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Fig. 19 in Species inventory, preys and host plants of Anthocoridae sensu lato (Hemiptera: Heteroptera) in Shiraz and its environs (Iran, Fars province)
Fig. 19. Map of the Fars Province with the positions of the sampling sites.
Data from: Predator performance and fitness Is dictated by herbivore prey type plus indirect effects of their host plant
<p>Animals, including herbivores and predators, use diet-mixing to balance their macro- and micronutrient intake. Recent work demonstrated that lady beetles fed only pea aphids from fava beans had reduced fitness caused by a deficiency of dietary sterols. However, beetles redressed this deficit by eating fava bean leaves. In the current study we used Coccinella septempunctata as a model to test the hypotheses that pea aphids are a poor sterol resource independent of their host plant, and that fava beans produce low quality prey regardless of aphid species. Additionally, we tested the reproductive rescue capacity of alfalfa and barley foliage compared to fava, and profiled the sterols of phloem exudates, foliage, and aphids reared on these different hosts. Beetle fecundity and egg viability was significantly better when provided pea aphids reared on alfalfa (compared to fava beans) and green peach aphids reared on fava plants. Alfalfa and barley leaves were not consumed by beetles and did not support beetle reproduction. The sterol profile of aphids largely reflected their host plant phloem. However, green peach aphids from fava acquired 125-times more sterol than pea aphids from fava. Our findings show how the sterol content of different host-plants can affect the third trophic level. Our results suggest that 1) prey quality varies depending on prey species, even when they occur on the same plant, 2) plant species can mediate prey quality, 3) host plant-mediated effects on prey quality partially drive omnivory, and 4) diet-mixing benefits growth and reproduction by redressing micronutrient deficits.</p>
Alternative developmental and transcriptomic responses to host plant water limitation in a butterfly metapopulation
<p>The dataset is from a study examining the effects of host plant water stress on the developmental and transcriptomic responses of its specialist Lepidopteran herbivore. The study combines host plant metabolic profiling with development assays and full-transcriptome sequencing of herbivore larvae. First, we profiled metabolic differences between well-watered and water-limited ribwort plantain (<em>Plantago lanceolata</em>) using proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (<sup>1</sup>H-NMR). Second, we tested how performance of developing Glanville fritillary (<em>Melitaea cinxia</em>) larvae was affected by host plant water limitation experienced at different larval developmental stages. Third, we examined larval gene regulatory responses to water limited host plants by sequencing full transcriptomes of 77 female larvae (RNA seq). Finally, to examine intrapopulation variation in the responses of the larvae, we compared the phenotypic and transcriptomic responses across full-sib families originating from different parts of the metapopulation. In this dataset, we provide data for the <em>P. lanceolata</em> metabolite responses to water limitation and developmental responses of the <em>M. cinxia</em> larvae to feeding on water limited <em>P. lanceolata</em>. The transcriptomic data are available from NCBI's Gene Expression Omnibus, with the accession number GSE159376.</p>
A geographic mosaic of coevolution between Eurosta solidaginis (Fitch) and its host plant tall goldenrod Solidago altissima (L.)
