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FIGURE 21. Eulioptera excavata n in Orthoptera (Tettigoniidae and Acridoidea) from Miombo woodlands of Central Tanzania with the description of new taxa

FIGURE 21. Eulioptera excavata n. sp. A–C. Male D. Female.

FIGURE 43. Female Sentia communa n. gen. n in Orthoptera (Tettigoniidae and Acridoidea) from Miombo woodlands of Central Tanzania with the description of new taxa

FIGURE 43. Female Sentia communa n. gen. n. sp. A. Ovipositor B. Subgenital plate.

FIGURE 20 in Orthoptera (Tettigoniidae and Acridoidea) from Miombo woodlands of Central Tanzania with the description of new taxa

FIGURE 20. Power spectra of the calling songs of the Acrometopini species studied here.

FIGURE 15. Tenerasphaga mpwapwae n in Orthoptera (Tettigoniidae and Acridoidea) from Miombo woodlands of Central Tanzania with the description of new taxa

FIGURE 15. Tenerasphaga mpwapwae n. sp. A, B. Male C. Female D. Apex of freshly killed male.

FIGURE 12. Peronura wottae n in Orthoptera (Tettigoniidae and Acridoidea) from Miombo woodlands of Central Tanzania with the description of new taxa

FIGURE 12. Peronura wottae n. sp. A–C. Male D. Female.

FIGURE 10 in Orthoptera (Tettigoniidae and Acridoidea) from Miombo woodlands of Central Tanzania with the description of new taxa

FIGURE 10. Stridulatory files of Horatosphaga scalata n. sp. (A) and H. leggei (B).

FIGURE 37. Stridulatory area A. Melidia adfinia n in Orthoptera (Tettigoniidae and Acridoidea) from Miombo woodlands of Central Tanzania with the description of new taxa

FIGURE 37. Stridulatory area A. Melidia adfinia n. sp. and B. M. laminata.

FIGURE 44. Cymatomerella morula n in Orthoptera (Tettigoniidae and Acridoidea) from Miombo woodlands of Central Tanzania with the description of new taxa

FIGURE 44. Cymatomerella morula n. sp. A–C. Male D. Female holotype.

FIGURE 40 in Orthoptera (Tettigoniidae and Acridoidea) from Miombo woodlands of Central Tanzania with the description of new taxa

FIGURE 40. Subgenital plate of Melidia brunneri (BMNH, N Rhodesia, Luano Valley).

FIGURE 5 in Orthoptera (Tettigoniidae and Acridoidea) from Miombo woodlands of Central Tanzania with the description of new taxa

FIGURE 5. Alae of male (A) and female (B) Horatosphaga laticerca n. sp.

FIGURE 4 in Orthoptera (Tettigoniidae and Acridoidea) from Miombo woodlands of Central Tanzania with the description of new taxa

FIGURE 4. Male (A) and female (B) Horatosphaga laticerca n. sp.

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Table 4 in Courtship and Mating Behavior of the Rare, Rock-Crevice Dwelling Salamander Plethodon petraeus with a Review for Eastern North American Woodland Salamanders (Amphibia: Plethodontidae)

Table 4. Pearson Product Moment correlation coefficients between the duration and frequency of some behaviors during the preliminary (pre-TSW) phase of courtship in the salamander Plethodon petraeuS. Data are from 20 individually unique pairs that engaged in ten incomplete courtships, which did not proceed to a tail-straddling walk (TSW), and ten complete courtships with TSW and spermatophore deposition. Duration ¼ minutes per pre-TSW hour. Frequency ¼ occurrences per pre-TSW hour. Apart ¼ periods when salamanders were more than about 2.5 cm apart after their initial encounter. Close ¼ periods when salamanders were within about 2.5 cm of each other but not in sustained contact via the mental gland. Dance/shuffle ¼ foot dance and foot shuffle. MG ¼ mental gland. See text for description of behaviors. C Coefficient for complete courtships, I coefficient for incomplete courtships, A coefficient for all courtships when both incomplete and complete courtships had very similar correlations. * P, 0.02, ** P, 0.01, *** P, 0.001.<table><tbody><tr><th>Duration of period or behavior</th></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><th></th><td>Apart</td><td>Close</td><td>MG</td><td>Discontinuous, female-first TSW</td><td>Continuous, female-first TSW</td></tr><tr><th></th><td>(. 2.5 cm)</td><td>(2.5 cm)</td><td>sliding</td></tr><tr><th>Male frequency</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Dance/shuffle</th><td></td><td>I 0.922***</td><td>A 0.528*</td><td></td><td>I 0.734*</td></tr><tr><th>MG popping</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>I 0.748*</td></tr><tr><th>MG swipe</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>C 0.704*</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Mouth grasp</th><td>I 0.856**</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Snout under</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>A 0.595**</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Female frequency</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Tail flex</th><td>I 0.806**</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Undulate tail</th><td></td><td></td><td>A 0.751***</td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

