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FIGURE 2 in Hemipenial morphology in the North American snake genus Phyllorhynchus (Serpentes: Colubridae), with a review of and comparisons with natricid hemipenes

FIGURE 2. Retracted hemipenes of A, Phyllorhynchus decurtatus (CAS 178969) and B, P. browni (CAS 160227); apical (distal) ends of organs that were slit midventrally and spread flat. R, retractor penis magnus. ss, sulcus spermaticus (lettering placed over the sulcus proximal to the divergent lips). Arrows indicate lips of the sulcus after the point of divergence.

FIGURE 12 in Hemipenial morphology in the North American snake genus Phyllorhynchus (Serpentes: Colubridae), with a review of and comparisons with natricid hemipenes

FIGURE 12. Phyllorhynchus browni specimens exhibiting distinct hemipenial morphologies (each hemipenis adjacent to its specimen). A, CAS 160226 (hemipenial "morph II"). B, AMNH 70704 (hemipenial "morph I"). The hemipenes were photographed in the same frame and thus are directly comparable in scale. See text and Fig. 3 for detailed hemipenial descriptions.

FIGURE 5 in Hemipenial morphology in the North American snake genus Phyllorhynchus (Serpentes: Colubridae), with a review of and comparisons with natricid hemipenes

FIGURE 5. Details of apical morphology of natricid hemipenes. A, Amphiesma bitaeniatum (CAS 215037). B, Amphiesma stolatum (CAS 215361). C, Natrix maura (CAS 138733). D, Natrix tessellata (CAS 183115). Arrow in B indicates the asulcate ridge delimiting the apical nude area (see text).

FIGURE 1 in Hemipenial morphology in the North American snake genus Phyllorhynchus (Serpentes: Colubridae), with a review of and comparisons with natricid hemipenes

FIGURE 1. Everted hemipenis of Phyllorhynchus decurtatus (CAS 223608) in sulcate (left) and asulcate (right) views. A, detail of the divergent lips of the sulcus spermaticus, one lip passing to each lobe (CAS 223608); B, outer (lateral) surface of the right lobe showing the low ridges passing over the apical tip (CAS 178969).

FIGURE 4 in Hemipenial morphology in the North American snake genus Phyllorhynchus (Serpentes: Colubridae), with a review of and comparisons with natricid hemipenes

FIGURE 4. Everted hemipenes of natricids in sulcate view. A, Afronatrix anoscopus (CAS 230205). B, Amphiesma bitaeniatum (CAS 215037) (detail of apex shown in Fig. 5A). C, Natrix tessellata (CAS 183115) (detail of apex shown in Fig. 5D).

FIGURE 11 in Hemipenial morphology in the North American snake genus Phyllorhynchus (Serpentes: Colubridae), with a review of and comparisons with natricid hemipenes

FIGURE 11. Everted hemipenes of Salvadora in sulcate views. A, S. hexalepis (CAS 190805). B, S. grahamiae (CAS 190878). C, apical tip of S. hexalepis. D, apical tip of S. grahamiae. Arrows in C and D indicate the tip of the sulcus spermaticus.

FIGURE 3 in Hemipenial morphology in the North American snake genus Phyllorhynchus (Serpentes: Colubridae), with a review of and comparisons with natricid hemipenes

FIGURE 3. Everted hemipenes of Phyllorhynchus browni. A, "Morph I" (AMNH R-70704) in sulcate (left) and asulcate (right) views. The base of AMNH R-70704 is artificially narrowed because it was tied off during preservation; the sulcus lip on the right lobe is damaged near the base of the crotch. B, "Morph II" (CAS 160226) in sulcate and asulcate views.

FIGURE 10 in Hemipenial morphology in the North American snake genus Phyllorhynchus (Serpentes: Colubridae), with a review of and comparisons with natricid hemipenes

FIGURE 10. Details of natricid apical morphology. A, Rhabdophis tigrinus (CAS 166939) showing well developed calyces on the lobes. Although not clear in this photo, each calyx has a single spine protruding from its center. B, Xenochrophis cerasogaster (CAS 245195), right lobe showing pocket at the distal end of the nude area (shadowed paraboloid area). The nude area is on the sulcate face of the lobe (right lobe twisted laterally); compare Figs. 8C and 9A.

