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1,457 results for “feedback”
Data from: Plant-soil feedbacks shift from negative to positive with decreasing light in forest understory species
Net pairwise plant–soil feedbacks (PSF) may be an important factor structuring plant communities, yet the influence of abiotic context on PSF is not yet understood. Abiotic factors such as light availability can alter plant–soil interactions, potentially resulting in strong context dependence of PSF. Here, we present an experiment in which we measured whole-soil net pairwise feedbacks amongst six common forest understory species across a gradient of light availability. Light treatments were imposed throughout both phases (the conditioning phase and the response phase) of the feedback experiment. Across the plant community, PSF shifted from negative at high light availability to weakly positive under low light (P = 0.013). Differences in the biomass of plants during the conditioning phase did not fully explain light-imposed differences in feedbacks, indicating that reduced light availability qualitatively changes the nature of PSF rather than simply weakening feedbacks by reducing plant growth. Results indicate that abiotic context can fundamentally alter the role of PSF in structuring plant communities.
Data from: Divergent plant–soil feedbacks could alter future elevation ranges and ecosystem dynamics
Plant–soil feedbacks (PSF) are important interactions that may influence range dynamics in a changing world. What remains largely unknown is the generality of plant–soil biotic interactions across populations and the potential role of specific soil biota, both of which are key for understanding how PSF might change future communities and ecosystems. We combined landscape-level field observations and experimental soil treatments to test whether a dominant tree alters soil environments to impact its own performance and range shifts towards higher elevations. We show: (1) soil conditioning by trees varies with elevation, (2) soil biota relate to PSF, (3) under simulated conditions, biotic PSF constrain range shifts at lower elevations but allow for expansions at higher elevations, and (4) differences in soil conditioning predict feedback outcomes in specific range-shift scenarios. These results suggest that variable plant–soil biotic interactions may influence the migration and fragmentation of tree species, and that models incorporating soil parameters will more accurately predict future species distributions.
Data from: Heterogeneity in plant-soil feedbacks and resident population dynamics affect mutual invasibility
1. Understanding the mechanisms governing coexistence is a central goal in ecology and has implications for conserving and restoring communities, yet the high diversity in many plant communities is difficult to explain. Theory suggests that plant-soil feedbacks (PSF) can lead to frequency-dependent coexistence by suppressing conspecifics more than heterospecifics, potentially helping to explain high-diversity plant communities. In addition, species-specific population dynamics, including the rate at which individuals are replaced in a population, or population turnover rate, may influence coexistence outcomes. 2. We have created a rigorous test of the coexistence predictions of theory by generating a soil heterogeneity experiment in the field and testing for mutual invasibility by establishing resident populations, then experimentally invading them. Experimental tests of mutual invasibility can demonstrate coexistence because, if species are able to invade one another's populations when at low density, they should exhibit long-term coexistence. We use pairs of congeners in this experiment that coexist at small spatial scales, sometimes within cm, at our field site. 3. We demonstrate that invader individuals established better in congener's soils than in conspecific soils, consistent with plant-soil feedback mediated coexistence. This effect was often mediated by competition with established resident plants. 4. Further, we show that soil heterogeneity interacted with the population turnover rate of the resident population to influence invasibility (P < 0.10), consistent with the theoretical prediction that a plant's population dynamics will interact with heterogeneity to influence coexistence. 5. Synthesis - Plant-soil feedbacks can in theory lead to frequency-dependent coexistence, and reciprocally negative feedback effects in greenhouse experiments are often consistent with this prediction. We provide the first field test of mutual invasibility structured by PSF, demonstrating that PSF can lead to coexistence when they create a patchy, or heterogeneous, soil environment. This work suggests that understanding the influence of PSF on diversity necessitates understanding the spatial scale at which soil heterogeneity emerges in the field. Thus high diversity might be maintained in plant communities by heterogeneity created by plants' influence on the soil, and this outcome depends strongly on population dynamics.
