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4,585 results for “Scorpion”
Figures 18-28 in Saharo-Sindian buthid scorpions; description of two new genera and species from Occidental Sahara and Afghanistan
Figures 18-28. Pantobuthus complicatus sp. n., female holotype. 18. Chelicerae, dorsal aspect. 19. Sternum, genital operculum and pectines. 20. Cutting edge of movable finger with rows of granules. 21. Leg IV, showing tibial and pedal spurs. 22. Idem, detail of tarsi. 23-25. Chela, dorso-external and ventral aspects and fixed finger in detail. 26-27. Patella, dorsal and external aspects. 28. Femur, dorsal aspect (scales = 3 mm).
Figures 33-38. Metasomal segment V in Saharo-Sindian buthid scorpions; description of two new genera and species from Occidental Sahara and Afghanistan
Figures 33-38. Metasomal segment V and telson, lateral aspect. 33. Odontobuthus doriae, female. 34. Compsobuthus acutecarinatus, female holotype. 35. Leiurus quinquestriatus, male. 36. Mesobuthus eupeus persicus, female. 37. Buthus draa, female. 38. Hottentotta schach, male (scales = 5 mm).
Figures 29-32. 29 in Saharo-Sindian buthid scorpions; description of two new genera and species from Occidental Sahara and Afghanistan
Figures 29-32. 29. Pedipalp, dorsal aspect, Vachoniolus globimanus, male holotype (scale = 5 mm). 30- 32. Metasoma and telson, lateral aspect. 30. Saharobuthus elegans sp. n., male holotype. 31. Pantobuthus complicatus sp. n., female holotype. 32. Odontobuthus doriae, female (scales 30-32 = 10 mm).
Figures 9-17 in Saharo-Sindian buthid scorpions; description of two new genera and species from Occidental Sahara and Afghanistan
Figures 9-17. Saharobuthus elegans sp. n., male holotype. 9. Chelicerae, dorsal aspect. 10. Sternum, genital operculum and pectines. 11. Chela, dorso-external aspect. 12-13. Patella, dorsal and external aspects. 14. Femur, dorsal aspect. 15. Cutting edge of movable finger with rows of granules. 16-17. Idem for Compsobuthus acutecarinatus, female holotype (scales = 3 mm).
Figures 1-8. Carapace and tergites I-II. 1 in Saharo-Sindian buthid scorpions; description of two new genera and species from Occidental Sahara and Afghanistan
Figures 1-8. Carapace and tergites I-II. 1. Saharobuthus elegans sp. n., male holotype. 2. Compsobuthus acutecarinatus, female holotype. 3. Leiurus quinquestriatus, male. 4. Mesobuthus eupeus persicus, female. 5. Pantobuthus complicatus sp. n., female holotype. 6. Odontobuthus doriae, female. 7. Buthus draa, female. 8. Hottentotta schach, male (scales = 5 mm).
Figure 1 in Patterns of asymmetry in body traits and genitalia in two distant populations of a Neotropical scorpion
Figure 1. Geographic distribution of Bothriurus bonariensis. Black circles indicate the total distribution of the species known to date; grey grid squares show the populations used in this study.
Figure 5 in Patterns of asymmetry in body traits and genitalia in two distant populations of a Neotropical scorpion
Figure 5. Spatial separation of populations of Bothriurus bonariensis according somatic traits of males as Canonical Discriminant Analysis (Score 1: F = 4.7, p = 0.004, Wilk's lambda = 0.6228).
Figure 31 from: Di Z, Qiao S (2020) Euscorpiops lii sp. nov. and a key of the genus Euscorpiops Vachon, 1980 (Scorpiones, Scorpiopidae) from China. ZooKeys 968: 71-83. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.968.48723
Figure 31 Map of the known distribution of Euscorpiops species from China (Xizang and Yunnan): 1E. asthenurus2E. kamengensis3E. karschi4E. kubani5E. lii sp. nov. 6E. novaki7E. puerensis8E. shidian9E. vachoni10E. validus11E. xui12E. yangi13E. zhangshuyuani.
