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Figure 2. The maximum likelihood tree inferred from 14 594 in Evidence from mitochondrial genomics supports the lower Mesozoic of South Asia as the time and place of basal divergence of cypriniform fishes (Actinopterygii: Ostariophysi)
Figure 2. The maximum likelihood tree inferred from 14 594 nucleotide sites of 60 Cypriniformes and six outgroups (lnL = -203 966.535). Numbers at each branch indicate the resampling the estimated log likelihood (RELL) local bootstrap probabilities. Asterisks indicate 100% local bootstrap support. Two major clades of Cyprinidae (A and B) correspond with those presented in Cavender & Coburn (1992).
Phylogenomics in the hard pines (Pinus subsection Ponderosae; Pinaceae) confirms paraphyly in Pinus ponderosa, and places Pinus jeffreyi with the California big cone pines
<p>We sampled 130 individuals (2 to 25 per taxon) of subsections Ponderosae and Sabinianae. Nucleotide sequences were obtained by targeting 703 low copy nuclear genes. From the unenriched portion of the short reads, we assembled nearly complete plastome nucleotide sequences. We used 600 nuclear genes and the plastome sequences to create phylogenies and species trees that we compared to evaluate cytonuclear concordance and reticulation. We found that Pinus jeffreyi belongs with subsect. Sabinianae based on morphological synapomorphies as well as strong molecular phylogenetic support. Pinus ponderosa sensu lato is paraphyletic, and we suggest treatment as threes species: P. ponderosa sensu stricto (with var. ponderosa, var. benthamiana, and var. washoensis), P. scopulorum, and P. brachyptera. The persistence of lineages with the footprints of ancient nuclear introgression (labeled bpw in clade N4) and chloroplast capture (labeled bpw in clade P1) should caution species identification in the Ponderosae based on limited molecular data. The hybrid frequency was low based on cytonuclear discordance, and the persistence of an ancient P1 plastid clade is a better explanation than hybridization between P. ponderosa and P. jeffreyi for unexpected plastid associations in the western Sierra Nevada, USA. We identified a new potential zone of ancient admixture between P. ponderosa and P. scopulorum in Idaho, USA. Some populations of P. arizonica, P. brachyptera, P. engelmannii, and P. scopulorum in the USA are more closely related to taxa with distributions limited to Mexico than they are to each other. To integrate phylogeny and taxonomy, future work should sample widely in Mexico and the USA, score morphological characters (including seedling characters from the known seed parent), on the same individual as used for molecular data, and use methods that are based on individuals rather than population frequencies.</p>
FIGURE. Four rupicolous taxa characteristic of the Sierra de las Nieves National Park: A. Centaurea clementei (vertical sunny cliffs in the Tajos de Añicle); B. Saxifraga globulifera (shady rocks in the Peñón de Ronda peak); C. Hieracium baeticum (rocky places in the Puerto de los Valientes mountain pass); D. Sarcocapnos baetica (overhanging cliffs in Cueva del Agua cave). (Photos by authors). in Vascular flora of the Sierra de las Nieves National Park and its surroundings (Andalusia, Spain)
FIGURE. Four rupicolous taxa characteristic of the Sierra de las Nieves National Park: A. Centaurea clementei (vertical sunny cliffs in the Tajos de Añicle); B. Saxifraga globulifera (shady rocks in the Peñón de Ronda peak); C. Hieracium baeticum (rocky places in the Puerto de los Valientes mountain pass); D. Sarcocapnos baetica (overhanging cliffs in Cueva del Agua cave). (Photos by authors).
FIGURE 2. Cedrimyia margareti gen. n in Two new Orthocladiinae (Diptera: Chironomidae) collected in overlooked places of Midwest USA
FIGURE 2. Cedrimyia margareti gen. n. sp. n., female. a. antenna; b. head; c. wing; d. genitalia ventral view; e. genitalia, dorsal view.