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Table 3 in Courtship and Mating Behavior of the Rare, Rock-Crevice Dwelling Salamander Plethodon petraeus with a Review for Eastern North American Woodland Salamanders (Amphibia: Plethodontidae)

Table 3. Pearson Product Moment correlation coefficients between the frequency of some male and female behaviors (i.e., occurrences per hour for each pair) during the preliminary (pre-TSW) phase of courtship in the salamander Plethodon petraeuS. Data are from 20 individually unique pairs that engaged in ten incomplete courtships, which did not proceed to a tail-straddling walk (TSW), and ten complete courtships with TSW and spermatophore deposition. Dance/shuffle ¼ foot dance and foot shuffle. MG ¼ mental gland. See text for description of behaviors. C Coefficient for complete courtships, I coefficient for incomplete courtships, A coefficient for all courtships when both incomplete and complete courtships had very similar correlations. * P, 0.025, ** P, 0.015, *** P, 0.001.<table><tbody><tr><th></th><th>Male behavior</th><th>Female behavior</th></tr><tr><th></th><th>Mouth grasp</th><th>Position for TSW</th><th>Undulate tail</th><th>Turn back</th></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><th>Male behavior</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Dance/shuffle</th><td></td><td>A 0.773***</td><td>A 0.660**</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Snout under</th><td></td><td>I 0.824**</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>MG popping</th><td></td><td></td><td>A 0.548**</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Female behavior</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Tail flex</th><td>I 0.801**</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Undulate tail</th><td></td><td>A 0.507*</td><td></td><td>C 0.762**</td></tr><tr><th>Chin over</th><td></td><td>A 0.566**</td><td>C 0.793**</td><td>A 0.912***</td></tr></tbody></table>

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Table 2 in Courtship and Mating Behavior of the Rare, Rock-Crevice Dwelling Salamander Plethodon petraeus with a Review for Eastern North American Woodland Salamanders (Amphibia: Plethodontidae)

