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580 results for “effort”
Male age alone predicts paternity success under sperm competition when effects of age and past mating effort are experimentally separated
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Data from: Effort required for sustained management of non-native shrubs drops dramatically over time in a deciduous forest
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Data from: Testosterone positively associated with both male mating effort and paternal behavior in savanna baboons (Papio cynocephalus)
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Data from: Hypothesis-driven and field-validated method to prioritize fragmentation mitigation efforts in road projects
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Data from: Elevating perceived predation risk modifies the relationship between parental effort and song complexity in the song sparrow (Melospiza melodia)
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Data from: Local forage fish abundance influences foraging effort and offspring condition in an Endangered marine predator
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Data from: Patterns of age-related change in reproductive effort differ in the pre-natal and post-natal periods in a long-lived mammal
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Data from: Dynamic phenotypic correlates of social status and mating effort in male and female red junglefowl, Gallus gallus
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Using cumulative impact mapping to prioritise marine conservation efforts in Equatorial Guinea
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Data from: Hoopoe (Upupa epops) male feeding effort is related to female cosmetic egg colouration
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Reproductive effort and terminal investment in a multi-species assemblage of Amazon electric fish
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Housekeeping genes expression in human striated muscle in resting and effort conditions
<p>The figures report the results of PCR analyses of mRNA expression of 14 housekeeping genes from Vastus Lateralis tissue of 3 athletic subjects (1 female) in both resting and post- maximum effort BRUCE protocol for the treadmill: <br> [light-PINK] - Female, rest</p> <p>[dark-PINK] - Female, effort</p> <p>[light-BLUE] - Male, rest</p> <p>[dark-BLUE] - Male, effort</p> <p>Genes:</p> <p>ACTB, B2M, G6PD, GAPDH, GUSB, HMBS, HPRT1, PGK1, RPL13A, RPLPO, RPS18, TBP, TFRC, YWHAZ.</p>
Maximizing human effort for analyzing scientific images: a case study using digitized herbarium sheets
<p>This directory contains "gold standard" set of phenological annotations of herbarium specimen photographs, in Acer_Prunus_gold_standard_phenological_data.csv. The methods used to generate these data are described in Brenskelle, L., R. P. Guralnick, M. Denslow, and B. J. Stucky. 2020. Maximizing human effort for analyzing scientific images: A case study using digitized herbarium sheets. Applications in Plant Sciences 8(6): e11370.</p>
High conservation priority of range-edge plant populations not matched by habitat protection or research effort
<p>Data and code for Caissy et al. 2020, Biological Conservation. Dataset excludes geographical data to avoid violating data sharing policies.</p>
Data for: Socially cued anticipatory adjustment of female signalling effort in a moth
<p class="text1stpar">Juvenile population density has profound effects on subsequent adult development, morphology, and reproductive investment. Yet, little is known about how the juvenile social environment affects adult investment into chemical sexual signalling. Male gumleaf skeletonizer moths, <i>Uraba lugens,</i> facultatively increase investment into antennae (pheromone receiving structures) when reared at low juvenile population densities, but whether there is comparable adjustment by females into pheromone investment is not known. We investigate how juvenile population density influences the 'calling' (pheromone-releasing) behaviour of females, and the attractiveness of their pheromones. Female <i>U. lugens</i> adjust their calling behaviour in response to socio-sexual cues: adult females reared in high juvenile population densities called earlier and for longer than those from low juvenile densities. Juvenile density also affected female pheromonal attractiveness: y-maze olfactometer assays revealed that males prefer pheromones produced by females reared at high juvenile densities. This strategic investment in calling behaviour by females, based on juvenile cues that anticipate the future socio-sexual environment, likely reflects a response to avoid mating failure through competition with neighbouring signallers.</p>
Data from: Enough for all: no mating effort adjustment to varying mate availability in a gift-giving spider
Reproduction is costly and since males possess a finite energetic budget, resource allocation to one mating event may constrain investment in subsequent matings. Consequently, males of many species evolved to adjust their reproductive investment in response to mating opportunities. When female availability is high, males are predicted to partition their reproductive effort among multiple partners to avoid resource depletion before mating opportunities have ceased. We tested this prediction in males of the spider Pisaura mirabilis, which mate via costly nuptial gifts consisting of silk-wrapped prey and are known to respond to social cues (rivals' presence) by adjusting their reproductive investment. We manipulated the number of females exposed to males to induce perception of high vs low mating opportunities, and scored male investment to pre-mating traits (time allocated to gift construction and courtship) and traits at mating (copulation duration) during interactions with a female. We expected males facing higher mating opportunities to reduce their investment in all measured traits, but instead found no differences in male trait expression. These findings indicate lack of resource partitioning in response to variation in female availability, as males may be able to draw resources from non-reproductive traits (growth or immune defense), or may increase their food intake at mating by partially consuming the nuptial gift. Hence, despite their associated costs, by providing a source of nutrition, nuptial prey gifts may weaken selection for adaptive plasticity in male reproductive investment.