FIGURE 9 in Hemipenial morphology in the North American snake genus Phyllorhynchus (Serpentes: Colubridae), with a review of and comparisons with natricid hemipenes

FIGURE 9. Everted hemipenes of Xenochrophis in sulcate view. A, X. cerasogaster (CAS 245195) (detail of apex shown in Figs. 8C, 10B). B, X. flavipunctatus (CAS 210529). C, X. piscator (CAS 208428) (detail of apex shown in Fig. 8D). The right lobe in A is twisted to the right; the typical position is shown by the left lobe, in which the sulcus forms a broad nude area on the sulcate face of the lobe. A similar sulcus and lobe morphology is exhibited in C; again, the lobes are somewhat twisted. In B the sulcus spermaticus passes to the crotch between the lobes, where it divides and each branch passes centripetally up the medial face of its respective lobe.

FIGURE 7 in Hemipenial morphology in the North American snake genus Phyllorhynchus (Serpentes: Colubridae), with a review of and comparisons with natricid hemipenes

FIGURE 7. Everted hemipenes of Rhabdophis in sulcate view. A, R. nuchalis (CAS 242054) (detail of apex shown in Fig. 8A). B, R. subminiatus (CAS 206565) (detail of apex shown in Fig. 8B). C, R. tigrinus (CAS 166939). The sulcus spermaticus in A and C passes to the crotch, where it divides and each branch passes centripetally up the medial face of its respective lobe. In B the sulcus spermaticus passes to the edge of the crotch, divides, and each branch then passes toward the tip of its respective lobe in a position mainly on the sulcate face of the lobe.

FIGURES 215–226 in A comparison of external and internal maxilla and mandible morphology of water bugs (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Nepomorpha)

FIGURES 215–226. The shapes of the apices of the maxillae, the shape of the mandibular file, and the shape of the rupturing device on the maxillae in the Notonectidae: Anisopinae; 215–216. Anisops sardea, 215. The left apex of the maxilla is more narrow and sharp than right one; 216. The right mandibular file with three blunt pegs (bp) and long spines (spl); 217–218. Buenoa uhleri, 217. The right mandibular file with three blunt pegs (bp) and six long spines (spl); 218. The left apex of the maxilla is narrow, the right apex is more blunt; Notonectinae; 219–220. Enithares bergrothi, 219. The left mandibular file with eight blunt pegs (bp) and 14 long spines (spl); 220. The rupturing device hidden; the ventral row of; short bristles on the left maxilla is visible, the distal part of the salivary and food canals also are visible; 221–222. Nychia sappho, 221. The right mandibular file with six blunt pegs (bp) and five long spines (spl); 222. The ventral rupturing device (brvex) of the right maxilla is slightly visible; 223–226. Notonecta glauca, 223. The right mandibular file with five blunt pegs (bp) and eight long spines (spl); 224. Dorsal view of the maxillae, the rupturing device is invisible; 225. Two rows of bristles of the rupturing device (brdex, brvex) are visible when one of the maxilla more protruding than the other; 226. Dorsal and ventral edges of the right maxilla; the inner row of short spines (spvin); external, ventral row of long bristles (brvex) and a short bristle on the dorsal edge (brdex) are visible.

FIGURES 168–178 in A comparison of external and internal maxilla and mandible morphology of water bugs (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Nepomorpha)