Plant diversity enhances rehabilitation of degraded lands by spurring plant-soil feedbacks
<p>Despite a rich history of theoretical and empirical work showing that increasing biodiversity results in higher ecosystem function, this research has not made a commensurate impact on the reclamation of degraded lands, where enhancing ecosystem function is of primary importance. 2. In this study, we manipulated plant diversity on heavily degraded mine lands and showed that increasing plant diversity greatly enhanced the reclamation of these lands. We found that high diversity assemblages were often associated with more biomass, higher stability and less toxic foliage than low diversity treatments, although the monocultures of Miscanthus sinensis (the most productive species) performed equally well as some of the polycultures. 3. Our results showed that species composition and richness explained most of the total variation in biomass yield of the experimental plots, indicating that both the selection and complementarity effects influenced the positive diversity effects observed in this study. 4. M. sinensis and legumes (as a functional group) were found to be the main contributors to the selection effect. The plots with M. sinensis tended to harbor fewer soil fungal pathogens than those without it and a similar pattern was observed for the legumes, indicating a poorly known plant-soil fungal pathogen feedback for these plants. This kind of feedback appeared to play an important role also in shaping the positive plant species richness-ecosystem function relationships recorded in the degraded mine land. More importantly, we provide the first evidence that the observed plant-soil fungal pathogen feedbacks were likely mediated by chitinolytic bacteria that release anti-fungal enzymes. Cellulose-degrading bacteria that aid in plant decomposition and nutrient cycling also attained higher abundances in plots with higher plant diversity, suggesting the contribution of another kind of plant-soil feedback to the positive diversity effects. 5. Synthesis and applications. Our findings reveal that high diverse plant assemblages are better able to spur plant-soil feedbacks and that increasing plant diversity is an important strategy to enhance land reclamation efficiency. Meanwhile, our results also indicate that some plants such as M. sinensis and legumes should be preferentially used to establish diverse plant communities for rapid reclamation of degraded lands.</p>
Data from: Remote sensing of plant trait responses to field-based plant–soil feedback using UAV-based optical sensors
Plant responses to biotic and abiotic legacies left in soil by preceding plants is known as plant–soil feedback (PSF). PSF is an important mechanism to explain plant community dynamics and plant performance in natural and agricultural systems. However, most PSF studies are short-term and small-scale due to practical constraints for field-scale quantification of PSF effects, yet field experiments are warranted to assess actual PSF effects under less controlled conditions. Here we used unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-based optical sensors to test whether PSF effects on plant traits can be quantified remotely. We established a randomized agro-ecological field experiment in which six different cover crop species and species combinations from three different plant families (Poaceae, Fabaceae, Brassicaceae) were grown. The feedback effects on plant traits were tested in oat (Avena sativa) by quantifying the cover crop legacy effects on key plant traits: height, fresh biomass, nitrogen content, and leaf chlorophyll content. Prior to destructive sampling, hyperspectral data were acquired and used for calibration and independent validation of regression models to retrieve plant traits from optical data. Subsequently, for each trait the model with highest precision and accuracy was selected. We used the hyperspectral analyses to predict the directly measured plant height (RMSE = 5.12 cm, R2 = 0.79), chlorophyll content (RMSE = 0.11 g m−2, R2 = 0.80), N-content (RMSE = 1.94 g m−2, R2 = 0.68), and fresh biomass (RMSE = 0.72 kg m−2, R2 = 0.56). Overall the PSF effects of the different cover crop treatments based on the remote sensing data matched the results based on in situ measurements. The average oat canopy was tallest and its leaf chlorophyll content highest in response to legacy of Vicia sativa monocultures (100 cm, 0.95 g m−2, respectively) and in mixture with Raphanus sativus (100 cm, 1.09 g m−2, respectively), while the lowest values (76 cm, 0.41 g m−2, respectively) were found in response to legacy of Lolium perenne monoculture, and intermediate responses to the legacy of the other treatments. We show that PSF effects in the field occur and alter several important plant traits that can be sensed remotely and quantified in a non-destructive way using UAV-based optical sensors; these can be repeated over the growing season to increase temporal resolution. Remote sensing thereby offers great potential for studying PSF effects at field scale and relevant spatial-temporal resolutions which will facilitate the elucidation of the underlying mechanisms.