Figures 25-30 from: Di Z, Qiao S (2020) Euscorpiops lii sp. nov. and a key of the genus Euscorpiops Vachon, 1980 (Scorpiones, Scorpiopidae) from China. ZooKeys 968: 71-83. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.968.48723
Figures 25-30 E. lii sp. nov. 25–27 male holotype (Ar.-MHBU-XZLZ1901), chela dorsal, external, and ventral surfaces 28–30 female paratype (Ar.-MHBU-XZLZ1902), chela dorsal, internal and ventral surfaces. Scale bars: 1.0 mm.
Figures 17-24 from: Di Z, Qiao S (2020) Euscorpiops lii sp. nov. and a key of the genus Euscorpiops Vachon, 1980 (Scorpiones, Scorpiopidae) from China. ZooKeys 968: 71-83. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.968.48723
Figures 17-24 E. lii sp. nov. 17–20 male holotype (Ar.-MHBU-XZLZ1901) 21–24 female paratype (Ar.-MHBU-XZLZ1902) 17, 21 femur dorsal surface 18–20, 22–24 patella dorsal, external and ventral surfaces. Scale bars: 1.0 mm.
Figures 1-4 from: Di Z, Qiao S (2020) Euscorpiops lii sp. nov. and a key of the genus Euscorpiops Vachon, 1980 (Scorpiones, Scorpiopidae) from China. ZooKeys 968: 71-83. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.968.48723
Figures 1-4 Habitus of E. lii sp. nov. 1, 2 male holotype (Ar.-MHBU-XZLZ1901), dorsal and ventral views 3, 4 female paratype (Ar.-MHBU-XZLZ1902), dorsal and ventral views. Scale bars: 10.0 mm.
Figures 5-16 from: Di Z, Qiao S (2020) Euscorpiops lii sp. nov. and a key of the genus Euscorpiops Vachon, 1980 (Scorpiones, Scorpiopidae) from China. ZooKeys 968: 71-83. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.968.48723
Figures 5-16 E. lii sp. nov. 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15 male holotype (Ar.-MHBU-XZLZ1901) 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16 female paratype (Ar.-MHBU-XZLZ1902) 5, 6 carapace 7, 8 eyes and nearby area 9, 10 genital operculum and pectines 11, 12 metasomal segment V, ventral surface 13, 14 dentate margin of movable finger, showing rows of granules 15, 16 metasomal segments III–V and telson, ventral surface. Scale bars: 1.0 mm.
Figure 82 in Scorpions of the Horn of Africa (Arachnida: Scorpiones). Part XXV. Description of Pandinurus awalei sp. n. and the male of Pandiborellius somalilandus (Kovařík, 2012), with remarks on recent synonymies (Scorpionidae: Pandininae)
Figure 82. Map showing confirmed distribution of Pandiborelius spp..
Figures 1–2 in Scorpions of the Horn of Africa (Arachnida: Scorpiones). Part XXV. Description of Pandinurus awalei sp. n. and the male of Pandiborellius somalilandus (Kovařík, 2012), with remarks on recent synonymies (Scorpionidae: Pandininae)
Figures 1–2. Pandiborellius somalilandus, female (1) from locality No. 18SL (2) in vivo habitus.
FIG. 4. — Guyanochactas touroulti n in The scorpions from the Mitaraka Massif in French Guiana (Scorpiones: Buthidae, Chactidae)
FIG. 4. — Guyanochactas touroulti n. sp., ♀ holotype: A, chelicera, dorsal view; B, sternites IV-V showing spiracles; C, tarsi of leg IV showing the series of spines; D, metasomal segment V and telson, lateral view. Scale bars: 1 mm.