<p>A geographic mosaic of coevolution has produced local reciprocal adaptation in tall goldenrod, <i>Solidago altissima</i> (L.), and the goldenrod ball gall fly, <i>Eurosta solidaginis</i> (Fitch 1855). The fly is selected to induce gall diameters that minimize mortality from natural enemies, and the plant is selected to limit gall growth that reduces plant fitness. We conducted a double reciprocal transplant experiment where <i>S. altissima</i> and <i>E. solidaginis</i> from three sites were grown in gardens at each site to partition the gall morphology variation into fly genotype, plant genotype, and the environment components. The host plant gall diameter induced by each <i>E. solidaginis</i> population was adapted to inhibit local natural enemies from ovipositing on or consuming enclosed larvae. Reciprocally, increasing the gall size induced by the local fly population increased the resistance of the local plant host population to gall growth. Differences among sites in natural enemies produced a mosaic of hotspots of coevolutionary arms races between flies selecting for greater gall diameter and plants for smaller diameters, and coldspots where there is no selection on plant or fly for a change in gall diameter. In contrast, the geographic variations of gall length and gall shape were not due to coevolutionary interactions.</p>
Data from: Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi communities shaped by host-plant affect the outcome of plant-soil feedback in dryland restoration
<p><span>1. Plant inoculation with Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) can be a useful tool to overcome challenges in dry forest restoration. However, advances are still needed to guide choices regarding soil origin and inoculum production methods, since outcomes can vary due to plant-soil feedbacks (PSF). We evaluate how soil origin and host plant used for inoculum production affect AMF community and therefore the plant biomass accumulation and functional traits.</span></p> <p><span>2. In the conditioning phase, we investigated whether soils originating from a recovered area (Quarry) and a vegetation fragment (Caatinga) would have their AMF communities modified due to the growth of </span><span>Sorghum bicolor</span><span> (used for inoculum production) and </span><span>Senna uniflora</span><span> (used in Brazilian semiarid restoration). In the feedback phase, we compared the performance of four plants species growing on a degraded soil and inoculated or not by a mixture of AMF isolates in comparison to soil inoculum prepared from the conditioning phase.</span></p> <p><span>3. The inoculum from Caatinga presented seven times more AMF species compared to that from the Quarry, which presented ruderal and stress tolerant species. The soil inoculum conditioned by </span><span>S. uniflora</span><span>, regardless of origin, presented greater evenness compared to the soil inoculum produced with </span><span>S. bicolor</span><span> and promoted 33% more plant biomass compared to the control without inoculation. Root colonization by AMF increased PSF and decreased plant investment in functional traits such as specific root length (SRL) and specific leaf area (SLA).</span></p> <p><span>4. Our results demonstrate the importance of adopting strategies that preserve local adaptation of inoculants produced. The use of native plant for propagation of native AMF in the conditioning phase provided more positive responses for </span><span>Mesosphaerum suaveolens</span><span> and </span><span>Rhaphiodon echinus</span><span> than inoculated with introduced AMF isolates. This is probably due to the interaction of inoculated plants with responsive AMF present in the soil.</span></p> <p><span>5. Synthesis and applications</span><span>:</span><span> Our study shows that conditioning field-collected soil with </span><span>S. uniflora</span><span> and using it for inoculation can be a simple technique to promote biomass accumulation for other native herbaceous species. This preserves the compatibility between the soil inoculum produced with native AMF and native plants, representing an important tool for restoration programs</span><span>. </span></p>
Population-specific responses of an insect herbivore to variation in host-plant quality
<p>Anthropogenic climate change poses a substantial challenge to many organisms, to which they need to respond to avoid fitness reductions. Investigating responses to environmental change is particularly interesting in herbivores, as they are potentially affected by indirect effects mediated via variation in host-plant quality. We here use the herbivorous insect <i>Pieris napi</i> to investigate geographic variation in the response to variation in food quality. We performed a common garden experiment using replicated populations from Germany and Italy, and manipulating host quality by growing host plants at different temperature and water regimes. We found that feeding on plants grown at a higher temperature generally diminished the performance of <i>P. napi</i>, evidenced by a prolonged development time and reduced larval growth rate, body mass, fat content, and phenoloxidase activity. Genotype by environment interactions (G x E) were present in several performance traits, indicating that Italian populations (1) respond more strongly to variation in host-plant quality and (2) are more sensitive to poor food quality than German ones. This may reflect a cost of the rapid lifestyle found in Italian populations. Consequently, German populations may be more resilient against environmental perturbations and may perhaps even benefit from warmer temperatures, while Italian populations will likely suffer from the concomitantly reduced host-plant quality. Our study thus exemplifies how investigating G x E may help to better understand the vulnerability of populations to climate change.</p>
Data from: Use of an exotic host plant reduces viral burden in a native insect herbivore
