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Fig. 19 in Element Homology and the Evolution of Dental Formulae in Megachiropteran Bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera: Pteropodidae)
Fig. 19. Optimization of the absence [0] and presence [1] of lower incisors in megabats, using the optimal tree from the combined analysis of Giannini and Simmons (2005; modified from their fig. 7). Optimization of the absence/presence of i1 absence/presence is represented along the branches, with ambiguous branches dotted. Optimization of the absence/presence of i2 is shown with black arrows representing a 1 + 0 transformation (loss of i2). The dotted arrow indicates the asymmetric loss of one first lower incisor in Myonycteris brachycephala.
Fig. 17 in Element Homology and the Evolution of Dental Formulae in Megachiropteran Bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera: Pteropodidae)
Fig. 17. Myonycteris torquata KMMA/MRAC 80.020-M-0001 (A, B) and M. torquata AMNH 236246 (C, D), ventral view of the palate (A, C) and lateral view of the rostrum (B, D). An extra premolar in the position of P2 is present in the KMMA/MRAC specimen. Abbreviations: P1 first upper premolar, P2 second upper premolar. Scale 5 5 mm.
Fig. 16. Pteropus scapulatus BMNH 86.11.1.1 in Element Homology and the Evolution of Dental Formulae in Megachiropteran Bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera: Pteropodidae)
Fig. 16. Pteropus scapulatus BMNH 86.11.1.1, occlusal view of the mandible. An extra premolar appears in the position of a p2 on the right side. Position and morphology of the other teeth as well as the mandible are typical. Abbreviations: c lower canine, i1 first lower incisor, i2 second lower incisor, m1 first lower molar, m2 second lower molar, m3 third lower molar, p1 first lower premolar, p2 atavistic second lower premolar, p3 third lower premolar, p4, fourth lower premolar. Scale 5 5 mm.
Fig. 12. Thoopterus nigrescens AMNH 222775 in Element Homology and the Evolution of Dental Formulae in Megachiropteran Bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera: Pteropodidae)
Fig. 12. Thoopterus nigrescens AMNH 222775 (A), and Latidens salimalii HZM 3.26435 (B), occlusal view of the tip of the mandible. Scale 5 1 mm.
Fig. 13. Aethalops alecto AMNH 216729 in Element Homology and the Evolution of Dental Formulae in Megachiropteran Bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera: Pteropodidae)
Fig. 13. Aethalops alecto AMNH 216729 (A), Alionycteris paucidentata FMNH 146599 (B), Haplonycteris fischeri AMNH 142748 (C), and Otopteropus cartilagonodus FMNH 573447 (D),
Fig. 22 in Element Homology and the Evolution of Dental Formulae in Megachiropteran Bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera: Pteropodidae)
Fig. 22. Optimization of the absence [0] and presence [1] of M2 in the optimal tree from the combined analysis of Giannini and Simmons (2005; modified from their fig. 7). Dotted branches connect nodes with ambiguous final assignments [0/1]. Some internal node assignments are omitted for clarity.
Fig. 20 in Element Homology and the Evolution of Dental Formulae in Megachiropteran Bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera: Pteropodidae)
Fig. 20. Optimization of the absence [0] and presence [1] of upper incisors in megabats, using the optimal tree from the combined analysis of Giannini and Simmons (2005; modified from their fig. 7). Optimization of the absence/presence of I1 absence/presence is represented along the branches. Optimization of the absence/presence of I2 is shown with black arrows representing a 1 + 0 transformation (loss of I2). Absence/ presence of both I1 and I2 is inapplicable in the outgroup Megaderma lyra as this bat lacks the premaxillary bone that supports the upper incisors when present.
Fig. 8. Chironax melanocephalus AMNH 216739 in Element Homology and the Evolution of Dental Formulae in Megachiropteran Bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera: Pteropodidae)
Fig. 8. Chironax melanocephalus AMNH 216739 (A), Aethalops alecto AMNH 216729 (B), Haplonycteris fischeri AMNH 142748 (C), Otopteropus cartilagonodus FMNH 573447 (D), and Balionycteris maculata AMNH 216755 (E), mental view of the mandible (left column) and occlusal view of the tip of the mandible (right column). Scales 5 1 mm.
Fig. 18. Nyctimene albiventer AMNH 198617 in Element Homology and the Evolution of Dental Formulae in Megachiropteran Bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera: Pteropodidae)
Fig. 18. Nyctimene albiventer AMNH 198617, occlusal view of the mandible, presence of an extra lower molar (m3) in an otherwise typical mandible and dentition. Note the normal pattern of tooth wear in the dentition, which suggests that the extra tooth did not pose functional problems to the individual. Abbreviations: c lower canine, m1 first lower molar, m2 second lower molar, m3 atavistic third lower molar, p1 first lower premolar, p3 third lower premolar, p4 fourth lower premolar. Scale 5 2 mm.