Table 2. Duration (min) of behaviors and phases during courtship and mating in the salamander Plethodon petraeuS. Data are from ten individually unique pairs that engaged in complete courtship with tail-straddling walk (TSW) and spermatophore deposition. For Pair 3 courtship, there were two spermatophore depositions. (A) Apart ¼ periods when salamanders were more than about 2.5 cm apart after their initial encounter. (B) Close ¼ periods when salamanders were within about 2.5 cm of each other but not in sustained contact via the mental gland (e.g., includes periods with male foot dance/shuffle, undulate tail, mental-gland tap/swipe, nudge, and snout under). (C) Sliding ¼ mental-gland sliding. (D) ffTSWd ¼ discontinuous, female-first TSW. (E) ffTSWc ¼ continuous, female-first TSW. (F) upTSW ¼ unsuccessful position for TSW. (G) spTSW ¼ successful position for TSW. (H) TSW ¼ tail-straddling walk. (I) SD ¼ spermatophore deposition. (J) LOS ¼ lead female over spermatophore. (K) POC ¼ position on sperm cap. *Successful retrieval of sperm cap. Total B to G ¼ duration of pre-TSW phase of courtship. Total B to K ¼ total duration of pre-TSW phase, TSW, and sperm transfer. Total A to K ¼ total duration of courtship from the initial encounter between salamanders until the final attempted retrieval of sperm cap. Pearson Product Moment correlation coefficients (which do not include durations for behaviors from the second courtship sequence for pair 3): 1 r ¼ 0.952, P, 0.0001 for Apart and TSW; 2 r ¼ 0.770, P, 0.01 for Sliding and ffTSWd; 3 r ¼ 0.964, P, 0.00001 for Sliding and upTSW; 4 r ¼ 0.765, P, 0.01 for ffTSWd and upTSW.<table><tbody><tr><th></th><th>Pre-TSW phase</th><th>TSW & sperm-transfer phase</th></tr><tr><th></th><th>(A) 1</th><th>(B)</th><th>(C) 2,3</th><th>(D) 2,4</th><th>(E)</th><th>(F) 3,4</th><th>(G)</th><th>(H) 1</th><th>(I)</th><th>(J)</th><th>(K)</th><th>Total</th><th>Total</th><th>Total</th></tr><tr><th>Pair</th><th>Apart</th><th>Close</th><th>Sliding</th><th>ffTSWd</th><th>ffTSWc</th><th>upTSW</th><th>spTSW</th><th>TSW</th><th>SD</th><th>LOS</th><th>POC</th><th>B to G</th><th>B to K</th><th>A to K</th></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><th>1</th><td>29</td><td>152</td><td>5</td><td>3</td><td>0</td><td>3</td><td>3</td><td>31</td><td>7</td><td>0.4</td><td>0.5*</td><td>166</td><td>204.9</td><td>233.9</td></tr><tr><th>2</th><td>13</td><td>122</td><td>3</td><td>20</td><td>0</td><td>2</td><td>6</td><td>22</td><td>8</td><td>0.3</td><td>0.4*</td><td>153</td><td>183.7</td><td>196.7</td></tr><tr><th>3</th><td>9</td><td>69</td><td>19</td><td>3</td><td>0</td><td>73</td><td>2</td><td>23</td><td>7</td><td>0.4</td><td>0.8</td><td>166</td><td>197.2</td><td></td></tr><tr><th></th><td>2</td><td>66</td><td>3</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>17</td><td>5</td><td>26</td><td>8</td><td>0.6</td><td>0.5*</td><td>91</td><td>126.1</td><td>334.3</td></tr><tr><th>4</th><td>71</td><td>24</td><td>9</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>3</td><td>3</td><td>42</td><td>7</td><td>0.3</td><td>0.5*</td><td>39</td><td>88.8</td><td>159.8</td></tr><tr><th>5</th><td>172</td><td>45</td><td>35</td><td>26</td><td>170</td><td>35</td><td>12</td><td>223</td><td>9</td><td>0.3</td><td></td><td>323</td><td>555.3</td><td>727.3</td></tr><tr><th>6</th><td>12</td><td>69</td><td>33</td><td>6</td><td>0</td><td>17</td><td>15</td><td>20</td><td>8</td><td>0.4</td><td>0.8</td><td>140</td><td>169.2</td><td>181.2</td></tr><tr><th>7</th><td>8</td><td>36</td><td>33</td><td>7</td><td>0</td><td>42</td><td>1</td><td>26</td><td>8</td><td>0.3</td><td>0.7</td><td>119</td><td>154</td><td>162</td></tr><tr><th>8</th><td>29</td><td>119</td><td>68</td><td>15</td><td>0</td><td>73</td><td>10</td><td>43</td><td>7</td><td>0.5</td><td>0.6</td><td>285</td><td>336.1</td><td>365.1</td></tr><tr><th>9</th><td>8</td><td>323</td><td>48</td><td>32</td><td>0</td><td>88</td><td>12</td><td>32</td><td>6</td><td>0.4</td><td>0.9*</td><td>503</td><td>542.3</td><td>550.3</td></tr><tr><th>10</th><td>33</td><td>184</td><td>210</td><td>46</td><td>0</td><td>270</td><td>5</td><td>30</td><td>8</td><td>0.4</td><td>0.6*</td><td>715</td><td>754</td><td>787</td></tr><tr><th>Total</th><td>386</td><td>1209</td><td>466</td><td>158</td><td>170</td><td>623</td><td>74</td><td>518</td><td>83</td><td>4.3</td><td>6.3</td><td>2700</td><td>3311.6</td><td>3697.6</td></tr><tr><th>Mean</th><td>35.1</td><td>109.9</td><td>42.4</td><td>14.4</td><td>15.5</td><td>56.6</td><td>6.7</td><td>47.1</td><td>7.5</td><td>0.4</td><td>0.6</td><td>245.5</td><td>301.1</td><td>369.8</td></tr><tr><th>SD</th><td>49.4</td><td>86.7</td><td>59.3</td><td>15.1</td><td>51.3</td><td>77.2</td><td>4.7</td><td>58.8</td><td>0.8</td><td>0.1</td><td>0.2</td><td>202.3</td><td>218.6</td><td>237.3</td></tr><tr><th>% Total</th></tr><tr><th>B to G</th><td></td><td>44.8</td><td>17.3</td><td>5.9</td><td>6.3</td><td>23.1</td><td>2.7</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>% Total</th></tr><tr><th>B to K</th><td></td><td>36.5</td><td>14.1</td><td>4.8</td><td>5.1</td><td>18.8</td><td>2.2</td><td>15.6</td><td>2.5</td><td>0.1</td><td>0.2</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>% Total</th></tr><tr><th>A to K</th><td>10.4</td><td>32.7</td><td>12.6</td><td>4.3</td><td>4.6</td><td>16.8</td><td>2.0</td><td>14.0</td><td>2.2</td><td>0.1</td><td>0.2</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