FIGURE 3 in Two new Orthocladiinae (Diptera: Chironomidae) collected in overlooked places of Midwest USA
FIGURE 3. Parakiefferiella mishigami sp. nov., male. a. head; b. centre of scutum tuft of setae; c. hypopygium.
Artibeus gnomus is placed in Dermanura by some authors, but itis reassigned to Artibeus (subgenus Dermanura) after reinterpretation of molecular results. Before its description, some populations were referred to as A. pumilio, although that name is now associated with A. glaucus. Monotypic. Distribution. South America, E of Andes, including E Venezuela, the Guianas, E Colombia, E Ecuador, E Peru, Bolivia, and Brazil. in Phyllostomidae
Artibeus gnomus is placed in Dermanura by some authors, but itis reassigned to Artibeus (subgenus Dermanura) after reinterpretation of molecular results. Before its description, some populations were referred to as A. pumilio, although that name is now associated with A. glaucus. Monotypic. Distribution. South America, E of Andes, including E Venezuela, the Guianas, E Colombia, E Ecuador, E Peru, Bolivia, and Brazil.
Data and Code for: Oh, the places you will grow: intraspecific latitudinal clines in butterfly size suggest a phylogenetic signal
<p>This publication contains the R-Scripts and other supplementary files necessary to reproduce the analyses and figures of Merwin A, Hilliard J, Larsen<span> </span>A, Lasken A, Johnson I (2022) Oh, the places you will grow: intraspecific latitudinal clines in butterfly size suggest a phylogenetic signal. Ecology and Evolution</p> <p>All files are compressed into a single ZIP folder. All directories contain README files that explain their contents.</p>
Cultivating scientific literacy and a sense of place through course-based urban ecology research
<p>Undergraduate research experiences have been shown to increase engagement, improve learning outcomes, and enhance career development for students in ecology. However, these opportunities may not be accessible to all students, and incorporating inquiry-based research directly into undergraduate curricula may help overcome barriers to participation and improve representation and inclusion in the discipline. The shift to online instruction during the COVID-19 pandemic has imposed even greater challenges for providing students with authentic research experiences, but the pandemic may also provide a unique opportunity for creative projects conducted remotely. In this paper, I describe a course-based undergraduate research experience (CURE) designed for an upper-level ecology course at California State University, Dominguez Hills during remote learning. The primary focus of student-led research activities was to explore the potential impacts of the depopulation of campus during the pandemic on urban coyotes (<em>Canis latrans</em>), of which there were increased sightings reported during this time. Students conducted two research studies, including an evaluation of urban wildlife activity, behavior, and diversity using camera traps installed throughout campus and an analysis of coyote diet using data from scat dissections. Students used the data they generated and information from literature reviews, class discussions, and meetings with experts to develop a coyote monitoring and management plan for our campus and create posters to educate the public. Using campus as a living laboratory, I aimed to engage students in meaningful research while cultivating a sense of place, despite being online. Students' research outcomes and responses to pre- and post-course surveys highlight the benefits of projects that are anchored in place-based education and emphasize the importance of ecological research for solving real-word problems. CUREs focused on local urban ecosystems may be a powerful way for instructors to activate ecological knowledge and capitalize on the cultural strengths of students at urban universities.</p>
Distribution. Widespread in subantarctic waters, primarily waters N of the Antarctic Convergence from the S Atlantic and Indian oceans to SW Pacific Ocean. Breeding takes place almost entirely N of the Antarctic polar front. in Otariidae
Distribution. Widespread in subantarctic waters, primarily waters N of the Antarctic Convergence from the S Atlantic and Indian oceans to SW Pacific Ocean. Breeding takes place almost entirely N of the Antarctic polar front.
