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4,243 results for “SEASONALITY”
SAFARI 2000 C-130 Aerosol and Meteorological Data, Dry Season 2000
The Met Office C-130 research aircraft was based at Windhoek, Namibia between September 5-16, 2000, where it conducted a series of flights over Namibia as part of the SAFARI 2000 Dry Season Aircraft Campaign.The effects of atmospheric aerosols on the Earth's radiation balance are known to be very important, but for many types of aerosols these effects are still poorly understood. In particular, aerosol particles produced from biomass burning (associated with Savanna burning, domestic fuel wood consumption, and certain agricultural practices) are thought to be particularly important because they can both absorb and scatter solar radiation. Understanding the correct balance between absorption and scattering is fundamental to the accurate calculation of aerosol effects on local and global climate.The atmosphere of southern Africa is experiencing significant changes at present, due to the emission of trace gases and aerosols from three distinct sources: the burning of fossil fuels and other industrial activities; biomass burning; and natural processes in the terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems of the regions. Specifically, the burning of fossil fuels in mining, industrial and domestic activities are in part responsible for rising levels of atmospheric aerosols and trace gases (Held et al., 1996), and these emissions, augmented by those from extensive biomass burning areas (Crutzen and Andreae, 1990) and from biogenic sources (Harris et al., 1996), may be altering the biogeochemical cycling of essential nutrients in the region (Garstang et al., 1998).For these reasons, it is important to quantify the relative contributions from the different types of emissions, understand their transport and transformations in the atmosphere, and to determine their influence on regional climate and weather, together with knowledge of the deposition processes and the effects of this deposition on the local ecosystems. SAFARI 2000 was developed as part of an international programme aimed at developing a better understanding of the southern African earth-atmosphere-human system. The aims of the Met Office's research were:1. In-situ measurements of the physical, chemical and optical properties of the aerosol. Size distributions to be measured using PCASP, FSSP and CVI instrumentation. Chemical composition inferred from filter measurements. Optical properties from PSAP and nephelometer data. The data set includes aerosol samples ranging from near source regions to aged plumes several hundreds of kilometres from source, some of which have been cloud processed.2. Investigate the direct radiative impact of aerosol over sea, land and low-level cloud. High-altitude radiation measurements taken from SAFIRE, ARIES, SWS and the broad-band radiometers will be used to infer the direct radiative impact of the aerosol. Low-level orbits and into- and down-sun runs will be used in an attempt to obtain radiative closure. Over land, the ground-based sun photometers may also prove useful for constraining the data.3. In-situ measurements of aerosol properties in conjunction with ground-based sites, in order to validate the ground-based retrievals of, for example, aerosol size distributions.4. In-situ measurements of aerosol properties in conjunction with TERRA overpasses, in order to validate the satellite-based retrievals of aerosol properties.5. In-situ measurements of stratus/stratocumulus cloud of Namibia/Angola in conjunction with TERRA overpasses, in order to validate satellite-based retrievals of cloud properties.
SAFARI 2000 Solar Spectral Flux Radiometer Data, Southern Africa, Dry Season 2000
The Solar Spectral Flux Radiometer (SSFR) was deployed on the University of Washington CV-580 during the dry season component of the Southern African Regional Science Initiative, August 1 - September 20, 2000. The SSFR made simultaneous measurements of both downwelling and upwelling net solar spectral irradiance at varying flight levels. Data have been provided for twenty flights in netcdf format for the period August 17 - September 16, 2000.For a complete detailed guide to the extensive measurements obtained aboard the UW Convair-580 aircraft in support of SAFARI 2000, see the UW Technical Report for the SAFARI 2000 Project.
ABoVE: Rain-on-Snow Frequency and Distribution during Cold Seasons, Alaska, 1988-2023
This dataset provides maps of rain-on-snow (ROS) events across Alaska for the individual cold season months from November to March using observations from two space-borne passive microwave radiometers: (a) the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer for EOS and Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer 2 (AMSR-E/2) from 2002 to 2023; and (b) the Special Sensor Microwave Imager and the Special Sensor Microwave Imager Sounder (SSMI/S) from 1988 to 2020. Considering the differences in sensor overpass time, observation geometry, and ancillary snow cover data, the AMSR-E/2 and SSMI/S-based ROS records were generated separately. ROS events were defined as changes in surface snow wetness and isothermal states induced by atmospheric processes associated with winter rainfall or latent heat exchange. The data are summations of the number of days with ROS events per pixel at 6-km spatial resolution per month or per 5-month water year. Winter months are when snowmelt from solar illumination is minimal and snow cover is widespread and relatively consistent throughout the region. The data are provided in GeoTIFF format.
