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1,723 results for “Alpine”
Data supplementing the article "Benthic diatom communities in an Alpine river impacted by waste water treatment effluents as revealed using DNA metabarcoding" , submitted to Frontiers in Microbiology
<p>These data supplement the article"Benthic diatom communities in an Alpine river impacted by waste water treatment effluents as revealed using DNA metabarcoding" submitted to Frontiers in Microbiology: </p> <p>The directory contains the following files:</p> <p><strong>64 PGM sequencing files (raw data, fastq files) </strong>- one file is provided for each sample by the sequencing platform with demultiplexed DNA reads (raw data prior any bioinformatics treatments).</p> <p><strong>Sample_Names.xlsx</strong> - contains the information relative to the 64 samples including: the ID used in Mothur analyses (corresponding to the name of the fastq files), the sample name and the raw reads number for each sample.</p>
Data for journal article: "Improving medium-range forecasts of rain-on-snow events in pre-alpine areas"
<p>This dataset contains scripts and data in R software environment format used for the journal article "Improving medium-range forecasts of rain-on-snow events in pre-alpine areas" submitted to Water Resources Research.</p>
Figure 3 in The first record of alpine long-eared bat Plecotus macrobullaris in Serbia
Figure 3. Photographs of skull in dorsal (A), ventral (B), and lateral (C) view.
Fig. 6. Female P in Protostrongylus caprae Zdzitowiecki et Boev, 1971 (Nematoda: Protostrongylidae) - First record in Alpine ibex (Capra ibex Linnaeus, 1758) from Europe
Fig. 6. Female P. caprae from an Alpine ibex from Austria: 1 — anus, 2 —provagina, 3 — vulva.
Impact of climate change on alpine mass movement - animated drawing
<p>Observed and expected changes of climate-change driven alpine mass movements in the European Alps between colder and warmer conditions. Rising temperatures primary cause for the observed increase of rockfall in alpine regions. Above treeline, increased sediment availability and increased intense precipitation lead to increased debris-flow activity, potentially in locations without historical precedence. Warmer winters are leading scarcer snow conditions at low elevations and a transient state of increased snowfall at high elevations. This shift is leading to more wet snow avalanches, fewer and smaller avalanches at low and mid elevations, and increased avalanche activity at high elevations. No trends have been detected for rockfall below treeline, and findings for debris flows are highly variable. Expected, but not yet visible in observations, are more rock avalanches (despite a measurable increase of rock temperatures), changing ice avalanche activity (despite higher ice temperatures), deteriorating protection forests. Elements not related to mass movements (e.g., human infrastructure, ecosystems) are shown to remain constant, though in reality they may evolve faster than the discussed mass movements.</p>
Active fault surface traces of the southern Alpine Fault Zone, New Zealand
<p>This repository contains detailed, lidar-enabled geomorphic mapping of active fault surface traces assoicated with the southern Alpine Fault Zone in New Zealand.</p> <p> </p> <p> </p>
Source data of Waning snowfields have transformed into hotspots of greening within the alpine zone
<p>Source data of the figures and extended data figures of the paper entitled </p> <p><strong><span>Waning snowfields have transformed into hotspots of greening within the alpine zone</span></strong></p>
Comparison of Species Composition and Climate Drivers in High-Latitude Alpine Ecosystems and High-Altitude Alpine Ecosystems
<p>Plot-wise data of two distinct alpine ecosystems: the High-Latitude Alpine Ecosystems (HLAE) of Hardangervidda National Park.</p>
Contrasting patterns of phylogenetic diversity and alpine specialization across the alpine flora of the American mountain range system
<p>Although mountainous habitats contribute substantially to global biodiversity, comparatively little is known about biogeographic patterns of distributions of alpine species across multiple mountain ranges. Here, we present a detailed analysis of the distributions and phylogenetic affinities of alpine seed plant lineages across North, Central, and South American mountain systems. Using a comprehensive dataset that characterized the elevational niches of American seed plants in a continuously valued way, we were able to quantitatively investigate how the proportion of alpine habitat occupied by plants related to their biogeographic distributions at a regional scale and place these results in a phylogenetic context. We found alpine species diversity to be greatest in the central Andes and western North America, and that sites with lower phylogenetic diversity contained species with a greater degree of alpine specialization. In particular, near Arctic/ boreal alpine communities were characterized by low phylogenetic diversity and higher degrees of alpine specialization, whereas the opposite was observed for southern Patagonian communities. These results suggest that abiotic filtering alone in these climatically similar regions is unlikely to explain alpine community assembly. Nevertheless, the overall relative rarity of alpine specialists, and the tendency for such specialists to be most closely related to montane lineages, suggested that filtering was still an important factor in shaping alpine community structure. This work corroborates the importance of a nuanced and scale-dependent perspective on the 'history-filtering' debate axis, as both factors have likely contributed to modern biodiversity patterns observed in alpine plant communities across the Americas.</p>