Data from: Changes in predator exposure, but not diet induce phenotypic plasticity in scorpion venom
Animals embedded between trophic levels must simultaneously balance pressures to deter predators and acquire resources. Venomous animals may use venom toxins to mediate both pressures, and thus changes in this balance may alter the composition of venoms. Basic theory suggests that greater exposure to a predator should induce a larger proportion of defensive venom components relative to offensive venom components, while increases in arms races with prey will elicit the reverse. Alternatively, reducing the need for venom expenditure for food acquisition, for example because of an increase in scavenging, may reduce the production of offensive venom components. Here, we investigated changes in scorpion venom composition using a mesocosm experiment where we manipulated scorpions' exposure to a surrogate vertebrate predator and live and dead prey. After six weeks, scorpions exposed to surrogate predators exhibited significantly different venom chemistry compared with naive scorpions. This change included a relative increase in some compounds toxic to vertebrate cells and a relative decrease in some compounds effective against their invertebrate prey. Our findings provide, to our knowledge, the first evidence for adaptive plasticity in venom composition. These changes in venom composition may increase the stability of food webs involving venomous animals.
Data from: Choose your weapon: defensive behavior is associated with morphology and performance in scorpions
Morphology can be adaptive through its effect on performance of an organism. The effect of performance may, however, be modulated by behavior; an organism may choose a behavioral option that does not fully utilize its maximum performance. Behavior may therefore be decoupled from morphology and performance. To gain insight into the relationships between these levels of organization, we combined morphological data on defensive structures with measures of defensive performance, and their utilization in defensive behavior. Scorpion species show significant variation in the morphology and performance of their main defensive structures; their chelae (pincers) and the metasoma ("tail") carrying the stinger. Our data show that size-corrected pinch force varies to almost two orders of magnitude among species, and is correlated with chela morphology. Chela and metasoma morphology are also correlated to the LD50 of the venom, corroborating the anecdotal rule that dangerously venomous scorpions can be recognized by their chelae and metasoma. Analyses of phylogenetic independent contrasts show that correlations between several aspects of chela and metasoma morphology, performance and behavior are present. These correlations suggest co-evolution of behavior with morphology and performance. Path analysis found a performance variable (pinch force) to partially mediate the relationship between morphology (chela aspect ratio) and behavior (defensive stinger usage). We also found a correlation between two aspects of morphology: pincer finger length correlates with the relative "thickness" (aspect ratio) of the metasoma. This suggests scorpions show a trade-off between their two main weapon complexes: the metasoma carrying the stinger, and the pedipalps carrying the chelae.
Data from: Considerations used by desert isopods to assess scorpion predation risk
Animals adjust behaviors to balance changes in predation risk against other vital needs. Animals must therefore collect sensory information and use complex risk assessment process that estimates risks and weigh costs and benefits entailed in different reactions. Studying this cognitive process is challenging, especially in nature because it requires inferring sensory abilities and conscious decisions from behavioral reactions. Our goal was to address this empirical challenge by implementing psychophysical principles to field research that explores considerations used by desert isopods (Hemilepistus reaumuri) to assess the risk of scorpions that hunt exclusively from within their burrows. We introduced various combinations of chemical and physical cues to the vicinity of the isopods' burrows and recorded their detailed reactions upon first encountering the cues. The isopods reacted defensively to scorpion odor but only when accompanied with excavated-soil or other odors typically found near scorpion burrows. Isopods also reacted defensively to piles of excavated soil without scorpion olfactory cues, suggesting that isopods take precautions even against physical disturbances that do not necessarily reflect predator activity. Simultaneous presence of different cues provoked graded responses, possibly reflecting an additive increase in risk estimation. We conclude that wild isopods use defensive reactions toward environmental signals only when the integrated perceptual information implies an active scorpion burrow, or when they lack data to refute this possibility.
FIGURE 1 in A new troglobitic Pseudouroctonus Stahnke (Scorpiones: Vaejovidae) from northern México
FIGURE 1. Dorsal view of holotype male of Pseudouroctonus sprousei, sp. nov.
FIGURE 5. T in Description of the male of Tityus martinpaechi Lourenço, 2001 (Scorpiones, Buthidae)
FIGURE 5. T. martinpaechi. Right pedipalp, dorsal view, male (A) and female (B).
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