SAFARI 2000 Reflectance of Fire Residue, Kruger National Park, Dry Season 2000
The goal of this study was to understand the change in reflectance caused by the action of fire and the heterogeneity of fire effects (i.e., the fraction of the observation that burned and the combustion completeness of that observation). A spectral mixture model and field and satellite observations were used to compare changes in Landsat reflectance associated with fire and combustion completeness derived from field measurements at prescribed fire sites in South Africa and to substantiate and illustrate the model findings.Fire residue samples were collected from experimental burn plots in Kruger National Park during the SAFARI 2000 Dry Season Campaign in August-September of 2000. The residues include 3 different ash types: pure white ash; black ash; and residual non-photosynthetic fuel biomass (senescent grass, twigs, leaves, and bark). The samples were analyzed in the laboratory to determine their multi-spectral reflectance using an Analytic Spectral Devices (ASD) radiometer, which measures spectral reflectance in the range 0.45-2.2 um at intervals of 0.01 um. The ASD measurements were made under diffuse illumination conditions in the spectral range of 350 nm to 2500 nm, with the ASD radiometer aligned perpendicular to the samples to simulate nadir remote sensing conditions.The data file contains reflectance measurements (fraction, 0-1) for replicate samples of 3 different ash types (white ash, black ash, and non-photosynthetic vegetation) recorded at 10 nm intervals over the wavelength spectral range of 350 nm to 2500 nm. The data are stored in a single ASCII file in comma-separate-value format (.csv).
Global Seasonal-Snow Classification, Version 1
This data set consists of global, seasonal snow classifications—e.g., tundra, boreal forest, maritime, ephemeral, prairie, montane forest, and ice—determined from air temperature, precipitation, and wind speed climatologies. Data are available on global, North America, and Eurasia latitude-longitude grids at four resolutions: 10 arcsec (~300 m), 30 arcsec (~1 km), 2.5 arcmin (~5 km), and 0.5° (~50 km).
SAFARI 2000 Modeled Tropospheric Air Mass Trajectories, Dry Season 2000
The ETA Forecast Trajectory Model was used to produce forecasts of air-parcel trajectories twice a day at three pressure levels over seven sites in Southern Africa for the period August 14, 2000 to September 23, 2000. These sites are Durban, Middleburg, Pietersburg, and Springbok, South Africa; Maun, Botswana; Mongu, Zambia; and Windhoek, Namibia. The twice daily three-dimensional wind field (at 0000 and 1200 UTC) was used as input to the trajectory model. By integrating the vertical motion of the air parcels over a period of time, the trajectory model was able to forecast the net vertical displacement of air parcels during 12-hour periods. The resulting trajectory plots represent the three-dimensional transport of air in time and can be used to examine what is happening in the low-to-mid troposphere during flight and ground-based observations. These levels are most significant in terms of the thermodynamic structure of the troposphere, especially the stable layers and accumulation of material between and below them, as well containing the major levels of subsidence over the subcontinent. The trajectory model output and thermodynamic profiles of the troposphere were used to position aircraft for sampling trace gases, aerosols and other species during the SAFARI 2000 field campaign and to predict regions of high aerosol and trace gas concentrations downwind.The model output data are daily forward and backward trajectory plots at 850 hPa, 700 hPa, and 500 hPa pressure levels for each location. The plots are provided as JPEG images with coordinate, date, and time stamps.
SAFARI 2000 JRA Aerocommander Trace Gas, Aerosol, and CCN Data, Dry Season 2000
As part of the 3rd Intensive Campaign of SAFARI 2000, the South African Weather Bureau Aerocommander, JRA, flew 19 missions, for a total of 28 separate flights conducted between August 15th and September 7th, 2000. JRA worked closely with the other Aerocommander, JRA, and was dedicated to the measurement of trace gas and aerosol properties. A suite of trace analyzers (for O3, SO2, CO and NO), laser aerosol probes and atmospheric probes were present for all flights. Other instruments and sampling units present for some of the flights included, a nephelometer (Elias), CO flasks (Novelli) for MOPITT validation purposes, and VOC canisters for the collection and characterization of volatile organic compounds present over various land surface types.