Data from: The costs of parental care: a meta-analysis of the trade-off between parental effort and survival in birds
A fundamental premise of life-history theory is that organisms that increase current reproductive investment suffer increased mortality. Possibly the most studied life-history phenotypic relationship is the trade-off between parental effort and survival. However, evidence supporting this trade-off is equivocal. Here, we conducted a meta-analysis to test the generality of this tenet. Using experimental studies that manipulated parental effort in birds we show that: 1) the effect of parental effort on survival was similar across species regardless of phylogeny, 2) individuals that experienced reduced parental effort had similar survival probabilities than control individuals, regardless of sex, and 3) males that experienced increased parental effort were less likely to survive than control males, whereas females that experienced increased effort were just as likely to survive as control females. Our results suggest that the trade-off between parental effort and survival is more complex than previously assumed. Finally, our study provides recommendations of unexplored avenues of future research into life-history trade-offs.
Data from: Cohabitation with farm animals rather than breeding effort increases the infection with feather-associated bacteria in the barn swallow Hirundo rustica
Feather-associated bacteria are widespread inhabitants of avian plumage. However, the determinants of the between-individual variation in plumage bacterial loads are less well understood. Infection intensities can be determined by ecological factors, such as breeding habitat, and can be actively regulated by hosts via preening. Preening, yet, is a resource intensive activity, and thus might be traded-off against reproductive investment in breeding birds. Here, we studied barn swallows Hirundo rustica to assess the bacterial cost of reproduction in relation to nesting site micro-habitats. Barn swallows prefer to breed in the company of large-sized farm animals, although the presence of mammalian livestock in barns assures a warm and humid micro-climate that favours bacterial proliferation. Thus, we experimentally manipulated brood sizes of birds breeding in barns with, or without, farm animals and measured total cultivable bacteria (TCB) and feather-degrading bacteria (FDB) from the plumage. We found that the abundance of feather-associated bacteria (i.e. both TCB and FDB) in females, but not males, breeding in barns with livestock were significantly higher than in conspecifics breeding in empty barns. Plumage bacterial loads, however, were not affected by brood size manipulations in either sex. In addition, we report a negative relationship between both TCB and FDB and hatching date in females, and several sex and seasonal differences in plumage bacterial abundances. Our study is the first to show that breeding micro-habitat (i.e. livestock co-tenancy) has consequences for the abundance of feather-associated bacteria.
Data from: Sex differences in the effects of juvenile and adult diet on age-dependent reproductive effort
Sexual selection should cause sex differences in patterns of resource allocation. When current and future reproductive effort trade-off, variation in resource acquisition might further cause sex differences in age-dependent investment, or in sensitivity to changes in resource availability over time. However, the nature and prevalence of sex differences in age-dependent investment remain unclear. We manipulated resource acquisition at juvenile and adult stages in decorated crickets, Gryllodes sigillatus, and assessed effects on sex-specific allocation to age-dependent reproductive effort (calling in males, fecundity in females) and longevity. We predicted that the resource and time demands of egg production would result in relatively consistent female strategies across treatments, while male investment should depend sharply on diet. Contrary to expectations, female age-dependent reproductive effort diverged substantially across treatments, with resource-limited females showing much lower and later investment in reproduction; the highest fecundity was associated with intermediate lifespans. In contrast, long-lived males always signalled more than short-lived males, and male age-dependent reproductive effort did not depend on diet. We found consistently positive covariance between male reproductive effort and lifespan, while diet altered this covariance in females, revealing sex differences in the benefits of allocation to longevity. Our results support sex-specific selection on allocation patterns, but also suggest a simpler alternative: males may use social feedback to make allocation decisions, and preferentially store resources as energetic reserves in its absence. Increased calling effort with age therefore could be caused by gradual resource accumulation, heightened mortality risk over time, and a lack of feedback from available mates.
Data from: Sexual cannibalism increases male material investment in offspring: quantifying terminal reproductive effort in a praying mantis
Models of the evolution of sexual cannibalism argue that males may offset the cost of cannibalism if components of the male body are directly allocated to the eggs that they fertilize. We tested this idea in the praying mantid Tenodera sinensis. Males and females were fed differently radiolabelled crickets and allowed to mate. Half of the pairs progressed to sexual cannibalism and we prevented cannibalism in the other half. We assess the relative allocation of both male-derived somatic materials and ejaculate materials into the eggs and soma of the female. Our results show that male somatic investment contributes to production of offspring. The eggs and reproductive tissues of cannibalistic females contained significantly more male-derived amino acids than those of non-cannibalistic females, and there was an increase in the number of eggs produced subsequent to sexual cannibalism. Sexual cannibalism thus increases male material investment in offspring. We also show that males provide substantial investment via the ejaculate, with males passing about 25% of their radiolabelled amino acids to females via the ejaculate even in the absence of cannibalism.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.