera) is endemic to South America, being found in at least 18 Brazilian states. Recent studies revealed that different populations of this genus present distinct phylogeographic patterns; however, very little is known on the population genetics structure of A. obscurus in the Amazon rainforest. Here, using a fragment (1010bp) of the mitochondrial gene cytochrome b from 87 samples, we investigated patterns of genetic divergence among populations of A. obscurus from different locations in the Brazilian Amazon rainforest and compared them with other Brazilian and South American regions. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA), fixation index (Fst) analysis, and phylogeographic patterns showed divergence between two major monophyletic groups, each one corresponding to a geographic region associated with the Atlantic and Amazon forest biomes. The Atlantic forest clusters formed a monophyletic group with a high bootstrap support and a fragmented distribution that follows the pattern predicted by the Refuge Theory. On the other hand, a different scenario was observed for the Amazon forest, where no fragmentation was identified. The AMOVA results revealed a significant geographic heterogeneity in the distribution of genetic variation, with 70% found within populations across the studied populations (Fst values ranging from 0.05864 to 0.09673; φST = 0.55). The intrapopulational analysis revealed that one population (Bragança) showed significant evidence of population expansion, with the formation of 2 distinct phylogroups, suggesting the occurrence of a subspecies or at least a different population in this region. These results also suggest considerable heterogeneity for A. obscurus in the Amazon region.
Data from: SNPs selected by information content outperform randomly selected microsatellite loci for delineating genetic identification and introgression in the endangered dark European honeybee (Apis mellifera mellifera)
The honeybee (Apis mellifera) has been threatened by multiple factors, including pests and pathogens, pesticides, and loss of locally adapted gene complexes due to replacement and introgression. In western Europe, the genetic integrity of the native A.m. mellifera (M-lineage) is endangered due to trading and intensive queen breeding with commercial subspecies of eastern European ancestry (C-lineage). Effective conservation actions require reliable molecular tools to identify purebred A.m. mellifera colonies. Microsatellites have been preferred for identification of A.m. mellifera stocks across conservation centers. However, owing to high-throughput, easy transferability between laboratories and low genotyping error, SNPs promise to become popular. Here, we compared the resolving power of a widely utilized microsatellite dataset to detect structure and introgression with that of different datasets that combine a variable number of SNPs selected for their information content and genomic proximity to the microsatellites. Contrary to every SNP dataset, microsatellites were unable to clearly separate the two European lineages in the PCA space. Mean introgression proportions were identical across the two marker types, although at the individual level microsatellites' performance was relatively poor at the upper range of introgression, a result reflected by their lower precision. Although mean accuracy was relatively high across datasets (>91%), microsatellites were the least accurate and the top-ranked informative 144 SNPs were the most accurate. Comparisons amongst the SNP datasets showed that those combining SNPs flanking microsatellites performed worst. Our results suggest that SNPs are more powerful for identification of A.m. mellifera colonies, especially when they are selected by information content.
Data from: Geographic variation in morphology of Dark-eyed Juncos and implications for population divergence
Geographic variation in morphology that develops among closely related populations can help drive genetic divergence, and eventually speciation, when those morphological traits are the basis for social interactions that influence reproduction. The North American Dark-eyed junco (Junco hyemalis) complex is an interesting case in speciation. The numerous subspecies have distinct breeding ranges and unique plumage coloration, but based on the presence of hybrid populations and recent genetic data, can be considered to belong to a single species. Research within various populations of juncos has shown first, that wing length and the amount of white on the tail feathers ("tail white") influence an individual's dominance status and mating success, and second, that these traits can undergo rapid evolution when social and environmental conditions change. Here, I used museum specimens to examine tail white and body size, as measured by wing and tail length, of males and females within and among 13 geographically distinct Dark-eyed Junco subspecies. I documented geographic variation of mean values for each of these morphological traits, as well as patterns of trait co-variation and the degree of sexual dimorphism. I discuss these results in relation to what they may indicate about the generation and maintenance of divergence among the subspecies.