Fractal Dimension Complexity of Gravitation Fractals in Central Place Theory
<p>The datasets used in our paper.</p> <p> </p> <p> </p>
FIGURE 12 in Taxonomic implications of anatomical characteristics of the genus Tulipa (Liliaceae) in Turkey and their place in the historical subgeneric classifications
FIGURE 12. The scape transverse sections of the genus Tulipa (A˗R). A. T. agenensis. B. T. aleppensis. C. T. armena var. armena. D. T. armena var. galatica. E. T. julia. F. T. raddii. G. T. sintenisii. H. T. undulatifolia var. undulatifolia. I. T. clusiana. J. T. biflora. K. T. cinnabarina subsp. cinnabarina. L. T. humilis. M. T. koyuncui. N. T. orphanidea. O. T. pulchella. P. T. saxatilis. Q. T. sylvestris subsp. australis. R. T. sylvestris subsp. sylvestris, cu: cuticle, ep: epidermis, cl: collenchyma, co: cortex, ph: phloem, xy: xylem, sc: sclerenchyma.
FIGURE 13 in Taxonomic implications of anatomical characteristics of the genus Tulipa (Liliaceae) in Turkey and their place in the historical subgeneric classifications
FIGURE 13. The leaf transverse sections of the genus Tulipa (A˗R). A. T. agenensis. B. T. aleppensis. C. T. armena var. armena. D. T. armena var. galatica. E. T. julia. F. T. raddii. G. T. sintenisii. H. T. undulatifolia var. undulatifolia. I. T. clusiana. J. T. biflora. K. T. cinnabarina subsp. cinnabarina. L. T. humilis. M. T. koyuncui. N. T. orphanidea. O. T. pulchella. P. T. saxatilis. Q. T. sylvestris subsp. australis. R. T. sylvestris subsp. sylvestris, cu: cuticle, ue: upper epidermis, le: lower epidermis, p: parenchyma, ph: phloem, xy: xylem, st: stomata.
FIGURE 14 in Taxonomic implications of anatomical characteristics of the genus Tulipa (Liliaceae) in Turkey and their place in the historical subgeneric classifications
FIGURE 14. The leaf surface section of the genus Tulipa (each photo represents 1 mm2): 1˗T. agenensis, 2˗T. aleppensis, 3˗T. armena var. armena, 4˗T. armena var. galatica, 5˗T. julia, 6˗T. raddii, 7˗T. sintenisii, 8˗T. undulatifolia var. undulatifolia, 9˗T. clusiana, 10˗T. biflora, 11˗T. cinnabarina subsp. cinnabarina, 12˗T. humilis, 13˗T. koyuncui, 14˗T. orphanidea, 15˗T. pulchella, 16˗T. saxatilis, 17˗T. sylvestris subsp. australis, 18˗T. sylvestris subsp. sylvestris, a-lower epidermis, b-upper epidermis, epc: epidermis cell, st: stoma.
FIGURE 11 in Taxonomic implications of anatomical characteristics of the genus Tulipa (Liliaceae) in Turkey and their place in the historical subgeneric classifications
FIGURE 11. The root transverse sections of the genus Tulipa (A˗R). A. T. agenensis. B. T. aleppensis. C. T. armena var. armena. D. T. armena var. galatica. E. T. julia. F. T. raddii. G. T. sintenisii. H. T. undulatifolia var. undulatifolia. I. T. clusiana. J. T. biflora. K. T. cinnabarina subsp. cinnabarina. L. T. humilis. M. T. koyuncui. N. T. orphanidea. O. T. pulchella. P. T. saxatilis. Q. T. sylvestris subsp. australis. R. T. sylvestris subsp. sylvestris, ep: epidermis, ex: exodermis, co: cortex, en: endodermis, pe: pericycle, mx: metaxylem, ph: phloem, px: protoxylem.
FIGURE 10 in Taxonomic implications of anatomical characteristics of the genus Tulipa (Liliaceae) in Turkey and their place in the historical subgeneric classifications
FIGURE 10. Dendrogram of average linkage (between groups)-squared euclidean distance in the hierarchical cluster analysis of 42 populations (OTUs).
