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Fig 3 in Discovery of two new species of Crotalaria (Leguminosae, Crotalarieae) from Western Ghats, India

Fig 3. Principal component analysis on morphological traits comparing the new species Crotalaria multibracteata and morphologically most similar species C. vestita. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0192226.g003

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Fig 1 in Discovery of two new species of Crotalaria (Leguminosae, Crotalarieae) from Western Ghats, India

Fig 1. Maximum likelihood tree of the genus Crotalaria, constructed using RAxML, with bootstrap support values and Bayesian posterior probabilities indicated above the branches. Since Bayesian analyses resulted in almost the same topology, only the tree constructed from RAxML has been presented here. The new species are colored in red and blue. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0192226.g001

opencc-by-4.0Feb 2018View details →

Fig 2 in Discovery of two new species of Crotalaria (Leguminosae, Crotalarieae) from Western Ghats, India

Fig 2. Principal component analysis on morphological traits comparing the new species Crotalaria suffruticosa and morphologically most similar species C. albida and C. epunctata. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0192226.g002

Fig. 2 in Two new Myxobolus spp. (Myxozoa: Myxobolidae) from white bream, Blicca bjoerkna (Linnaeus, 1758) developing in basifilamental location of gills

Fig. 2. Schematic illustration of Myxobolus spp. myxospores. a – M. bjoerknae sp. n. in frontal view, b – in sutural view; c – M. lamellobasis sp. n. in frontal view, d – in sutural view. Scale bar: 10 µm.

Figs 10 A–C. Notohymena australis after protargol impregnation. A in Two Oxytrichids from the Ancient Lake Biwa, Japan, with Notes on Morphogenesis of Notohymena australis (Ciliophora, Sporadotrichida)

Figs 10 A–C. Notohymena australis after protargol impregnation. A – venral view of a very late divider showing infraciliature and parental cirri (arrows); B, C – ventral (B) and dorsal (C) view of the proter just after division showing infraciliature and nuclear apparatus, parental cirri (arrows) and newly formed caudal cirri (arrowheads). 1, 5, 6 – dorsal kinety 1, 5, 6, E – endoral membrane, LMR – left marginal row, P – paroral membrane, RMR – right marginal row. Scale bars: 40 μm.

Figs 4A–D. Notohymena australis after protargol impregnation. A in Two Oxytrichids from the Ancient Lake Biwa, Japan, with Notes on Morphogenesis of Notohymena australis (Ciliophora, Sporadotrichida)

Figs 4A–D. Notohymena australis after protargol impregnation. A – ventral view of a representative specimen showing infraciliature and macronuclear nodules (arrows); B – ventral view of cell with two pretransverse ventral cirri (arrows), one additional ventral cirrus (doublearrowhead), and three frontal cirri (arrowheads); C – ventral view of cell, showing infraciliature, macronuclear nodules and micronuclei (arrows), buccal cirrus (arrowhead), and distal end of adoral zone (double-arrowhead); D – anterior part of specimen in dorsal view, showing dorsal kineties. AZM – adoral zone of membranelles, CC – caudal cirri, E – endoral membrane, FVC – frontoventral cirri, 1–6 – dorsal kinety 1–6, LMR – left marginal row, P – paroral membrane, PTVC– pretransverse ventral cirri, PVC– postoral ventral cirri, RMR – right marginal row, TC – transverse cirri. Scale bars: 40 μm.

Figs 9A–H. Notohymena australis after protargol impregnation. A in Two Oxytrichids from the Ancient Lake Biwa, Japan, with Notes on Morphogenesis of Notohymena australis (Ciliophora, Sporadotrichida)

Figs 9A–H. Notohymena australis after protargol impregnation. A – ventral view of middle part of an early divider, showing oral primordium; B, C – ventral view of proter (B) and opisthe (C) of the same middle divider, showing the formation of frontal-ventral-transverse cirral anlagen in proter and opisthe, and anlagen of marginal rows (arrows), and dedifferentiation of anterior end of undulating membranes (arrowhead); D – ventral infraciliature of a proter of a middle divider, showing frontal-ventral-transverse cirral anlagen beginning to organize into new cirri from anterior (arrows) and a small anlage separating from anterior right end of undulating membranes anlagen (arrowhead); E – part of a middle divider in dorsal view, showing fused macronuclear mass (arrow); F – ventral infraciliature of the same divider as in E, showing development of anlagen of the leftmost frontal cirrus (arrowheads), and frontal-ventral-transverse cirral anlagen (arrows); G – ventral infraciliature of a middle-late divider, showing frontal-ventral-transverse cirral anlagen segregating into new cirri (arrows), the anlage of the leftmost frontal cirrus separating from undulating membrane anlagen (arrowheads), and fused macronuclear mass; H – ventral infraciliature of a late divider, showing the formation of anlagen of dorsomarginal kineties at anterior right end of right marginal rows anlagen (arrows) and anterior part of newly formed adoral zone of membranelles curving to right in the opisthe, frontal-ventral-transverse cirral anlagen II – VI segregating into 3, 3, 3, 4 and 4 cirri, the leftmost frontal cirrus originated from undulating membranes anlagen (arrowheads). DKA – dorsal kinety anlage, LMA – anlage of left marginal row, OP – oral primordium, RMA – anlagen of right marginal row. Scale bars: 40 μm.