Data from: Feedbacks between shallow groundwater dynamics and surface topography on runoff generation in flat fields
In winter, saturation excess (SE) ponding is observed regularly in temperate lowland regions. Surface runoff dynamics are controlled by small topographical features that are unaccounted for in hydrological models. To better understand storage and routing effects of small scale topography and their interaction with shallow groundwater under SE conditions, we developed a model of reduced complexity to investigate SE runoff generation, emphasizing feedbacks between shallow groundwater dynamics and mesotopography. The dynamic specific yield affected unsaturated zone water storage, causing rapid switches between negative and positive head and a flatter groundwater mound than predicted by analytical agro-hydrological models. Accordingly, saturated areas were larger and local groundwater fluxes smaller than predicted, leading to surface runoff generation. Mesotopographic features routed water over larger distances, providing a feedback mechanism that amplified changes to the shape of the groundwater mound. This in turn enhanced runoff generation, but whether it also resulted in runoff events depended on the geometry and location of the depressions. Whereas conditions favourable to runoff generation may abound during winter, these feedbacks profoundly reduce the predictability of SE runoff: statistically identical rainfall series may result in completely different runoff generation. The model results indicate that waterlogged areas in any given rainfall event are larger than those predicted by current analytical groundwater models used for drainage design. This change in the groundwater mound extent has implications for crop growth and damage assessments.
Data from: Feedbacks between nitrogen fixation and soil organic matter increase ecosystem functions in diversified agroecosystems
Nitrogen (N) losses from intensified agriculture are a major cause of global change, due to nitrate (NO3-) export and the eutrophication of aquatic systems as well as emissions of nitrous oxide (N2O) into the atmosphere. Diversified agroecosystems with legume cover crops couple N and carbon (C) inputs to soil and reduce N pollution, but there is a need to identify controls on legume N2 fixation across ecosystems with variable soil conditions. Here, I tested the hypothesis that N mineralization from turnover of soil organic matter (SOM) regulates legume N2 fixation across 10 farms that spanned a gradient of SOM levels. I separated soil samples into two SOM fractions, based on size and density, which are indicators of soil nutrient cycling and N availability (free particulate organic matter and intra-aggregate particulate organic matter (POM)). This study indicates downregulation of legume N2 fixation in diversified agroecosystems with increasing N availability in intra-aggregate POM and increasing N mineralization. Intercropping the legume with a grass weakened the relationship between N in POM and N2 fixation due to N assimilation by the grass. Further, mean rates of N and C mineralization across sites increased with two seasons of a legume-grass cover crop mixture, which could enhance this stabilizing feedback between soil N availability and N2 fixation over time. These results suggest a potential mechanism for the diversity-ecosystem function relationships measured in long-term studies of agroecosystems, in which regular use of legume cover crops increases total soil organic C and N and reduces the environmental costs of crop production.
Eco-evolutionary feedbacks link prey adaptation to predator performance
Eco-evolutionary feedbacks may determine the outcome of predator-prey interactions in nature, but little work has been done to quantify the feedback effect of short-term prey adaptation on predator performance. We tested the effects of prey availability and recent (< 100 years) prey adaptation on the feeding and growth rate of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides), foraging on western mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis). Field surveys showed higher densities and larger average body sizes of mosquitofish in recently introduced populations without bass. Over a six-week mesocosm experiment, bass were presented with either a high or low availability of mosquitofish prey from recently established populations either naïve or experienced with bass. Naïve mosquitofish were larger, less cryptic, and more vulnerable to bass predation compared to their experienced counterparts. Bass consumed more naïve prey, grew more quickly with naïve prey, and grew more quickly per unit biomass of naïve prey consumed. The effect of mosquitofish history with bass on bass growth was similar in magnitude to the effect of mosquitofish availability. In showing that recently-derived predation-related prey phenotypes strongly affect predator performance, this study supports the presence of reciprocal predator-prey trait feedbacks in nature.