FIGURES 168–178. The shapes of the apices of the maxillae, the shape of the mandibular file, and the shape of the rupturing device on the maxillae in the Aphelocheiridae: 168–169. Aphelocheirus aestivalis, 168. The left mandibular file with eight spines (the file is divided into four short (sph) and four longer spines (spl), the shape of the maxillary apices (left and right), right maxilla with short bristles (brvex), dorso-lateral view; 169. The shape of the bundles of the mandibular and maxillary stylets; 170–172. Aphelocheirus variegatus, 170. The right and left mandibular file with eight spines: four short (sph) and four longer spines (spl), ventral view; 171. The apex of the left maxilla is wide, apex of the right maxilla is straight; 172. The rupturing device (brvex) is visible, when maxillae are open, apex of the left maxilla is wide; the right apex is straight; Naucoridae: Cheirochelinae: 173–175. Cheirochela feana, 173. The left maxillary apex is wide, the right is straight, dorsal view; 174. The right mandibular file with two blunt pegs (bp), one short spine (sph), and ten long spines (bristles) (spl), which forming a structure to collar—like; 175. The ventral rupturing device (brvex) with stiff bristles, the apex of the right maxilla is straight, but the left one is wide and curved; the right mandibular file (two blunt peg distinctly visible); 176 –178. Gestroiella limnocoroides, 176. The apex of the left maxilla is slightly curved, the apex of the right maxilla is straight, the rupturing device (brvex) with more a flexible bristles; 177. The right mandibular file with two blunt pegs (bp), one short spine (sph), and eleven long spines (bristles) (spl); 178. The shapes of apices of the maxillae (the right apex is straight, and the left is curved), the dorsal row of bristles (brdex) is visible.

FIGURES 158–167 in A comparison of external and internal maxilla and mandible morphology of water bugs (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Nepomorpha)

FIGURES 158–167. The shapes of the apices of the maxillae, the shape of the mandibular file, and the shape of the rupturing device on the maxillae in the Gelastocoridae: Gelastocorinae; 158–162. Gelastocoris oculatus, 158. The left and right mandibular file, internal sides (ie) have shallow grooves; 159. The left and right mandibular file with eight blunt pegs (bp); 160. The position and complete view of the mandible, in proximal part external edge is equipped in short claws (cl); 161. The right and left apex of the maxilla is straight, the ventral rupturing device (brvex, brvin) is visible, ventral view; 162. The right and left apex of the maxilla is straight, a short dorsal rupturing device (brdex) is visible, dorsal view; Nerthrinae; 163–165. Nerthra macrothorax, 163. The right and left mandibular file with 13 blunt pegs; 164. Shape of apices of the maxillae; 165. Straight apex of the left maxilla in ventral view; 166–167. Nerthra nepaeformis, 166. The rupturing device (brvin) situated on inner side of the right maxilla; 167. The left mandibular file with twelve blunt pegs.

FIGURES 115–124 in A comparison of external and internal maxilla and mandible morphology of water bugs (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Nepomorpha)

FIGURES 115–124. The shapes of the apices of the maxillae, the shape of the mandibular file, and the shape of the rupturing device on the maxillae in the Nepidae: Nepinae: 115–116. Curicta granulosa, 115. The apex of the left maxilla (al); 116. Distribution of bristles (brvin, brvex) on the left maxilla; 117–118. Borborophyes mayri, 117. The apex of the right maxilla (Rmx) (ar); 118. The left maxilla (Lmx); the external row of bristles (brvex) on the ventral side; 119–121. Laccotrephes japonensis, 119. The numbers of spines of the right mandibular file (No 1, 2, 3, 4), rows of bristles (brvex and brvin) on the right maxilla (Rmx); 120. The apices of the maxillae (Rmx and Lmx); dorsal view, lobe (lo); 121. External and ventral of rupturing device (brvex) of the maxillae (Rmx and Lmx), the left mandibular file (Lmd) with sharp spines; 122–124. Nepa cinerea, 122. The right mandibular file with four spines; 123. The narrow apex of the left maxilla (Lmx), the lobe (lo) is visible, the apex of the right maxilla is straight, the short row of bristles (brdin) on the right maxilla; 124. The bristles (brvex) on the ventral side of the maxillae (Rmx and Lmx) (rupturing device).

FIGURES 87–104 in A comparison of external and internal maxilla and mandible morphology of water bugs (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Nepomorpha)

FIGURES 87–104. Cross-section of the third segment of the rostum. Nepidae: Nepinae, 87. Laccotrephes japonensis. 88. Nepa cinerea. Ranatrinae, 89. Ranatra linearis. Belostomatidae: Belostomatinae, 90. Belostoma backeri. 91. Appasus major. Lethocerinae: 92. Lethocerus deyrollei. Gelastocoridae: Gelastocorinae, 93. Gelastocoris bufo. Nerthrinae: 94. Nerthra sp.. Ochteridae: 95. Ochterus marginatus. Aphelocheiridae: 96. Aphelocheirus variegatus. Naucoridae: Cryphocricinae; 97. Ambrysus lunatus. Naucorinae: 98. Ilyocoris cimicoides. Notonectidae: Anisopinae, 99. Anisops sardea. Notonectinae: 100. Notonecta glauca. 101. Enithares indica. Pleidae: 102. Plea minutissima. Helotrephidae: 103. Tiphotrephes indicus. Corixidae: Corixinae; 104. Agraptocorixa hyalinipennis.

