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Alpine butterflies want to fly high: Species and communities shift upwards faster than their host plants
<p>Despite sometimes strong co-dependencies of insect herbivores and plants, responses of individual taxa to accelerating climate change are typically studied in isolation. Thereby, biotic interactions that potentially limit species in tracking their preferred climatic niches are ignored. Here, we chose butterflies as a prominent representative of herbivorous insects to investigate the impacts of temperature changes and their larval host plant distributions along a 1.4 km elevational gradient in the German Alps. Following a sampling protocol of 2009, we re-visited 33 grassland plots in 2019 over an entire growing season. We quantified changes in butterfly abundance and richness by repeated transect walks on each plot and disentangled the direct and indirect effects of locally assessed temperature, site management, and larval and adult food resource availability on these patterns. Additionally, we determined elevational range shifts of butterflies and host plants at both the community and species level. Comparing the two sampled years (2009, 2019), we found a severe decline in butterfly abundance and a clear upward shift of butterflies along the elevational gradient. We detected shifts in the peak of species richness, community composition and at the species level, whereby mountainous species shifted particularly strongly. In contrast, host plants showed barely any change, neither concerning species richness, nor individual species shifts. Further, temperature and host plant richness were the main drivers of butterfly richness, with change in temperature explaining best the change of richness over time. We conclude that host plants are not yet hindering butterfly species and communities from shifting upwards. However, the mismatch between butterfly and host plant shifts might become a problem for this very close plant-herbivore relationship, especially towards higher elevations, if butterflies fail to adapt to new host plants. Further, our results support the value of conserving traditional extensive pasture use as a promoter of host plants and thereby butterfly richness.</p>
Novel host plant unmasks heritable variation in plant preference within an insect population
<p>Introductions of novel plant species can disturb the historical resource environment of herbivorous insects, resulting in strong selection to either adopt or exclude the novel host. However, an adaptive response depends on heritable genetic variation for preference or performance within the targeted herbivore population, and it is unclear how heritability of host-use preference may differ between novel and historical hosts. <em>Pieris macdunnoughii</em> butterflies in the Rocky Mountains lay eggs on the nonnative mustard <em>Thlaspi arvense</em>, which is lethal to their offspring. Heritability analyses revealed considerable sex-linked additive genetic variation in host preference within a population of this butterfly. This was contrary to general predictions about the genetic basis of preference variation, which are hypothesized to be sex-linked between populations but autosomal within populations. Evidence of sex-linkage disappeared when butterflies were tested on methanol-based chemical extracts, suggesting these chemicals in isolation may not be the primary driver of female choice among available host plants. Although unexpected, evidence for within-population sex-linked genetic variation in preference for <em>T. arvense</em> over native hosts indicates that persistent maladaptive oviposition on this lethal plant must be maintained by alternative evolutionary dynamics such as migration- or drift-selection balance or pleiotropic constraints.</p>
Complex plant quality - microbiota - population interactions modulate the response of a specialist herbivore to the defense of its host plant.