Fig. 3 in Two new Myxobolus spp. (Myxozoa: Myxobolidae) from white bream, Blicca bjoerkna (Linnaeus, 1758) developing in basifilamental location of gills

Fig. 3. Histological section of the cartilaginous gill arch of white bream. p – plasmodium of Myxobolus bjoerknae sp. n., c – cartilaginous base of the filaments, f – gill filament, ct – connective tissue; arrows indicate gill lamellae. Haematoxylin and eosin staining (H & E). Scale bar: 100 µm.

Figs 6A–D. Notohymena australis after protargol impregnation. A, B in Two Oxytrichids from the Ancient Lake Biwa, Japan, with Notes on Morphogenesis of Notohymena australis (Ciliophora, Sporadotrichida)

Figs 6A–D. Notohymena australis after protargol impregnation. A, B – ventral (A) and dorsal (B) infraciliature of the same very late divider, showing parental cirri (arrows) and newly formed caudal cirri at posterior ends of first, second and fourth dorsal kineties (arrowheads); C, D – ventral (C) and dorsal (D) infraciliature of the proter just after division showing two macronuclear nodules, one micronucleus, parental cirri (arrows), and newly formed caudal cirri at the posterior ends of first, second and fourth dorsal kineties (arrowheads). 1–6 – dorsal kinety 1–6, LMR – left marginal row, Ma – macronuclear nodule, Mi – micronucleus, RMR – right marginal row. Scale bars: 40 μm.

Figs 8A–M. Notohymena australis after protargol impregnation. A in Two Oxytrichids from the Ancient Lake Biwa, Japan, with Notes on Morphogenesis of Notohymena australis (Ciliophora, Sporadotrichida)

Figs 8A–M. Notohymena australis after protargol impregnation. A – ventral view of a representative specimen showing infraciliature; B – plumper cell showing pharyngeal fibers (arrowhead), macronuclear nodules, and micronuclei (arrows); C, L – ventral infraciliature of the same cell with additional ventral cirrus (arrow); D –ventral view of middle part of a specimen with 4 postoral ventral cirri; E – anterior part of the same cell as in A, showing hooked anterior end of paroral membrane (arrow) and three enlarged frontal cirri (arrowheads); F, G – the same individual showing ventral ciliature and ingested ciliate (arrow, Aspidisca sp.); H – details of buccal apparatus showing endoral membrane and the structure of adoral membranelles; I – macronuclear nodules composed of many small nucleoi and micronuclei (arrows); J, M – ventral view of anterior part of cell, showing cirri associated with fibers; K – ventral view of posterior part of cell, showing left and right marginal rows terminating respectively at posterior end and at level of right transverse cirrus (arrows), and caudal cirri (arrowheads). AZM – adoral zone of membranelles; E – endoral membrane, LMR – left marginal row, Ma – macronuclear nodule, P – paroral membrane, RMR – right marginal row, TC – transverse cirri. Scale bars: 40 μm.

Figs 3A–Q. Apoamphisiella tihanyiensis after protargol impregnation. A in Two Oxytrichids from the Ancient Lake Biwa, Japan, with Notes on Morphogenesis of Notohymena australis (Ciliophora, Sporadotrichida)

Figs 3A–Q. Apoamphisiella tihanyiensis after protargol impregnation. A – ventral view of specimen with two frontal cirri, showing micronuclei (arrows) and caudal cirri (arrowhead); B – right lateral view showing several parental cirri (arrow); C – ventral view of a specimen with two additional ventral cirri ahead of transverse cirri; D, F – ventral view of anterior part of an individual with two frontoventral cirri; E, G – ventral view of anterior part of a cell with three frontoventral and two postoral ventral cirri (arrowheads); H – ventral view of cell with several parental cirri (arrow), and single postoral ventral cirrus (arrowhead); I – ventral view of middle part of cell, showing oral primordium; J – ventral view of a cell just after division, showing anteriorly placed postoral ventral cirrus (arrow); K – dorsal view of a cell, showing dorsal kineties and macronuclear nodules; L – ventral view of posterior part of specimen with four transverse cirri; M – ventral view of middle part of cell, showing cirri associated with fibres; N – ventral view of middle part of a cell, showing single postoral ventral cirrus (arrow) and parental cirri (arrowhead); O – dorsal view of anterior part of a cell, showing dorsal kineties and associated cortical granules; P, Q – ventral views of posterior part of cell, showing caudal cirri (arrows). DK – dorsal kinety, E – endoral membrane, FC – frontal cirri, Ma – macronuclear nodule, Mi – micronucleus, P – paroral membrane, TC – transverse cirri. Scale bars: 40 μm.