FIGURES 105–114 in A comparison of external and internal maxilla and mandible morphology of water bugs (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Nepomorpha)

FIGURES 105–114. The internal shape of the maxillae and mandibles. Nepidae: Nepinae; 105. Laccotrephes japonensis. Ranatrinae, 106. Ranatra linearis. Belostomatidae: Belostomatinae, 107. Belostoma bakeri. Gelastocoridae: Gelastocorinae; 109. Gelastocoris bufo. Ochteridae; 110. Ochterus marginatus. Aphelocheiridae; 111. Aphelocheirus variegatus. Naucoridae: Naucorinae; 112. Ilyocoris cimicoides. Notonectidae: Anisopinae; 113. Anisops sardea. Pleidae: 113. Plea minutissima. Corixidae: Corixinae; 114. Agraptocorixa hyalinipennis.

FIGURES 146–157 in A comparison of external and internal maxilla and mandible morphology of water bugs (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Nepomorpha)

FIGURES 146–157. The shapes of the apices of the maxillae, the shape of the mandibular file, and the shape of the rupturing device on the maxillae in the Belostomatidae: Belostomatinae; 146–151. Hydrocyrius colombiae, 146. The left mandibular file with ten spines; 147. The narrow and sharp apices of the maxillae, dorsal view; 148. The external, lateral edge of the left maxilla with nodules (nol); 149. The lateral edge of the right maxilla with nodules (nol); 150. The apices of the maxillae (Rmx and Lmx) are interlocked together; 151. The rupturing device (brdex) on the dorsal part of the maxillae; 152–153. Limnogeton fieberi, 152. The left mandibular file with eleven spines; 153. The rupturing device (spdex, spvex spvin) and nodules (nol) of the maxillae; Lethocerinae; 154–157. Lethocerus deyrollei, 154. The left mandibular file with ten spines; 155. The ventral rupturing device (brvex), nodules (nol) on the lateral edges of the maxillae; 156. Distribution of the nodules on the lateral edges of the maxillae, the apical part of the maxillae is broken; 157. Detailed of the shape of the claws (cl) and nodules (nol) on the maxillae, dorsal view.

FIGURES 69–85 in A comparison of external and internal maxilla and mandible morphology of water bugs (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Nepomorpha)

FIGURES 69–85 The shapes of the apices of the maxillae and the shape of the rupturing device on the maxillae. Naucoridae: Naucorinae; 69. Macrocoris rhantoides, the apex of the left maxilla is lancet-shaped (los), the rows of bristles are present at the dorsal and ventral side (brdex and brvex) of the right and left maxilla; 70. Macrocoris rhantoides, ventral view, the apex of left maxilla is lancet-shaped (los), the rupturing device (brdex, brvex) is visible; 71. Neomacrocoris handlirschi, ventral view of the left maxilla; the bristles (brvex and brdex) are grouped in small tufts, dorsal and ventral rows of bristles are visible; 72. Namtokocoris siamensis, the dorsal inner edge of the right maxilla is equipped in the short spines (spdin). On the ventral edge of the right maxilla long of bristles (brvex) are visible; 73. Pelocoris femoratus, on the dorsal side a delicate tufts of the bristles are visible; 74. Pelocoris femoratus, ventral view, the rupturing device is distinctly visible; Pleidae: 75. Paraplea frontalis, dorsal view, the apices of the maxillae are lancet-shaped (los) and these are tightly constricted; 76. Paraplea frontalis, inner view, rows of bristles were not found; Helotrephidae: Helotrephinae; 77. Hydrothrephes visayasinensis, dorsal view; the apex of the left maxilla is lancet-shaped (los); the bristles on the inner edges restricting the food canal are slightly visible (spdin) in the proximal part of the right and left maxilla; 78. Hydrothrephes visayasinensis, ventral view, the apex of the right maxilla is lancet-shaped (los); Notonectidae: Anisopinae; 79. Anisops cameroonensis, dorsal view; 80. Buenoa uhleri; dorsal view, Notonectinae: 81. Enithares bergrothi, ventral view of the left maxilla; the rupturing device is slightly visible (brvin); 82. Notonecta glauca, ventral view of the right maxilla; the rupturing device (brdex, brvex) is visible, the right maxilla is more protruding than left maxilla; Corixidae: Corixinae; 83. Agraptocorixa hyalinipennis; ventral view of the right maxilla; the apex is wide and has a short spines (spvex), the left maxilla is ended by a sharp hook (ho); Cymatiinae,84. Cymatia coleoptrata, Stenocorixinae; 85. Stenocorixa protrusa; lateral view of the maxillae; the apex of the right maxilla is wide, the apex of the left maxilla is ended by a sharp hook (ho).