<p>Incorporation of exotic plants into the diets of native herbivores is a common phenomenon, influencing interactions with natural enemies and providing insight into the tritrophic costs and benefits of dietary expansion. We evaluated how use of an exotic plant, <em>Plantago lanceolata</em>, impacted immune performance, development, and susceptibility to pathogen infection in the neotropical herbivore<em> Anartia jatrophae</em> (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). Caterpillars were reared on <em>P. lanceolata</em> or a native plant, <em>Bacopa monnieri</em>, and experimentally infected with a pathogenic virus, Junonia coenia densovirus. We found that virus-challenged herbivores exhibited higher survival rates and lower viral burdens when reared on <em>P. lanceolata</em> compared to <em>B. monnieri</em>, though immune performance and development time were largely similar on the two plants. These findings reveal that use of an exotic plant can impact the vulnerability of a native herbivore to pathogen infection, suggesting diet-mediated protection against disease as a potential mechanism facilitating the incorporation of novel resources.</p>
Genomic evidence for contrasting patterns of host‐associated genetic differentiation across shared host‐plant species in leaf‐ and bud‐galling sawflies
<p>Resource specialization and host-associated genetic differentiation (HAD) are frequently invoked as an explanation for the high diversity of plant-feeding insects and other organisms with a parasitic lifestyle. While genetic studies have demonstrated numerous examples of HAD in insect herbivores, the general rarity of comparative studies means that we still lack an understanding of how deterministic HAD is, and whether patterns of host shifts can be predicted over evolutionary time scales. We applied genome-wide SNP data obtained through low-coverage genome resequencing to define species limits and to compare host-plant use in population samples of leaf- and bud-galling sawflies collected from seven shared willow (<em>Salix</em>) host species. To infer the repeatability of long-term cophylogenetic patterns, we also contrasted the phylogenies of the two galler groups with each other as well as with the phylogeny of their <em>Salix</em> hosts estimated based on RADseq data. We found clear evidence for host specialization and HAD in both of the focal galler groups, but also that leaf gallers are more specialized to single host species than are most bud gallers. In contrast to bud gallers, leaf gallers also exhibit statistically significant cophylogenetic signal with their <em>Salix</em> hosts. The observed discordant patterns of resource specialization and long-term host use in two related galler groups that have radiated in parallel across a shared resource base indicate a general lack of evolutionary repeatability and suggest that short- and long-term host use and ecological diversification in plant-feeding insects are dominated by stochasticity and/or lineage-specific effects.</p>
Patterns of host plant use do not explain mushroom body expansion in Heliconiini butterflies
<p>The selective pressures leading to the elaboration of downstream, integrative processing centres, such as the mammalian neocortex or insect mushroom bodies, are often unclear. In <em>Heliconius</em> butterflies, the mushroom bodies are three to four times larger than their Heliconiini, and the largest known in Lepidoptera. Heliconiini lay almost exclusively on <em>Passiflora</em>, which exhibit a remarkable diversity of leaf shape, and it has been suggested that the mushroom body expansion of <em>Heliconius</em> may have been driven by the cognitive demands of recognising and learning the leaf shapes of local host plants. We test this hypothesis using two complementary methods: i) phylogenetic comparative analyses to test whether variation in mushroom body size is associated with the morphological diversity of host plants exploited across the Heliconiini; and ii) shape learning experiments using six Heliconiini species. We found that variation in the range of leaf morphologies used by Heliconiini was not associated with mushroom body volume. Similarly, we find interspecific differences in shape learning ability, but <em>Heliconius</em> are not overall better shape learners than other Heliconiini. Together these results suggest that the visual recognition and learning of host plants was not a main factor driving the diversity of mushroom body size in this tribe.</p>
Developmental parameters of Opisina arenosella Walker (Lepidoptera: Oecophoridae) on alternative host plants
<p>Survival and development of <em>Opisina arenosella</em> Walker (Lepidoptera: Oecophoridae), the leaf eating caterpillar of coconut, were studied on three host plants on which comparatively high feeding rates were observed: <em>Artocarpus heterophyllus </em>Lam.<em> </em>(Jack fruit), <em>Elaeis guineensis </em>Jacq.<em> </em>(Oil palm) and <em>Anacardium occidentale </em>L. (Cashew), plus coconut palm (<em>Cocos nucifera</em> L.). A freshly hatched first instar <em>O. arenosella</em> larva was transferred onto the leaf in a glass beaker and reared on them. Fresh leaves were provided every 48 h until pupation of <em>O. arenosella</em> larvae. The larval period, pupal period and the longevity of the successfully developing adult female moths were recorded. For each plant species, there were ten replicates yielding adult moths. Data on the length of <em>O. arenosella</em> developmental stages and adult longevity had homogenous variance (Bartlett’s test on residuals from ANOVA of developmental time across plant species: Larval period, v2 = 5.13, df = 3, P = 0.163; Pupal period, v2 = 0.15, df = 3, P = 0.986; Longevity, v2 = 1.58, df = 3, P = 0.664) and were normally distributed (Shapiro–Wilk test: Larval period, W = 0.978, P = 0.632; Pupal period, W = 0.981, P = 0.714; Longevity, W = 0.974, P = 0.472). Thus, the effects of plant species on each of these measures were tested using one-way ANOVA in GenStat. Aggregation of factor levels was used to evaluate differences between treatments when overall results were significant (Crawley 1993). The larval period differed significantly across all four plant species presented and was shortest when on coconut. Pupal periods were also shortest on coconut but did not differ among larvae fed on the three intercrops. The longevity of adult females was unaffected by the species of plant on which larvae had fed.</p>