SAFARI 2000 AOT and Column Water Vapor, Kalahari Transect, Wet Season 2000
The data presented here include the aerosol optical thickness (AOT) and column water vapor measurements taken at sites along the Kalahari Transect using a Microtops sunphotometer. Data were collected every 30 minutes at 4 sites that were visited during the SAFARI 2000 Kalahari Wet Season Campaign between March 3, 2000 and March 18, 2000. AOT values are provided at 340, 440, 675, 870, and 936 nm wavelengths. An estimate of the Angstrom Coefficient is also provided to allow the estimation of AOT at other wavelengths.The purpose of this data collection was primarily for documentation of the conditions at each site and to aid in the correction of remote sensing data, for validation of Earth Observation System (EOS) products such as MODIS and MISR aerosol products, and for modeling of canopy productivity.
ABoVE: Seasonal Dissolved Gases and Isotopes in Arctic Alaska Rivers
This dataset provides dissolved carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) concentrations alongside their stable and radiocarbon isotopic compositions within the Arctic Sagavanirktok and Kuparuk River watersheds located on the North Slope of Alaska. The data were collected during the spring, fall, and summer seasons in 2022. In field separation of the bulk gaseous components (N2, CO2, and CH4) from the liquid phase was achieved using a degassing membrane contactor. Laboratory isotopic analyses were conducted at the W. M. Keck Carbon Cycle Accelerator Mass Spectrometer facility at UC Irvine. This collection aims to provide insights into the seasonal dynamics of greenhouse gas emissions in these critical Arctic environments, thereby contributing valuable information for climate change research and monitoring programs. The data are provided in comma separated values (CSV) format.
SAFARI 2000 Leaf Spectral Measurements, Kalahari Transect, Wet Season 2000
The Boston University team collected several data sets along the Kalahari Transect during the SAFARI 2000 wet season field campaign between March 3 and March 18, 2000 to support the validation of the MODIS LAI/FPAR algorithm. Ground measurements of LAI, FPAR, leaf hemispherical reflectance and transmittance, and canopy transmittance were made using a LAI-2000 plant canopy analyzer, an AccuPAR ceptometer, a LiCor 1800-12S External Integrating Sphere (LI-1800) portable spectroradiometer, and an ASD handheld spectroradiometer. Leaf spectral data are provided in this data set. Leaf spectral measurements were made on samples from dominant tree, shrub, and grass species at 5 different Kalahari Transect sites - Mongu in Zambia and Pandamatenga, Maun, Okwa River, and Tshane in Botswana (from north to south) - where vegetation ranges from moist closed woodlands to arid sparsely-shrub-covered grasslands. Measurements were made on site with a LI-1800 portable spectroradiometer right after the leaves were cut from the trees or shrubs. Three or four sample leaves of each dominant species were measured.The data files, in ASCII comma-delimited (.csv) format, contain the wavelength of the measurement (from 400 nm to 1100 nm, at an interval of 1 nm) and the corresponding fraction of leaf reflectance, transmittance, and albedo (reflectance+transmittance). There is a separate data file for each tree and shrub species sampled at each site and a single file containing unidentified grass species collected from all of the sites. Average values for combined samples of trees and of shrubs at different sites are also provided.
Aquarius Official Release Level 3 Ancillary Reynolds Sea Surface Temperature Standard Mapped Image Seasonal Data V5.0
Aquarius Level 3 ancillary sea surface temperature (SST) standard mapped image data are the ancillary SST data used in the Aquarius calibration for salinity retrieval. They are simply the daily SSTs from the Reynolds National Climatic Data Center (NCDC) 0.25 degree dataset, gridded and averaged using the Aquarius processing L2-L3 processing scheme to the same 1 degree spatial resolution and daily, 7 day, monthly, seasonal, and annual time intervals as Aquarius L3 standard salinity and wind speed products. This particular data set is the seasonal ancillary sea surface temperature product associated with version 5.0 of the Aquarius data set, which is the official end of mission public data release from the AQUARIUS/SAC-D mission.
ABoVE: Environmental Conditions During Fall Moose Hunting Seasons, Alaska, 2000-2016
This dataset provides daily and annual air temperature, river water level, and leaf drop dates coincident with the moose (Alces alces) hunting season (September) for the area surrounding the rural communities of Nulato, Koyukuk, Kaltag, Galena, Ruby, Huslia, and Hughes in interior Alaska, USA, over the period 2000-2016. The main objective of the study was to assess how the environmental conditions impacted the success of hunters who rely on moose as a subsistence resource.