Fig. 1. a in Two new Myxobolus spp. (Myxozoa: Myxobolidae) from white bream, Blicca bjoerkna (Linnaeus, 1758) developing in basifilamental location of gills

Fig. 1. a – spores of Myxobolus bjoerknae sp. n. infecting the cartilaginous gill arch in frontal view; inset: spores in sutural view; b – spores of M. lamellobasis sp. n. from the base of the gill filaments in frontal view; inset: spores in sutural view. Scale bars: 10 µm.

Figs 2A–H. Apoamphisiella tihanyiensis from life. A, B in Two Oxytrichids from the Ancient Lake Biwa, Japan, with Notes on Morphogenesis of Notohymena australis (Ciliophora, Sporadotrichida)

Figs 2A–H. Apoamphisiella tihanyiensis from life. A, B – ventral view of different cells; C – a contracted cell, showing contractile vacuole; D – part of cell in dorsal view, showing contractile vacuole with collecting canals (arrow); E, F – ventral views of anterior (E) and posterior (F) parts of the same cell, showing arrangement of cortical granules; G – plumper individual, showing cortical granules (arrowheads) and macronuclear nodules; H – part of cell in dorsal view showing spherical contractile vacuole and arrangement of cortical granules. CV – contractile vacuole, FC – frontal cirri, Ma – macronuclear nodule, RMR – right marginal row, TC – transverse cirri. Scale bars: 60 μm.

Figs 1A–L in Two Oxytrichids from the Ancient Lake Biwa, Japan, with Notes on Morphogenesis of Notohymena australis (Ciliophora, Sporadotrichida)

Figs 1A–L. Apoamphisiella tihanyiensis from life (A–D) and after protargol impregnation (E–L). A – ventral view of a representative individual; B – arrangement of cortical granules on ventral side; C – shape of contractile vacuole; D – arrangement of cortical granules on dorsal side; E – posterior part of cell in ventral view, showing 2 pretransverse ventral cirri (arrowheads) and two additional ventral cirri ahead of transverse cirri (arrows); F – posterior part of cell in ventral view, showing 2 pretransverse ventral cirri (encircled by broken line) and caudal cirri (arrows); G, H – ventral (G) and dorsal (H) infraciliature of the same specimen, showing single postoral ventral cirrus (arrow in G), caudal cirri at the posterior end of dorsal kinety 4 (arrow in H), and frontal cirri (arrowheads in G); I – anterior half of cell in ventral view, showing single postoral ventral cirrus (arrow) and several parental ventral cirri (arrowhead); J – part of ventral infraciliature, showing micronuclei (arrows), frontoventral cirri (arrowheads), 2 postoral ventral cirri (double-arrowhead), and several parental ventral cirri (connected by broken line); K, L – ventral (K) and dorsal (L) infraciliature of the same specimen, showing caudal cirri (arrows in K), macronuclear nodules (arrows in L), frontal cirri (arrowheads in K), and micronuclei (arrowheads in L). 1–6 – dorsal kinety 1–6, AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; BC – buccal cirrus, CR – cirral row, DB – dorsal bristle, E – endoral membrane, FVC – frontoventral cirri, FVR – frontoventral row, LMR – left marginal row, Ma – macronuclear nodule, P – paroral membrane, RMR – right marginal row, TC – transverse cirri. Scale bars: 80 μm (A), 40 μm (I, G, H, J–L), 20 μm (E, F).

Figs 4A–F in Morphology of Two Novel Species of Chaenea (Ciliophora, Litostomatea): Chaenea paucistriata spec. nov. and C. sinica spec. nov.

Figs 4A–F. Chaenea sinica spec. nov. in vivo (A, C) and after protargol staining (B, D–F). A – typical extended individual; B – detail of anterior part of dorsal ciliary pattern; C – contracted individual; D, E – overview of ciliary pattern of ventral (D) and dorsal (E) side; F – distribution of macronuclei, extrusomes, and nematodesmata. B1–4 – dorsal brush rows 1–4, CK – circumoral kinety, CV – contractile vacuole, E – extrusome, Ma – macronuclei, N – nematodesmata, SK – somatic kinety. Scales bars: 50 µm.

Figs 3A–M in Morphology of Two Novel Species of Chaenea (Ciliophora, Litostomatea): Chaenea paucistriata spec. nov. and C. sinica spec. nov.