FIGURE 9 in Taxonomic implications of anatomical characteristics of the genus Tulipa (Liliaceae) in Turkey and their place in the historical subgeneric classifications
FIGURE 9. Dendrogram of average linkage (between groups)-Manhattan distance in the hierarchical cluster analysis of 42 populations (OTUs).
FIGURE 2 in Taxonomic implications of anatomical characteristics of the genus Tulipa (Liliaceae) in Turkey and their place in the historical subgeneric classifications
FIGURE 2. Measurements of quantitavive characters related to leaf (µm) ― 21˗RPL: row number of parenchymatous cells at leaf section, 22a˗UPW: width of upper epidermal cells at leaf section, 22b˗UPL: length of upper epidermal cells at leaf section, 23a˗LOW: width of lower epidermal cells at leaf section, 23b˗LOL: length of lower epidermal cells at leaf section, 24a˗PLW: width of parenchymatous cells at leaf section, 24b˗PLL: length of parenchymatous cells at leaf section, 25a˗XEW: width of xylem elements at leaf section, 25b˗XEL: length of xylem elements at leaf section, 26a˗PMW: width of phloem elements at leaf section, 26b˗PML: length of phloem elements at leaf section, 27˗RSI: ratio of stoma index (not indicated on figure).
FIGURE 1 in Taxonomic implications of anatomical characteristics of the genus Tulipa (Liliaceae) in Turkey and their place in the historical subgeneric classifications
FIGURE 1. Measurements of quantitavive characters (µm). A, B. Root; 1˗CXW: width of cortex region at root section, 2a˗ERW: width of epidermal cells at root section, 2b˗ERL: length of epidermal cells at root section, 3a˗EXW: width of exodermal cells at root section, 3b˗EXL: length of exodermal cells at root section, 4a˗COW: width of cortex parenchymatous cells at root section, 4b˗COL: length of cortex parenchymatous cells at root section, 5˗RER: row number of endodermal cells at root section, 6˗RPR: row number of pericycle cells at root section, 7a˗ENW: width of endodermal cells at root section, 7b˗ENL: length of endodermal cells at root section, 8a˗PEW: width of pericycle cells at root section, 8b˗PRL: length of pericycle cells at root section, 9˗NPR: number of protoxylem at root section, 10˗NMR: number of metaxylem elements at root section, 11a˗MXW: width of metaxylem elements at root section, 11b˗MXL: length of metaxylem elements at root section. C, D. Scape; 12˗DSS: diameter of scape section, 13˗ANP: the average number of cell in pith at scape section, 14a˗EPW: width of epidermal cells at scape section, 14b˗EPL: length of epidermal cells at scape section, 15a˗CLW: width of collenchyma cells at scape section, 15b˗CLL: length of collenchyma cells at scape section, 16a˗PAW: width of parenchymatous cells at scape section, 16b˗PAL: length of parenchymatous cells at scape section, 17˗RSS: row number of sclerenchyma cells at scape section, 18a˗PHW: width of phloem elements at scape section, 18b˗PEL: length of phloem elements at scape section, 19a˗SSW: width of sclerenchyma cells at scape section, 19b˗SSL: length of sclerenchyma cells at scape section, 20a˗XYW: width of xylem elements at scape section, 20b˗XYL: length of xylem elements at scape section.
FIGURE 3 in Taxonomic implications of anatomical characteristics of the genus Tulipa (Liliaceae) in Turkey and their place in the historical subgeneric classifications
FIGURE 3. Grouping and coding the character states of a quantitative character on a modified Whisker's graph.
FIGURE 5 in A new look at an old Australian raptor places "Taphaetus" lacertosus de Vis 1905 in the Old World vultures (Accipitridae: Aegypiinae)
FIGURE 5. Parsimony analysis of morphological (ordered) data. Strict consensus of three most parsimonious trees. Tree length = 1792, MPT = 3, CI = 0.2176, HI = 0.7824, RI 0.5755. Bootstrap values are given at each node.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.