Fig. 7. Dobsonia magna AMNH 108486 in Element Homology and the Evolution of Dental Formulae in Megachiropteran Bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera: Pteropodidae)
Fig. 7. Dobsonia magna AMNH 108486, occlusal view of the anterior mandible showing pattern of replacement of lower incisors. Abbreviations: c lower canine, dc deciduous lower canine, di1 deciduous first lower incisor, di2 deciduous second lower incisor, dp3 deciduous third lower premolar, i2 second lower incisor, p1 first lower premolar, p3 third lower premolar, p4 fourth lower premolar. Scale 5 2 mm.
Fig. 6. Dobsonia pannietensis AMNH 159142 in Element Homology and the Evolution of Dental Formulae in Megachiropteran Bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera: Pteropodidae)
Fig. 6. Dobsonia pannietensis AMNH 159142, oblique ventrocaudal view of the anterior palate showing the pattern of replacement of upper incisors. Abbreviations: C upper canine, dC deciduous upper canine, dI1 deciduous first upper incisor, dI2 deciduous second upper incisor, P3 third upper premolar. Scale 5 2 mm.
Fig. 5 in Element Homology and the Evolution of Dental Formulae in Megachiropteran Bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera: Pteropodidae)
Fig. 5. Melonycteris (Nesonycteris) woodfordi AMNH 99950 (A), Notopteris macdonaldi AMNH 119455 (B), and Melonycteris melanops AMNH 194333 (C), occlusal view of the anterior mandible showing the hypothesized loss of the first lower incisor in M. woodfordi and N. macdonaldi (see text). Note that in M. melanops the right first lower incisor is lost and the left i1 is smaller than i2. Abbreviations: c lower canine, i1 first lower incisor, i2 second lower incisor, p1 first lower premolar, p3 third lower premolar, p4 fourth lower premolar. Scale 5 2 mm.
Fig. 4. Notopteris macdonaldi AMNH 119455 in Element Homology and the Evolution of Dental Formulae in Megachiropteran Bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera: Pteropodidae)
Fig. 4. Notopteris macdonaldi AMNH 119455 (A) and Melonycteris melanops AMNH 194333 (B), ventral view of the anterior palate and dentition showing the hypothesized loss of the first upper incisor in N. macdonaldi (see text). Abbreviations: C upper canine, I1 first upper incisor, I2 second upper incisor, P1 first upper premolar, P3 third upper premolar. Scale 5 2 mm.
Fig. 2. Cynopterus sphinx BMNH 6.11.6.42 in Element Homology and the Evolution of Dental Formulae in Megachiropteran Bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera: Pteropodidae)
Fig. 2. Cynopterus sphinx BMNH 6.11.6.42, presence of a connate incisor formed by the fusion of the crowns of a normal incisor (I2) and a probably atavistic I3.
Fig. 1. Epomophorus gambianus BMNH 99.6.15.2 in Element Homology and the Evolution of Dental Formulae in Megachiropteran Bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera: Pteropodidae)
Fig. 1. Epomophorus gambianus BMNH 99.6.15.2, view of the palate. An extra, peglike tooth (?) is present on the right side between typical posterior premolars, which are undisputed P3 and P4 of the dental formula of extant eutherians. Abbreviations: C upper canine, M1 first upper molar, P3 third upper premolar, P4 fourth upper premolar. Scale 5 5 mm.
Fig. 3. Eonycteris major AMNH 130319 in Element Homology and the Evolution of Dental Formulae in Megachiropteran Bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera: Pteropodidae)
Fig. 3. Eonycteris major AMNH 130319 (A) and Rousettus (Boneia) bidens (B), ventral view of the anterior palate and dentition showing the hypothesized loss of the first upper incisor in R. bidens (see text). Abbreviations: C upper canine, I1 first upper incisor, I2 second upper incisor, P1 first upper premolar, P3 third upper premolar, P4 fourth upper premolar. Scale 5 2 mm.