Data from: Female Dark-eyed Juncos (Junco hyemalis thurberi) produce male-like song in a territorial context during the early breeding season
Reports of female song, once considered a rarity, have recently increased across a variety of avian taxa. Females of many species can be induced to produce male-like song with exogenous testosterone, but observations of female song in free-living birds remain limited by incomplete sampling of females. Here, we report three independent observations of female dark-eyed juncos (Junco hyemalis) producing male-like song early in the breeding season (i.e. post-territory establishment, pre-nesting) in a recently established non-migratory, urban population. To elicit song, we presented 17 free-living junco pairs with a live, caged female conspecific. Three unique females responded to our trials by diving at the intruding female, chasing their (male) mate, fanning their tail feathers, and singing a trilled song similar in structure to male long-range (broadcast) song. We compared male and female songs quantitatively and found that the two sexes were statistically similar in many spectral and temporal characteristics, but female songs had significantly lower minimum and peak frequencies than males. This result is particularly surprising, as males in this urban population are known to sing at a significantly higher minimum frequency than males in a nearby montane population. Both the seasonal and social context in which these songs were observed suggest a potential function for female song in mate guarding and polygyny prevention, but more data are needed to test this hypothesis. Whether female song is common in all dark-eyed juncos during the early breeding season or if it is restricted to this particular urban and non-migratory population remains an important question for future research.
Data from: Pollination on the dark side: acoustic monitoring reveals impacts of a total solar eclipse on flight behavior and activity schedule of foraging bees
The total solar eclipse of 21 August 2017 traversed ~5000 km from coast to coast of North America. In its 90-min span, sunlight dropped by three orders of magnitude and temperature by 10–15°C. To investigate impacts of these changes on bee (Hymenoptera: Apoidea) pollinators, we monitored their flights acoustically in natural habitats of Pacific Coast, Rocky Mountain, and Midwest regions. Temperature changes during the eclipse had little impact on bee activity. Most of the explained variation (R2) in buzzing rate was attributable to changes in light intensity. Bees ceased flying during complete darkness at totality, but flight activity was unaffected by dim light in partial phases before and after totality. Flights of bees during partial phases of the eclipse lasted longer than flights made under full sun, showing that behavioral plasticity matched bee flight properties to changes in light intensity during the eclipse. Efforts of citizen scientists, including hundreds of school children, contributed to the scope and educational impact of this study.
Data from: Fear of the dark? contrasting impacts of humans vs lynx on diel activity of roe deer across Europe
<ol> <li><span><span><span><span>Humans, as super predators, can have strong effects on wildlife behaviour, including profound modifications of diel activity patterns. Subsequent to the return of large carnivores to human-modified ecosystems, many prey species have adjusted their <i>spatial</i> behaviour to the contrasting landscapes of fear generated by both their natural predators and anthropogenic pressures. </span><span>The effects of predation risk on <i>temporal</i> shifts in diel activity of prey, however, remain largely unexplored in human-dominated landscapes</span><span>. </span></span></span></span></li> <li> <span><span><span><span>W</span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span>e investigated the influence of the density of lynx (<i>Lynx lynx</i>), a nocturnal predator, on the diel activity patterns of their main prey, the roe deer (<i>Capreolus capreolus</i>), across a gradient of human disturbance and hunting at the European scale. </span></span></span></span> </li> <li><span><span><span><span>Based on 11 million activity records from 431 individually GPS-monitored roe deer in 12 populations within the EURODEER network (http://eurodeer.org), we investigated how lynx predation risk in combination with both lethal and non-lethal human activities affected deer diurnality. </span></span></span></span></li> <li><span><span><span><span>We demonstrated marked plasticity in roe deer diel activity patterns in response to spatio-temporal variations in risk, mostly due to human activities. In particular, roe deer decreased their level of diurnality by a factor of 1.37 when the background level of general human disturbance was high. Hunting exacerbated this effect, as during the hunting season deer switched most of their activity to nighttime and, to a lesser extent, to dawn, although this pattern varied noticeably in relation to lynx density. Indeed, in the presence of lynx, their main natural predator, roe deer were relatively more diurnal. Overall, our results revealed a strong influence of human activities and the presence of lynx on diel shifts in roe deer activity. </span></span></span></span></li> <li><span><span><span><span>In the context of the recovery of large carnivores across Europe, we provide important insights about the effects of predators on the behavioural responses of their prey in human-dominated ecosystems. Modifications in the temporal partitioning of ungulate activity as a response to human activities may facilitate human-wildlife coexistence, but likely also have knock-on effects for predator-prey interactions, with cascading effects on ecosystem functioning. </span></span></span></span></li> </ol>
Data from: Feather melanin and micro-structure variation in dark-eyed junco (Junco hyemalis) across an elevational gradient in the Selkirk Mountains
Variation in feather melanism and microstructure can arise through sexual selection and ecological functional drivers. Melanin-based plumage traits are associated with sexual dichromatism and the intensity of sexual selection in many avian species, but also have several ecological benefits such as protection against ultra-violet (UV) radiation, camouflage, and feather strength. Additionally, feather microstructure influences thermoregulation. Plumage variation across species is well documented; however, the relative role of sexual selection and ecological drivers in intra-specific and within-population variation is less established. We investigated UV reflectance, melanism, and feather microstructure in a population of Oregon dark-eyed juncos Junco hyemalis oreganus between high (1900–2200 m a.s.l.) and low (450–800 m a.s.l.) elevations in the Selkirk Mountains to evaluate potential sexual selection and ecological drivers of variation. We found no difference in UV reflectance or lightness (melanism) of head feathers between elevations, but individuals at high elevation had lighter (less melanism) and less brown (less pheomelanin) body contour feathers than at low elevations. High elevation individuals also had longer contour feathers with more pronounced plumulaceous regions. Sexual dichromatism did not vary between elevations, leading us to reject sexual selection in favour of ecological functional drivers of plumage variation in this system. To our knowledge, this is the first study to identify within-population differences in feather melanism and microstructure between different elevations.