Grazer host density mediates the ability of parasites to protect foundational plants from overgrazing
<p>Like many top consumers, parasites can regulate feeding of their prey via trait-mediated means. If parasites modify the feeding behavior of ecologically important grazers, they may have cascading effects on the structure and functioning of whole plant communities. The extent to which parasites can influence plant communities in this way is largely dependent on the strength of their behavioral alteration, their prevalence in host grazers, and the density of those hosts. Recent experiments and comparative surveys in southeastern USA salt marshes revealed that common larval trematode parasites suppress the per capita grazing impacts of the marsh periwinkle (<em>Littoraria</em> <em>irrorata</em>), generating a trophic cascade that protects foundational marsh plants from drought-associated overgrazing. Here, we conducted a field manipulation wherein we modified grazer host density while holding infection prevalence constant at an ecologically relevant level (20%) to determine whether the indirect, facilitative effects of parasites on marsh plants varied with the density of grazers. We found that parasites had significant positive impacts on marsh net primary productivity at moderate densities of snails (≥50 snails/ 0.5 m<sup>2</sup>), but that the positive effects of parasites were negligible at lower densities. Our results confirm the findings of previous studies that parasites can protect marsh plants from overgrazing at sufficiently high prevalence but show that their ability to do so depends on host density.</p>
Data from: Host plant height explains the effect of nitrogen enrichment on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal communities
<p><span>Nitrogen (N) enrichment is widely known to affect the root-associated arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal (AMF) community in different ways, for example, via altering soil properties and/or shifting host plant functional traits. However, empirical knowledge of their relative importance is still lacking. </span><span>Using a long-term N addition experiment, we measured the AMF community taxonomic and phylogenetic diversity at the single plant species (roots of 15 plant species) and plant community (mixed roots) levels. We also measured four functional traits of 35 common plant species along the N addition gradient. </span></p> <p><span>We found divergent responses of AMF diversity to N addition for host plants with different innate heights (i.e., plant natural height under unfertilized treatment). Furthermore, our data showed that species-specific responses of AMF diversity to N addition were negatively related to the change in maximum plant height. When scaling up to the community level, N addition affected AMF diversity mainly by increasing the maximum plant height, rather than altering soil properties.</span></p> <p><span>Our results highlight that </span><span>plant height</span><span> drives the AMF community dynamics under nitrogen enrichment at both species and community levels, thus providing important implications for understanding the response of AMF diversity to anthropogenic nitrogen deposition.</span></p>
Data for Torppa et al. 2023 'Soil compaction effects on arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis in wheat depend on host plant variety'
<p>The dataset consists of the data that supports the findings of the article 'Soil compaction effects on arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis in wheat depend on host plant variety’ written by Torppa et al. and published in Plant and Soil in 2023. The data consists of arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization, fatty acid and community data, as well as soil and crop nutrient and yield data.</p>
SI_IV_3_Reverse chemical ecology to study the defense of the plant host Sextonia rubra and the chemical mediators of its endophyte Fusarium falciforme against phytopathogen Trametes versicolor
<p>Ces travaux présentant les données supplémentaires générés lors de l'étude de la confrontation d'isolat identifiés comme des <em>Fusarium falciforme</em> contre<em> Trametes versicolor</em>.</p>
Fig. 6 in The Australian issid planthopper genus Orinda Kirkaldy, 1907: New subgenera, new species, host plant and identification key (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Issidae)
Fig. 6. Orinda spp., distribution map.
Specialist herbivore performance on introduced plants during native host decline
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Records of Heilipus species included in the article: Host plants of the weevil genus Heilipus Germar, 1824 (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Molytinae: Molytini: Hylobiina)
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Data from: Colonization of marginal host plants by Callosobruchus seed beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae): effects of geographic source and genetic admixture
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Data from: Spatial scale, neighbouring plants and variation in plant volatiles interactively determine the strength of host-parasitoid relationships
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The role of tetradecane in the identification of host plants by the pest bugs Apolygus lucorum and Adelphocoris suturalis
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
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The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
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