Text-fig. 4. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of megaspores with possible affinities to Selaginellales; Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a, b) Hughesisporites galericulatus, lateral view of megaspore (a) with almost smooth surface and spore wall of thin elements forming a dense reticulum (b); c) Trileites sp., proximal view of megaspore with almost smooth surface and raised trilete mark; d–f) Rugotriletes sp., proximal (e) and lateral (f) views of megaspores showing coarsely reticulate-rugulate surface ornamentation and prominent gula around the trilete mark and compact perforate spore wall (d); g, h) Erlansonisporites sp., distal (g) and lateral (h) views of megaspores showing coarsely reticulate-rugulate surface and fibrous spore wall; i, j) Striatriletes sp. 1, megaspore in oblique proximal view (i) showing raised laesurae and irregular striate-rugulate surface, and detail of spore wall (j) showing dense packing of sculptural elements; k, l) Striatriletes sp. 2, megaspore in proximal view (k) showing trilete mark, striate-rugulate surface, and detail of spore wall (l) composed of loosely packed fibers; m) Striatriletes sp. 3, megaspore in proximal view showing raised trilete mark and striate-rugulate surface; n, o) Verrutriletes sp., megaspore in oblique proximal view (n) showing short laesurae of the trilete mark, and the dense verrucate surface (o); p) Megaspore sp. 1, oblique proximal view showing in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Torres Vedras (Ne Of Forte Da Forca), Portugal: A Palaeofloristic Analysis Of An Early Angiosperm Community
Text-fig. 4. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of megaspores with possible affinities to Selaginellales; Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a, b) Hughesisporites galericulatus, lateral view of megaspore (a) with almost smooth surface and spore wall of thin elements forming a dense reticulum (b); c) Trileites sp., proximal view of megaspore with almost smooth surface and raised trilete mark; d–f) Rugotriletes sp., proximal (e) and lateral (f) views of megaspores showing coarsely reticulate-rugulate surface ornamentation and prominent gula around the trilete mark and compact perforate spore wall (d); g, h) Erlansonisporites sp., distal (g) and lateral (h) views of megaspores showing coarsely reticulate-rugulate surface and fibrous spore wall; i, j) Striatriletes sp. 1, megaspore in oblique proximal view (i) showing raised laesurae and irregular striate-rugulate surface, and detail of spore wall (j) showing dense packing of sculptural elements; k, l) Striatriletes sp. 2, megaspore in proximal view (k) showing trilete mark, striate-rugulate surface, and detail of spore wall (l) composed of loosely packed fibers; m) Striatriletes sp. 3, megaspore in proximal view showing raised trilete mark and striate-rugulate surface; n, o) Verrutriletes sp., megaspore in oblique proximal view (n) showing short laesurae of the trilete mark, and the dense verrucate surface (o); p) Megaspore sp. 1, oblique proximal view showing
Text-fig. 4. Ratio diagrams of total length of p3–m3. Parasorex depereti from BRS 25 (data from Fanfani 1999), Parasorex depereti (data from Crochet 1986), Parasorex ibericus, type locality Otura-1, Spain (Mein and Martín-Suárez 1993), Parasorex pristinus (Ziegler 2003), Apulogalerix pusillus, Gargano (fissure filling F32), Italy (Masini and Fanfani 2013). On the horizontal axis are reported the element of the series, in ordinates the ratio of the average lengths on the standard Parasorex socialis from La Grive, France (data from Masini and Fanfani 2013). in New Light On Parasorex Depereti (Erinaceomorpha: Erinaceidae: Galericini) From The Late Messinian (Mn 13) Of The Monticino Quarry (Brisighella, Faenza, Italy)
Text-fig. 4. Ratio diagrams of total length of p3–m3. Parasorex depereti from BRS 25 (data from Fanfani 1999), Parasorex depereti (data from Crochet 1986), Parasorex ibericus, type locality Otura-1, Spain (Mein and Martín-Suárez 1993), Parasorex pristinus (Ziegler 2003), Apulogalerix pusillus, Gargano (fissure filling F32), Italy (Masini and Fanfani 2013). On the horizontal axis are reported the element of the series, in ordinates the ratio of the average lengths on the standard Parasorex socialis from La Grive, France (data from Masini and Fanfani 2013).
Figure 12 in Developmental basis of limb homology in Pleurodiran turtles, and the identity of the hooked element in the chelonian tarsus
Figure 12. Abnormal morphologies observed during limb development in Phrynops hilarii. A, the arrows point to a condensation of centrale 3 that seems to be duplicated. B, the arrows point to three ossification nuclei representing the primary cartilages of the fibulare, intermedium, and centrale 4 in the proximal tarsal.
Figure 13 in Developmental basis of limb homology in Pleurodiran turtles, and the identity of the hooked element in the chelonian tarsus
Figure 13. Scheme of limb development in pleurodiran turtles. These patterns were also observed in other turtles. In the forelimbs (A and B), developmental variation involves the number of cartilaginous primordia of the central series. At advanced embryonic stages and after hatching, secondary fusion may occur in the distal carpal series. In the hindlimbs (C and D), centrale 4 may originate as a distinct cartilaginous primordium, or fuse with the intermedium condensation. The astragalus ossification will develop in the intermedium–centrale cartilage. Abbreviations: I–V, digits I–V; c1–c4, centrale 1–4; d1–d5, distal carpalia/tarsalia 1–5; f, fibulare; F, femur; Fi, fibula; H, humerus; i, intermedium; p, pisiform; Ra, radius; Ti, tibia; Ul, ulna.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
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International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.