SAFARI 2000 LAI Measurements at Kalahari Transect Sites, Wet Season 2000
The Boston University team collected several data sets along the Kalahari Transect during the SAFARI 2000 wet season field campaign from March 3rd to March 18th, 2000 to support the validation of the MODIS LAI/FPAR algorithm. Ground measurements of LAI, FPAR, leaf hemispherical reflectance, leaf hemispherical transmittance, and canopy transmittance were made using a LAI-2000 plant canopy analyzer, an AccuPAR ceptometer, a LiCor 1800-12S External Integrating Sphere (LI-1800) portable spectroradiometer, and an ASD handheld spectroradiometer. LAI data are provided in this data set. LAI was intensively measured at 4 different sites in Botswana -- Pandamatenga, Maun, Okwa River, and Tshane (from north to south) -- where vegetation types range from moist closed woodlands to arid sparsely-shrub-covered grasslands. LAI measurements were mostly made during dusk, shortly before and after sunset at ground level in Maun, Okwa, and Tshane and at two horizontal levels in Pandamatenga -- one 2.0 m above the ground to measure the LAI of trees and the other was at ground level for total LAI.This data set contains reduced LAI measurements made at two scales: a 1 km x 1 km transect scale and a 250 m x 300 m pixel scale. The transect LAI data are stored in one ASCII file containing all measurements along the three transects at each site. The pixel or subgrid LAI are stored in separate ASCII files for each site.
Aquarius Official Release Level 3 Sea Surface Salinity Standard Mapped Image Seasonal Climatology Data V5.0
Aquarius Level 3 sea surface salinity (SSS) standard mapped image data contains gridded 1 degree spatial resolution SSS averaged over daily, 7 day, monthly, and seasonal timescales. This particular data set is the seasonal climatology sea surface salinity product for version 5.0 of the Aquarius data set, which is the official end of mission public data release from the AQUARIUS/SAC-D mission. The Aquarius instrument is onboard the AQUARIUS/SAC-D satellite, a collaborative effort between NASA and the Argentinian Space Agency Comision Nacional de Actividades Espaciales (CONAE). The instrument consists of three radiometers in push broom alignment at incidence angles of 29, 38, and 46 degrees incidence angles relative to the shadow side of the orbit. Footprints for the beams are: 76 km (along-track) x 94 km (cross-track), 84 km x 120 km and 96km x 156 km, yielding a total cross-track swath of 370 km. The radiometers measure brightness temperature at 1.413 GHz in their respective horizontal and vertical polarizations (TH and TV). A scatterometer operating at 1.26 GHz measures ocean backscatter in each footprint that is used for surface roughness corrections in the estimation of salinity. The scatterometer has an approximate 390km swath.
Aquarius Official Release Level 3 Rain-flagged Sea Surface Salinity Standard Mapped Image Seasonal Data V5.0
Aquarius Level 3 sea surface salinity (SSS) rain-flagged standard mapped image data contains gridded 1 degree spatial resolution SSS averaged overdaily, 7 day, monthly, and seasonal time scales. This particular data set is the Seasonal rain-flagged rain-flagged sea surface salinity product for version 5.0 of the Aquarius data set. The Aquarius instrument is onboard the AQUARIUS/SAC-D satellite, a collaborative effort between NASA and the Argentinian Space Agency Comision Nacional de Actividades Espaciales (CONAE). The instrument consists of three radiometers in push broom alignment at incidence angles of 29, 38, and 46 degrees incidence angles relative to the shadow side of the orbit. Footprints for the beams are: 76 km (along-track) x 94 km (cross-track), 84 km x 120 km and 96km x 156 km, yielding a total cross-track swath of 370 km. The radiometers measure brightness temperature at 1.413 GHz in their respective horizontal and vertical polarizations (TH and TV). A scatterometer operating at 1.26 GHz measures ocean backscatter in each footprint that is used for surface roughness corrections in the estimation of salinity. The scatterometer has an approximate 390km swath.
BOREAS AFM-12 1-km AVHRR Seasonal Land Cover Classification
This regional land cover classification is based on the use of multitemporal 1-km Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA 11) data that were analyzed in combination with selected Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) and extensive field observations within a 619-km by 821-km subset of the 1,000-km by 1,000-km BOReal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study (BOREAS) region (Steyaert et al., 1997). Following the approach developed by Loveland et al. (1991) for 1-km AVHRR land cover mapping in the conterminous United States, monthly Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) image composites (April-September 1992) of this subset in the BOREAS region were used in an unsupervised image cluster analysis algorithm to develop an initial set of seasonal land cover classes. Extensive ground data with Global Positioning System (GPS) georeferencing, observations from low-level aerial flights over remote areas, and selected Landsat image composites for the study areas were analyzed to split, aggregate, and label the spectral-temporal clusters throughout the BOREAS region. Landsat TM image composites (bands 5, 4, and 3) were available for the 100-km by 100-km Northern Study Area (NSA) and Southern Study Area (SSA). This AVHRR land cover product was compared with Landsat TM land cover classifications for the BOREAS study areas (Steyaert et al., 1997). Companion files include example thumbnail images that may be viewed and the image data files downloaded using a convenient viewer utility.