Figure 3 from: Matern A, Drees C, Hardtle W, von Oheimb G, Assmann T (2011) Historical ecology meets conservation and evolutionary genetics: a secondary contact zone between Carabus violaceus (Coleoptera, Carabidae) populations inhabiting ancient and recent woodlands in north-western Germany. ZooKeys 100: 545-563. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.100.1546

Figure 3 - Correlogram showing the result of spatial autocorrelation analysis at three allozyme loci. Genetic distances D (Nei 1972) are indicated for the population pairs of the respective distance classes (squares). Dashed lines show the 95% confidence interval (1000 permutations) under the null hypothesis of spatially random differentiation. Significant deviations from the mean are indicated by filled squares (p < 0.05).

Figure 4 from: Matern A, Drees C, Hardtle W, von Oheimb G, Assmann T (2011) Historical ecology meets conservation and evolutionary genetics: a secondary contact zone between Carabus violaceus (Coleoptera, Carabidae) populations inhabiting ancient and recent woodlands in north-western Germany. ZooKeys 100: 545-563. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.100.1546

Figure 4 - Maximum width of the aedeagus tip A and the quotient of maximum and minimum width of the aedeagus tip B are plotted for each population. Boxes display 25–75%- quartiles and bars indicate medians. Whiskers show the total range of values without outliers. Outliers are indicated as circles and extreme outliers as diamonds. Numbers of measured individuals per population are shown in brackets. Pie charts show frequencies of elytral sculpture classes "0" (white), "1" (grey), and "2" (black) in each population. Significant differences between populations are indicated by the lines marked with asterisks.

Figure 1 from: Matern A, Drees C, Hardtle W, von Oheimb G, Assmann T (2011) Historical ecology meets conservation and evolutionary genetics: a secondary contact zone between Carabus violaceus (Coleoptera, Carabidae) populations inhabiting ancient and recent woodlands in north-western Germany. ZooKeys 100: 545-563. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.100.1546

Figure 1 - Carabus violaceus populations studied and proportion of specimens with different elytron sculptures (pie charts). White sections indicate the frequencies of smooth elytra, black sections indicate the frequencies of more than three striae per elytron, and grey sections indicate the frequencies of intermediate phenotypes, i.e. class "1". Numbers next to the pie charts indicate population number followed by sample size in brackets. The location of the study area is indicated as a white square on the map of Germany. Woodlands in the study region northwest of the town of Bramsche according to TK 50 3512 Bramsche (Landesvermessungsamt Niedersachsen 1998) are presented as striped patches. Size and position of ancient woodlands (black patches) are taken from the map by LeCoq (1805). In this study, these are called "Börsteler Wald" (in the north) and "Gehn" (in the south). White patches within woodlands indicate openings. Hedges are not shown.

Figure 2 from: Matern A, Drees C, Hardtle W, von Oheimb G, Assmann T (2011) Historical ecology meets conservation and evolutionary genetics: a secondary contact zone between Carabus violaceus (Coleoptera, Carabidae) populations inhabiting ancient and recent woodlands in north-western Germany. ZooKeys 100: 545-563. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.100.1546

Figure 2 - Aedeagus tip of Carabus violaceus. 1 Maximum aedeagus width (AedMax), 2 minimum aedeagus width (AedMin), and 3 preputial field.