dark evil sythe
everything is made by me. i had to make this for shool^^. Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
Dark Sky Simulations ds14_a redshift=0 Mass Power Spectrum
<p>Dark Sky Simulations ds14_a redshift=0 Mass Power Spectrum</p>
FIGURES 18–19. Female terminalia. 18. Neoperla tadpolata Li in Two new species of dark Neoperla (Plecoptera: Perlidae) from Oriental Realm of China
FIGURES 18–19. Female terminalia. 18. Neoperla tadpolata Li & Murányi, sp. nov., ventral view. 19. Neoperla yunnana Li & Wang, sp. nov., ventral view.
FIGURES 14–17. Neoperla yunnana Li in Two new species of dark Neoperla (Plecoptera: Perlidae) from Oriental Realm of China
FIGURES 14–17. Neoperla yunnana Li & Wang, sp. nov., male aedeagus. 14. Uneverted aedeagus, lateral view. 15. Uneverted aedeagus, ventral view. 16. Everted aedeagus, lateral view. 17. Everted aedeagus, ventral view, showing details of sac apex.
FIGURES 5–9. Neoperla tadpolata Li in Two new species of dark Neoperla (Plecoptera: Perlidae) from Oriental Realm of China
FIGURES 5–9. Neoperla tadpolata Li & Murányi, sp. nov., male aedeagus. 5. Uneverted aedeagus, dorsal view. 6. Uneverted aedeagus, ventral view. 7. Uneverted aedeagus, lateral view. 8. Everted aedeagus, dorsal view. 9. Everted aedeagus, lateral view.
FIGURES 1–4. Neoperla tadpolata Li in Two new species of dark Neoperla (Plecoptera: Perlidae) from Oriental Realm of China
FIGURES 1–4. Neoperla tadpolata Li & Murányi, sp. nov., male. 1. Head and pronotum, dorsal view. 2. Terminalia, dorsal view. 3. Terminalia, lateral view. 4. Mid and hind legs, lateral view.
FIGURES 10–13. Neoperla yunnana Li in Two new species of dark Neoperla (Plecoptera: Perlidae) from Oriental Realm of China
FIGURES 10–13. Neoperla yunnana Li & Wang, sp. nov., male. 10. Head and pronotum, dorsal view. 11. Terminalia, dorsal view. 12. Terminalia, lateral view. 13. Legs, lateral view.
FIGURE 55 in Five new species of the Afrotropical dark sac spider genus Messapus Simon, 1898 (Araneae: Corinnidae)
FIGURE 55. Distribution of Messapus megae sp. n. (black circle), M. meridionalis sp. n. (black star), M. seiugatus sp. n. (black square), M. tigris sp. n. (open circles) and M. tropicus sp. n. (open squares) in the Afrotropical Region.
FIGURES 51–54 in Five new species of the Afrotropical dark sac spider genus Messapus Simon, 1898 (Araneae: Corinnidae)
FIGURES 51–54. Genitalic morphology of Messapus tropicus sp. n.: 51 Female epigyne, ventral view; 52 Same, dorsal view; 53 Male palp, ventral view; 54 Same, retrolateral view. Scale bars = 0.5 mm.
FIGURES 41–44 in Five new species of the Afrotropical dark sac spider genus Messapus Simon, 1898 (Araneae: Corinnidae)
FIGURES 41–44. Genitalic morphology of Messapus megae sp. n.: 41 Female epigyne, ventral view; 42 Same, dorsal view; 43 Male palp, ventral view; 44 Same, retrolateral view. Scale bars: 0.5 mm.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.