SAFARI 2000 ETA Atmospheric Model Data, Wet and Dry Seasons 2000
With modern computer power now capable of making mesoscale model output available in real time in the operational environment, increased attention has been given to utilizing these models in order to improve the forecasting ability of meteorologists. The National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) has developed a step-mountain eta coordinate model generally known as the ETA Model.This NCEP ETA data assimilation and prediction system (see Mesinger et al., 1988; Black, 1994) has been used by the South African Weather Bureau/Service (SAWS) to provide operational regional forecast guidance since November 1993. SAWS used this model to produce the basic meteorological data for the SAFARI project. The SAWS ETA model is a hydrostatic model with a horizontal grid spacing of approximately 48 km and 38 vertical levels, with layer depths that range from 20 m in the planetary boundary layer to 2 km at 50 mb. There have been several major ETA Model upgrades at SAWS: in March 1996, August 1998, November 1999, and August 2001.
Aquarius Official Release Level 3 Sea Surface Density Standard Mapped Image Ascending Seasonal Data V5.0
Aquarius Level 3 sea surface density standard mapped image data contains gridded 1 degree spatial resolution density data averaged over daily, 7 day, monthly, and seasonal time scales. This particular data set is the Seasonal, Ascending sea surface densityproduct for version 5.0 of the Aquarius data set. Only retrieved values for Ascending passes have been used to create this product. Surface density estimates are based on TEOS-10 and derived using retrieved salinity from Aquarius and collocated ancillary SST (Reynolds OI 0.25 degree product). The Aquarius instrument is onboard the AQUARIUS/SAC-D satellite, a collaborative effort between NASA and the Argentinian Space Agency Comision Nacional de Actividades Espaciales (CONAE). The instrument consists of three radiometers in push broom alignment at incidence angles of 29, 38, and 46 degrees incidence angles relative to the shadow side of the orbit. Footprints for the beams are: 76 km (along-track) x 94 km (cross-track), 84 km x 120 km and 96km x 156 km, yielding a total cross-track swath of 370 km. The radiometers measure brightness temperature at 1.413 GHz in their respective horizontal and vertical polarizations (TH and TV). A scatterometer operating at 1.26 GHz measures ocean backscatter in each footprint that is used for surface roughness corrections in the estimation of salinity. The scatterometer has an approximate 390km swath.
Aquarius Official Release Level 3 Ancillary Reynolds Sea Surface Temperature Standard Mapped Image Ascending Seasonal Climatology Data V5.0
Aquarius Level 3 ancillary sea surface temperature (SST) standard mapped image data are the ancillary SST data used in the Aquarius calibration for salinity retrieval. They are simply the daily SSTs from the Reynolds National Climatic Data Center (NCDC) 0.25 degree dataset, gridded and averaged using the Aquarius processing L2-L3 processing scheme to the same 1 degree spatial resolution and daily, 7 day, monthly, seasonal, and annual time intervals as Aquarius L3 standard salinity and wind speed products. This particular data set is the seasonal climatology, ascending ancillary sea surface temperature product associated with version 5.0 of the Aquarius data set, which is the official end of mission public data release from the AQUARIUS/SAC-D mission.
Aquarius Official Release Level 3 Rain-flagged Sea Surface Salinity Standard Mapped Image Ascending Seasonal Data V5.0
Aquarius Level 3 sea surface salinity (SSS) rain-flagged standard mapped image data contains gridded 1 degree spatial resolution SSS averaged over daily, 7 day, monthly, and seasonal timescales. This particular data set is the Seasonal, Ascending rain-flagged rain-flagged sea surface salinity product for version 5.0 of the Aquarius data set. Only retrieved values for Ascending passes have been used to create this product. The Aquarius instrument is onboard the AQUARIUS/SAC-D satellite, a collaborative effort between NASA and the Argentinian Space Agency Comision Nacional de Actividades Espaciales (CONAE). The instrument consists of three radiometers in push broom alignment at incidence angles of 29, 38, and 46 degrees incidence angles relative to the shadow side of the orbit. Footprints for the beams are: 76 km (along-track) x 94 km (cross-track), 84 km x 120 km and 96km x 156 km, yielding a total cross-track swath of 370 km. The radiometers measure brightness temperature at 1.413 GHz in their respective horizontal and vertical polarizations (TH and TV). A scatterometer operating at 1.26 GHz measures ocean backscatter in each footprint that is used for surface roughness corrections in the estimation of salinity. The scatterometer has an approximate 390km swath.
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