Prefrontal deep projection neurons enable cognitive flexibility via persistent feedback monitoring
<p>Attentional set-shifting is a cognitive task that requires a subject to flexibly shift attention between different sensory features of a stimulus, based on continuous trial-and-error. This data set comprises in-vivo 2-photon video recordings of fluorescent calcium signals made in the prefrontal (prelimbic + infralimbic) cortex of mice performing a serial extradimensional set-shifting task. </p> <p> </p> <p> </p>
Data from: Taking plant-soil feedbacks to the field in a temperate grassland
Plant-soil feedbacks (PSFs) involve changes to the soil wrought by plants, which change biotic and abiotic properties of the soil, affecting plants that grow in the soil at a later time. The importance of PSFs for understanding ecosystem functioning has been the focus of much recent research, for example, in predicting the consequences for agricultural production, biodiversity conservation, and plant population dynamics. Here, we describe an experiment designed to test PSFs left by plants with contrasting traits under field conditions. This is one of the first, large- scale field experiments of its kind. We removed the existent plant community and replaced it with target plant communities that conditioned the soil. These communities consisted of contrasting proportions of grass and forb cover and consisted of either fast- or slow-growing plants, in accordance with the plant economics spectrum. We chose this well-established paradigm because plants on opposite ends of this spectrum have developed contrasting strategies to cope with environmental conditions. This means they differ in their feedbacks with soil abiotic and biotic factors. The experimental procedure was repeated in two successive years in two different subplots in order to investigate temporal effects on soils that were conditioned by the same plant community. Our treatments were successful in creating plant communities that differed in their total percentage cover based on temporal conditioning, percentage of grasses versus forbs, and percentage of fast- versus slow-growing plants. As a result, we expect that the influence of these different plant communities will lead to different PSFs. The unique and novel design of this experiment allows us to simultaneously test for the impacts of temporal effects, plant community composition and plant growth strategy on PSFs. Here, we describe the experimental design and demonstrate why this effective design is ideal to advance our understanding of PSFs in the field.
Data from: Domesticated tomatoes are more vulnerable to negative plant-soil feedbacks than their wild relatives
Domesticated plants can differ from their wild counterparts in the strength and outcome of species interactions, both above- and belowground. Plant-soil feedbacks influence plant success, and plant-associated soil microbial communities can influence plant interactions with herbivores and their natural enemies, yet, it is unclear if domestication has changed these relationships. To determine the effects of domestication on plant-soil interactions, we characterized soil microbial communities associated with various cultivars of domesticated tomato and some of its wild relatives. We measured the strength and direction of plant-soil feedbacks for domesticated and wild tomatoes, and the effects of soil on plant resistance to specialist herbivory by Manduca sexta, and the attraction of a parasitoid wasp, Cotesia congregata. Domesticated tomatoes and their wild relatives had negative plant-soil feedbacks, as conspecifics cultivated soil that negatively impacted performance of subsequent plants (longer germination time, lower biomass) than if they grew in non-tomato soils. Significant variation existed among domesticated and wild tomato varieties in the strength of these feedbacks, ranging from neutral to strongly negative. For aboveground plant biomass, tomato wild relatives were unaffected by growing in tomato-conditioned soil while domesticated tomatoes grew smaller in tomato soil, indicating effects of plant domestication. Overall, increased microbial biomass within the rhizosphere resulted in progressively less-negative plant-soil feedbacks. Plant cultivars had different levels of resistance to herbivory by M. sexta, but this did not depend on plant domestication or soil type. The parasitoid C. congregata was primarily attracted to herbivore damaged plants, independent of plant domestication status, and for these damaged plants, wasps preferred some cultivars over others, and wild plants grown in tomato soil over wild plants grown in non-tomato soil. Synthesis: These results indicate that crop tomatoes are more likely to show negative plant-soil feedbacks than wild progenitors, which could partially explain their sensitivity to monocultures in agricultural soils. Further, cultivar-specific variation in the ability to generate soil microbial biomass, independent of domestication status, appears to buffer the negative consequences of sharing the same soil. Last, soil legacies were relatively absent for herbivores, but not for parasitoid wasps, suggesting trophic level specificity in soil feedbacks on plant-insect interactions.