<p>1. Many specialist herbivores have evolved strategies to cope with plant defenses, with gut microbiota potentially participating to such adaptations.</p> <p>2. In this study we assessed whether the history of plant use (population origin) and microbiota may interact with plant defense adaptation.</p> <p>3. We tested whether microbiota enhance the performance of <em>Melitaea cinxia </em>larvae on their host plant, <em>Plantago lanceolata</em> and increase their ability to cope the defensive compounds, iridoid glycosides (IGs).</p> <p>3. The gut microbiota was significantly affected by both larval population origin and host plant IG level. Contrary to our prediction, impoverishing the microbiota with antibiotic treatment did not reduce larval performance.</p> <p>5. As expected for this specialized insect herbivore, sequestration of one of IGs was higher in larvae fed with plants producing higher concentration of IGs. These larvae also showed metabolic signature of intoxication (<em>i.e. </em>decrease in Lysine levels). However, intoxication on highly defended plants was only observed when larvae with history of poorly defended plants were simultaneously treated with antibiotics.</p> <p>6. Our results suggest that both adaptation and microbiota contribute to the metabolic response of herbivores to plant defense though complex interactions.</p>
Discordant population structure among rhizobium divided genomes and their legume hosts
<p>Symbiosis often occurs between partners with distinct life history characteristics and dispersal mechanisms. Many bacterial symbionts have genomes comprised of multiple replicons with distinct rates of evolution and horizontal transmission. Such differences might drive differences in population structure between hosts and symbionts and among the elements of the divided genomes of bacterial symbionts. These differences might, in turn, shape the evolution of symbiotic interactions and bacterial evolution. Here we use whole-genome resequencing of a hierarchically-structured sample of 191 strains of <em>Sinorhizobium meliloti</em> collected from 21 locations in southern Europe to characterize the population structures of this bacterial symbiont and its host plant <em>Medicago truncatula</em>. <em>Sinorhizobium meliloti</em> genomes showed high local (within-site) variation and little isolation by distance. This was particularly true for the two symbiosis elements pSymA and pSymB, which have population structures that are similar to each other, but distinct from both the bacterial chromosome and the host plant. The differences in population structure may result from among-replicon differences in the extent of horizontal gene transfer, although given limited recombination of the chromosome, different levels of purifying or positive selection may also contribute to among-replicon differences. Discordant population structure between hosts and symbionts indicates that geographically and genetically distinct host populations in different parts of the range might interact with genetically similar symbionts, potentially minimizing local specialization.</p>
Intra-host quasispecies reconstructions resemble inter-host variability in transmitted chronic Hepatitis B Virus strains (Dataset)
<p>Data used for publication "Intra-host quasispecies reconstructions resemble inter-host variability in transmitted chronic Hepatitis B Virus strains" submitted to the <em>Journal of Medical Virology</em>. Includes example code and selected sequence, tree, and data files.</p>
Fig. 3. Studied hosts. A in Parasitic Nematodes Of Reptiles (Lizards And Snakes) In The Monte Desert Of Argentina
Fig. 3. Studied hosts. A = Philodryas trilineata, B = Aurivela longicauda (photo: Ignacio Her- nandez), C = Liolaemus darwinii (photo: Claudio Mendez), D = Liolaemus riojanus
Figure 1 in Terrestrial Parasitengona mites (Trombidiformes) of Denmark - new data on parasite-host associations and new country records
Figure 1 Erythraeid larvae (Parasitengona: Erythraeidae) parasitizing various hosts: A – Charletonia cardinalis* on Stiroma affinis(Hemiptera: Delphacidae); B – [?] Leptus mariae* on Brachysomus echinatus(Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Not to scale. *Larvae depigmented due to preservation in EtOH.
Figure 2 in Terrestrial Parasitengona mites (Trombidiformes) of Denmark - new data on parasite-host associations and new country records
Figure 2 Trombidiid larvae (Parasitengona: Trombidiidae) parasitizing various hosts: A – Paratrombium egregrium* on Pachyneuron groenlandicum(Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae); B –Trombidium holosericeum on Pinalitus viscicola(Hemiptera: Miridae); C –T. holosericeum* on
Figure 2 Neotrombicula oryctiTaufflieb, 1960 in New locality and host records of two chigger mite species (Acariformes: Trombiculidae) from Morocco
Figure 2 Neotrombicula oryctiTaufflieb, 1960, holotype larva: A – dorsal idiosomal setae; B – ventral aspect of idiosoma.Neotrombicula lemni Taufflieb, 1960, holotype larva: C – dorsal idiosomal setae; D – ventral aspect of idiosoma. Abbreviations: cxI – leg coxa I; cxII – leg coxa II; cxIII – leg coxa III; H – humeral seta; sta – anterior sternal setae; stp – posterior sternal setae; V – ventral idiosomal setae; u – uropore (anus).