Figs 3A–M. Morphology of some closely-related congeners of Chaenea paucistriata spec. nov. and Chaenea sinica spec. nov. A–D – C. teres (from Petz et al., 1995), general view of living cell (A), overview of ciliary pattern (B), detail of ciliary pattern in anterior body end (C), surface view showing cortical granulation (D); E – C. simulans (from Kahl, 1930); F – C. robusta (from Kahl, 1930) G, H – Chaenea sp. (from Petz et al., 1995), detail of ciliary pattern in anterior body (G), overview of ciliary pattern (H); I–K – C. stricta (from Foissner, 1984), detail of ciliary pattern in anterior body (I), general view (J), overview of ciliary pattern (K); L, M – C. vorax (from Song and Packroff, 1997), general view (L), overview of ciliary pattern (M). B – dorsal brush, B1–4 – dorsal brush rows 1–4, CG – cortical granules, CK – circumoral kinety, CV – contractile vacuole, E – extrusomes, Ma – macronuclei, OB – oral bulge, SK – somatic kinety. Scale bars: 100 µm (A, H, L), 50 µm (B, J, K, M), 150 µm (E, F).

Figs 5A–N in Morphology of Two Novel Species of Chaenea (Ciliophora, Litostomatea): Chaenea paucistriata spec. nov. and C. sinica spec. nov.

Figs 5A–N. Chaenea sinica spec. nov. in vivo (A–G) and after protargol impregnation (H–N). A, B – typical individuals; C–E – contracted and twisted cells; F, G – rod-shaped extrusomes attached to oral bulge (F) and scattered in cytoplasm (G); H–J – ciliary pattern of anterior body end, showing circumoral kinety, dorsal brush rows 1–4, and nematodesmata; K – middle part of body, showing somatic kineties; L – anterior body end, arrowheads denote the extruded extrusomes outside the oral bulge; M – anterior body end, arrowhead marks cilia of the dorsal brush; N – many scattered macronuclear nodules throughout cytoplasm (arrowheads). B1–4 – dorsal brush rows 1–4, CK – circumoral kinety, CV – contractile vacuole, E – extrusome, N – nematodesmata, SK – somatic kinety. Scales bars: 100 µm.

Figs 1A–G in Morphology of Two Novel Species of Chaenea (Ciliophora, Litostomatea): Chaenea paucistriata spec. nov. and C. sinica spec. nov.

Figs 1A–G. Chaenea paucistriata spec. nov. in vivo (A, B, D) and after staining with protargol (C, E–G). A – a naturally extended individual, noting rod-shaped extrusomes scattered in cell; B – anterior body end to show oral bulge and the extrusomes attached to it; C – ciliary pattern of anterior end marking circumoral kinety and dorsal brush rows 1–4; D – a contracted individual, noting oral bulge, food vacuole and contractile vacuole; E, F – ciliary pattern of ventral (E) and dorsal (F) side of holotype specimen, indicating the circumoral kinety, dorsal brush rows 1–4, and somatic kineties; G – distribution of macronuclei and extrusomes. B1–4 – dorsal brush rows 1–4, CK – circumoral kinety, CV – contractile vacuole, E – extrusomes, FV – food vacuole, Ma – macronuclei, OB – oral bulge, SK – somatic kinety. Scale bars: 50 µm.

Fig. 5 in Two new Myxobolus spp. (Myxozoa: Myxobolidae) from white bream, Blicca bjoerkna (Linnaeus, 1758) developing in basifilamental location of gills

Fig. 5. Phylogenetic tree generated by Bayesian inference (GTR + I + Γ model) based on a 1613 bp-long alignment of 18S rDNA sequences of 43 myxosporean taxa. New Myxobolus spp. sequences are in bold. Ceratomyxa shasta was chosen as outgroup. Posterior probabilities are shown at nodes. NCBI accession numbers are in brackets.

Figs 7A–I. Notohymena australis from life. A, G in Two Oxytrichids from the Ancient Lake Biwa, Japan, with Notes on Morphogenesis of Notohymena australis (Ciliophora, Sporadotrichida)

Figs 7A–I. Notohymena australis from life. A, G – ventral view of the same cell, showing flexible body, contractile vacuole, ingested algae (arrow) and macronuclear nodules; B, C, D – ventral view of individuals in different states, showing hooked anterior end of peristomial lip (arrow); E, I – view of portion of cell, showing the arrangement of yellow-greenish cortical granules, and dorsal cilia (arrows in E and arrowheads in I); F – macronuclear nodules, micronuclei (arrows) and cortical granules (arrowheads); H – dorsal view of a curved cell, showing cortical granules grouped in lines. CV – contractile vacuole, Ma – macronuclear nodule, TC – transverse cirri. Scale bars: 40 μm.