Data for "Simpson's Law and Spectral Cancellation of Climate Feedbacks"
<p>Line-by-line output from the Reference Forward Model (Dudhia 2016) and plotting scripts for the paper "Simpson's Law and Spectral Cancellation of Climate Feedbacks" published in Geophysical Research Letters. </p>
Disrupting abnormal neuronal oscillations with adaptive delayed feedback control
<p>This dataset contains the spike data of the experiments performed for the paper:</p><p><strong>Domingos Leite de Castro, Miguel Aroso, A. Pedro Aguiar, David B. Grayden, Paulo Aguiar, "Disrupting abnormal neuronal oscillations with adaptive delayed feedback control", </strong>currently under review</p><p>You can access the pre-print at: https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.07.05.498735</p><p>The data was recorded with the 2100MEA-System from Multichannel Systems using their software Multichannel Experimenter. Each h5 file contains the spike detection results for all electrodes, the electrode labels, and stimulation times. The experiments were performed with microelectrode arrays that contained multiple independent culture wells. The h5 files contain data recorded from all the wells, even though the experiments are only performed in one well at a time. To access the data of a given experiment, choose the electrodes associated with the well identified in the name of the folder, or consult the table in DataTable.xlsx.</p><p>The experiments followed both the European legislation regarding the use of animals for scientific purposes and the protocols approved by the ethical committee of i3S. The Animal Facility of i3S follows the FELASA guidelines and recommendations concerning laboratory animal welfare, complies with the European Guidelines (Directive 2010/63/EU) transposed to Portuguese legislation by Decreto-Lei no 113/2013 and is licensed by the Portuguese official veterinary department (DGAV, Ref 004461). Embryonic (E18) rat hippocampal neurons were cultured on 6-well or 9-well chamber MEA (256-6well MEA200/30iR-ITO-rcr and 256-9wellMEA300/30iR-ITO, respectively) (Multichannel System MCS, Germany) with a density of 5 × 104 cells/well and 3 x 104 cells/well, respectively. Each well of the 6-well MEA has 42 TiN electrodes (array of 7 × 6), and the 9-well contain arrays of 26 TiN electrodes (6 x 5 without corners). The experiments were performed between 13 and 55 days in vitro. </p>
Data: Dryland self-expansion enabled by land-atmosphere feedbacks
<p>The repository contains the scripts and data required to reproduced the final figures in the article: Dryland self-expansion enabled by land-atmosphere feedbacks. Link to the article: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1126/science.adn6833">https://doi.org/10.1126/science.adn6833</a>.</p>
Analysis code in support of "The Interaction Between Climate Forcing and Feedbacks"
<p>Analysis code in support of Manuscript "The Interaction Between Climate Forcing and Feedbacks"</p> <p>Data is already available through DOI: https://doi.org/10.26024/bzne-yf09</p> <p>read_ppe2map.ipynb will create data files from the PPE output (if the files at the DOI do not work), and then the different codes herein are used to create figures in the manuscript.</p>
Acoustic feedback tendency in hearing aids for different types and couplings in relation to insertion gain
<p>To make signals audible again for hearing impaired people, hearing aids pick up the sounds with a microphone amplify them and play them back in the ear canal. Parts of the amplified output signal return to the microphone by an acoustic pathway. Depending on the selected amplification, this can result in 'critical feedback', which limits the maximum possible amplification of hearing aids. <br>The Insertion-Gain-Related Feedback Path (IFP) was introduced to characterize the acoustic feedback path. It describes the frequency-dependent gain that a hearing aid can provide until a critical feedback condition becomes possible. In addition to the feedback signal, the IFP also takes the Real Ear Unaided Gain (REUG), the Microphone Location Effect (MLE) and the hearing aid transmission to the eardrum into account. Technical measurements were used in this work, including the use of hearing aid dummies and probe microphones. This was used to determine the IFPs in 28 test subjects' ears. This data is freely available.</p>