Figure 1 in New locality and host records of two chigger mite species (Acariformes: Trombiculidae) from Morocco
Figure 1 Ericotrombidium tarentolae(Vercammen-Grandjean et Langston, 1976), larva ZIN 17115 (A – C): A – scutum; B – genu and tibia II, dorsal aspect; C – tarsus II, dorsal aspect. Neotrombicula oryctiTaufflieb, 1960, larva ZIN 17121: D – scutum. Abbreviations: AL – anterolateral scutal seta; AM – anteromedian scutal seta; PL – posterolateral scutal seta; S – sensillum. Scale bars: A, D – 50 μm; B, C – 20 μm.
Figure 5. Female genitalia. A in Taxonomic review on Acrocercopinae, Gracillariinae and Ornixolinae from Shandong, China, with new data on distribution and host associations (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae)
Figure 5. Female genitalia. A. Calybites phasianipennella, slide no. JYR17048. B. Caloptilia (Caloptilia) chrysolampra, slide no. JYR17054. C. Acrocercops transecta, slide no. LIU0027. D. Spulerina parthenocissi, slide no. LIU16010. E. Telamoptilia grewiae, slide no. JYR17052. F. Eteoryctis picrasmae, slide no. JYR17053. G. Epicephala relictella, slide no. JYR17046. H. Conopomorpha flueggella, slide no. LIU0041. Scale bars = 0.5 mm.
Figure 3. Male genitalia. A in Taxonomic review on Acrocercopinae, Gracillariinae and Ornixolinae from Shandong, China, with new data on distribution and host associations (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae)
Figure 3. Male genitalia. A. Calybites phasianipennella, slide no. LIU0031. B. Calybites securinella, slide no. LIU0036. C. Caloptilia (Caloptilia) celtidis, slide no. LIU0037. D. Caloptilia (C.) chrysolampra, slide no. LIU0035. E. Caloptilia (C.) sapporella, slide no. LIU0038. F. Acrocercops transecta, slide no. LIU15001. Scale bars = 0.2 mm.
Figure 4. Male genitalia. A in Taxonomic review on Acrocercopinae, Gracillariinae and Ornixolinae from Shandong, China, with new data on distribution and host associations (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae)
Figure 4. Male genitalia. A. Spulerina parthenocissi, slide no. LIU16009. B. Telamoptilia grewiae, slide no. LIU0033. C. Eteoryctis picrasmae, slide no. LIU0034. D. Liocrobyla lobata, slide no. LIU0028. E. Epicephala relictella, slide no. JYR17055. F. Conopomorpha flueggella, slide no. LIU0041. Scale bars = 0.2 mm.
Figure 1. Adult habitus. A in Taxonomic review on Acrocercopinae, Gracillariinae and Ornixolinae from Shandong, China, with new data on distribution and host associations (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae)
Figure 1. Adult habitus. A. Calybites phasianipennella, male, registration no. SDNU.YT170707. B. Calybites securinella, male, registration no. SDNU.Ent150632. C. Caloptilia (Caloptilia) celtidis, male, registration no. SDNU.Ent170235. D. Caloptilia (C.) chrysolampra, male, registration no. SDNU.BZ160807. E. Caloptilia (C.) sapporella, male, SDNU.Ent170088. F. Acrocercops transecta, male, registration no. SDNU.LS150701. Scale bars = 2.0 mm.
Figure 2. Adult habitus. A in Taxonomic review on Acrocercopinae, Gracillariinae and Ornixolinae from Shandong, China, with new data on distribution and host associations (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae)
Figure 2. Adult habitus. A. Spulerina parthenocissi, male, registration no. SDNU.QD160704. B. Telamoptilia grewiae, male, registration no. SDNU.JN160818. C. Eteoryctis picrasmae, female, registration no. SDNU.YT170704.3. D. Liocrobyla lobata, male, registration no. SDNU.YT170702.6. E. Epicephala relictella, male, registration no. SDNU.Ent150763. F. Conopomorpha flueggella, female, registration no. SDNU.Ent161934. Scale bars = 2.0 mm.