FIGURES 37–51 in A comparison of external and internal maxilla and mandible morphology of water bugs (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Nepomorpha)

FIGURES 37–51. The shapes of the apices of the maxillae and the shape of the rupturing device on the maxillae (brdex, brvex, brvin, brdin). Nepidae: Nepinae; 37–38. Laccothrephes japonensis; 37. Dorsal view; 38. Ventral view; 39–40. Nepa cinerea; 39. Dorsal view; 40. Ventral view; Ranatrinae; 41. Cercotmetus asiaticus; dorsal view; 42–43. Ranatra chinensis; 42. Dorsal view; 43. Ventral view; Belostomatidae: Belostomatinae; 44–45. Belostoma flumineum; 44. Dorsal view; 45. Ventral view; 46. Appasus major, dorsal view; 47. Hydrocyrius colombiae, dorsal view; Lethocerinae: 48–49. Lethocerus deyrollei; 48. Dorsal view; 49. Ventral view; Ochteridae: 50–51. Ochterus marginatus (drawing was made based on description in Cobben (1978)); 50. Dorsal view; 51. Ventral view; Rmd—right maxilla; Lmd—left maxilla; lo–narrow lobe; nol—nodules on the lateral edges of the maxillae; cl–spines on the dorso—lateral edges of the maxillae; brdex—external dorsal bristles; brvex—external, ventral bristles on the external edges of the maxillae (rupturing system); brvin—internal ventral, bristles of the maxillae.

FIGURES 234–245 in A comparison of external and internal maxilla and mandible morphology of water bugs (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Nepomorpha)

FIGURES 234–245. The shapes of the apices of the maxillae, the shape of the mandibular file, and the shape of the rupturing device on the maxillae in the Helotrephidae: Helotrephinae; 234–237. Helotrephes semiglobosus, 234. The left maxilla a clearly protruding; 235. The left mandibular file with one to four blunt pegs (bp), five to eight short spines (sph), nine nodule (no), ten to eleven long spines (spl), 12–18 nodules (no); 236. The apex of the left maxilla is lancet-shape (lobe, los), dorsal view; 237. The right maxilla is narrow and lancet-shape (lobe, los),ventral view; 238–239. Hydrotrephes visayasinensis, 238. The apex of the left maxilla is narrow and lancet-shape (lobe, los), dorsal view; 239. The left mandibular file with four blunt pegs (bp), four short spines (sph), one nodule (no), two long spines (spl), seven nodules (no); 240–244. Hydrotrephes balnearius; 240. The left apex of the maxilla is narrow and lancet-shape (lobe, los), the apex of the right is narrow, dorsal view; 241. Maxillae more protrude than the mandibles; 242. The right apex of the maxilla is lancet-shape (lobe, los) on the ventral side; 243. Short bristles on the inner side of the right maxilla (brvin); 244. The right mandibular file with three blunt pegs (bp), four short spines (sph), one nodule (no), two long spines (spl), seven nodules (no); 245. Tiphotrephes indicus, The right mandibular file with four blunt pegs (bp), three short spines (sph), one nodule (no), two long spines (spl), seven nodules (no).