First- and second-order phase transitions in electronic excitable units and neural dynamics under global inhibitory feedback
<p>These are experimental time series and video data for an electronic model of neural dynamics consisting of a bi-dimensional array of neon glow lamps, where global inhibition can be simply introduced through a resistor in series with the supply voltage. They are provided to support the replication of the results reported in the associated publication, as well as any further public-domain academic research in the field of neural dynamics, nonlinear electronic circuits, and related aspects, in compliance with the specified license terms and all applicable legal clauses.</p> <p>The following reference must be cited when using these data:</p> <p>Minati L, Scarpetta S, Andelic M, Valdes-Sosa PA, Ricci L, de Candia A, First- and second-order phase transitions in electronic excitable units and neural dynamics under global inhibitory feedback, Chaos, Solitons and Fractals 182 (2024) 114701, DOI https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chaos.2024.114701.</p> <p>L.M. gratefully acknowledges the support of the ``Hundred Talents'' program of the University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, and the support of the ``Excellent Young Scientists Fund Program (Overseas)'' program of the National Natural Science Foundation of China. All experimental activities were self-funded and conducted by L.M. during the period 2020--2021 using own independent assets located in Grigno TN, Italy; the manuscript was later finalized after joining the University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, to which no equipment was transferred. This work has been supported by the Chengdu Science and Technology Bureau Program under Grant 2022GH02-00042-HZ and the CNS program of UESTC No. Y0301902610100201. The authors are grateful to Gabriele Brugnoni of DVE Progettazione Elettronica (Casciago VA, Italy) for essential workshop and manufacturing support.</p>
Raw data for: Active feedback stabilization of super-efficient microcombs in photonic molecules
<p>This dataset includes the raw data and Python scripts to plot the figures included in the paper "<span>Active feedback stabilization of super-efficient </span><span>microcombs in photonic molecules</span>".</p>
Normative feedback on performance in a closed motor skill task: A randomized controlled study
<p><span>Augmented feedback can alter motor performance. This study examines whether, in the short term, positive normative feedback influences the execution of a closed motor task differently compared to negative normative feedback and exact augmented feedback. Using a double-blind experimental design, 68 students (73.5% female, <span><em>M<sub>age</sub></em><sub> </sub></span><span></span><span>= </span><span>21.63</span>, <span><em>SD</em> = 2.88) </span>were randomized into three groups: G1 - Exact Augmented Feedback Group (</span><span>𝑛</span><span> = 21), G2 - Positive Normative Feedback Group (</span><span>𝑛</span><span> </span><span>= 24), and G3 - Negative Normative Feedback Group (</span><span>𝑛</span><span> </span><span>= 23). The dependent variable was the score obtained in a dart-throwing task. Results showed that participants receiving positive normative feedback achieved higher scores than those receiving negative normative feedback or exact augmented feedback. These differences persisted in retention and transfer tests conducted 24 hours after the practice phase but only between the positive NF group and the exact AF group. Meanwhile, the exact augmented feedback group performed similarly to the negative normative feedback group. These findings have practical implications for training and execution in motor tasks, potentially contributing to enhanced athletic performance.</span></p>
The simulation data for paper: Permafrost response and feedback under temperature stabilization and overshoot scenarios with different global warming levels
<p>Data description can be found in the accompanying <code>README.md</code>.</p>
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