Fig. 5 in Two New Species of Spheroid Ectoparasitic Isopods (Epicaridea: Dajidae) Attached to the Antennules of Brachyuran Crab Hosts, with Description of a New Genus and Species of Hyperparasite (Epicaridea: Cryptoniscoidea)
Fig. 5. Akrophryxus acinaces sp. nov., paratype cryptoniscus larva (A–J; SMBL-V0651), SEM. A, Ventral view; B, lateral view; C, ventral view of cephalon showing antennules, mouthparts and first pereopods; D, right pereopod 2; E, left pereopod 3; F, right pereopod 4; G, right pereopods 5–7; H, lateral view of pereomeres 6 and 7 showing distinct notch and indentation; I, multifid setae of left pereopod 4; J, multifid setae of left pereopod 7; K, posterior end, ventral view. Scale bars: 100 µm (A, B); 50 µm (C, K); 30 µm (D–F); 20 µm (G); 10 µm (H–J).
Fig. 1 in Two New Species of Spheroid Ectoparasitic Isopods (Epicaridea: Dajidae) Attached to the Antennules of Brachyuran Crab Hosts, with Description of a New Genus and Species of Hyperparasite (Epicaridea: Cryptoniscoidea)
Fig. 1. Akrophryxus acinaces sp. nov., holotype (SMBL-V0649) and paratype (SMBL-V0652) females, attached to the right and left antennules of host, Pycnoplax surugensis (Rathbun, 1932), respectively; images taken while alive. A, Dorsal view; B, en-face view; C, close-up of paratype on left antennule; D, posterior view of holotype attached to host antennule; E, lateral view of holotype, removed from host; F, posterior view of holotype, removed from host. Scale bars: 3 mm (A, B); 1 mm (C–F).
Fig. 9 in Two New Species of Spheroid Ectoparasitic Isopods (Epicaridea: Dajidae) Attached to the Antennules of Brachyuran Crab Hosts, with Description of a New Genus and Species of Hyperparasite (Epicaridea: Cryptoniscoidea)
Fig. 9. Chimaeroniscus spheramator gen. et sp. nov., holotype cryptoniscus larva, ZRC 2022.0003. A, Dorsal view (specimen broken across pleomere 2); B, right antennule; C, left antenna; D, left pereopod 1; E, left pereopod 3; F, left pereopod 7; G, terminal pleomere, dorsal view; H, left uropod, dorsal view; I, left pleopod 2. Scale bars: 200 µm (A); 50 µm (B–I).
Fig. 8 in Two New Species of Spheroid Ectoparasitic Isopods (Epicaridea: Dajidae) Attached to the Antennules of Brachyuran Crab Hosts, with Description of a New Genus and Species of Hyperparasite (Epicaridea: Cryptoniscoidea)
Fig. 8. Akrophryxus pallipalicus sp. nov., allotype male (A–D), ZRC 2022.0002. A, Dorsal view; B, dorsal view; antenna; C, left antennule (A1), antenna (A2), and pereopod 1; D, right pereopod 6. Scale bars: 100 µm (A, B); 50 µm (C, D).
Fig. 3 in Two New Species of Spheroid Ectoparasitic Isopods (Epicaridea: Dajidae) Attached to the Antennules of Brachyuran Crab Hosts, with Description of a New Genus and Species of Hyperparasite (Epicaridea: Cryptoniscoidea)
Fig. 3. Akrophryxus acinaces sp. nov., paratype female (A, B: SMBL-V0652) and holotype female (C-M: SMBL-V0649). A, View of pereopods clutching host antennule (pereopods 1 and 5 labeled); B, view of pereopods, mouth (Mo), antenna (An), and oostegite 1 (O1); C, left pereopods 2–5, labeled with numbers; D, left pereopod 1, insets show scales and setae of pereopod 1; E, lateral view of left antenna; F, dorsal view of left antenna; G, left maxilliped, lateral view, arrow shows digitiform extension inserted in fold of oostegite 1 shown in I; H, left maxilliped, ventral view, arrow shows digitiform extension; I, left oostegite 1, lateral view showing fold where digitiform extension of maxilliped resides; J, left oostegite 1, ventral view; K, left oostegite 2; L, left oostegite 3; M, left oostegite 4. Scale bars: 500 µm (A, B); 250 µm (C–M); 10 µm (D inset).
ScienceDex guides
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These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.