Data from: Plant diversity and density predict belowground diversity and function in an early successional alpine ecosystem
Despite decades of interest, few studies have provided evidence supporting theoretical expectations for coupled relationships between aboveground and belowground diversity and ecosystem functioning in non-manipulated naturalecosystems. We characterized plant species richness and density, soil bacterial, fungal and eukaryotic species richness and phylogenetic diversity (using 16S, ITS, and 18S gene sequencing), and ecosystem function (levels of soil C and N, and rates of microbial enzyme activities) along a natural gradient in plant richness and density in high-elevation, C-deficient soils to examine the coupling between above- and belowground systems. Overall, we observed a strong positive relationship between aboveground (plant richness and density) and belowground (bacteria, fungi, and non-fungal eukaryotes) richness. In addition to the correlations between plants and soil communities, C and N pools, and rates of enzyme activities increased as plant and soil communities became richer and more diverse. Our results suggest that the theoretically expected positive correlation between above- and belowground communities does exist in natural systems, but may be undetectable in late successional ecosystems due to the buildup of legacy organic matter that results in extremely complex belowground communities. In contrast, microbial communities in early successional systems, such as the system described here, are more directly dependent on contemporary inputs from plants and therefore are strongly correlated with plant diversity and density.
FIG. 4 in Rodents in grassland habitats: does livestock grazing matter? A comparison of two Alpine sites with different grazing histories
FIG. 4. — Apodemus Spp. caught during the study.
Model output data for compressible EULAG dynamical core in COSMO: convective-scale Alpine weather forecasts
<p>The archive contains model output data for article "Compressible EULAG dynamical core in COSMO: convective-scale Alpine weather forecasts" to be published in Monthly Weather Review.</p> <p>The article presents the semi-implicit compressible EULAGas a newdynamical core for convective-scale<br> numerical weather prediction. The core is implemented within the infrastructure of the<br> operational model of the Consortium for Small Scale Modeling (COSMO), forming the NWP<br> COSMO-EULAG model (CE). This regional high-resolution implementation of the dynamical<br> core complements its global implementation in the Finite-Volume Module of ECMWF’s Integrated<br> Forecasting System. The paper documents the first operational-like application of the dynamical<br> core for realistic weather forecasts. After discussing the formulation of the core and its coupling<br> with the host model, the paper considers several high-resolution prognostic experiments over<br> complex Alpine orography. Standard verification experiments examine the sensitivity of the CE<br> forecast to the choice of the advection routine and assess the forecast skills against those of the<br> default COSMO Runge-Kutta dynamical core at the 2.2 km grid showing a general improvement.<br> The skills are also compared using satellite observations for a weak-flow convective Alpine weather<br> case-study, showing favorable results. Additional validation of the new CE framework for partly<br> convection-resolving forecasts using 1.1 km, 0.55 km, 0.22 km, and 0.1 km grids, designed to<br> challenge its numerics and test the dynamics-physics coupling, demonstrates its high robustness in<br> simulating multi-phase flows over complex mountain terrain, with slopes reaching 85 degrees, and<br> the flow’s realistic representation.</p>
Chemical effects of snowmelt on an alpine lake in the Wind River Range, WY
<p><span>Nitrogen deposition from air pollution is increasingly reaching alpine lakes where the addition of nitrate and ammonium to sensitive surface waters can cause acidification and or eutrophication. Thirty years of sampling in the Wind River Range, WY have shown some lakes increasing in nitrogen. We sought to determine (1) if nutrient concentrations in Deep Lake increase during snowmelt when atmospheric deposition is released from the snowpack and (2) assess if the sampling season, location, meteorological factors, and time of day samples are collected influence lake chemistry metrics, to inform monitoring. We analyzed water samples from the outlet of Deep Lake in peak snowmelt (June) and from the inlet, outlet, and middle of Deep Lake when the basin was snow free (August). In June, outlet samples were more acidic, and nitrogen content was three times August levels. Acid neutralizing capacity (ANC) declined with snowmelt. August inlet samples were higher in nutrients than outlet and mid-lake samples. Our results indicate that atmospheric pollution in the snowpack enters the lake with snowmelt. Although Deep Lake has not acidified, ANC levels indicate a risk of episodic acidification if nitrogen deposition continues to increase. When monitoring lakes at risk for episodic acidification, sampling during the late snowmelt pulse should be prioritized. Simplified sampling protocols may be used in some lakes, as epilimnion and outlet samples were nearly identical. The time of day and cloud cover did not affect lake chemistry, while wind speed and precipitation weakly increased August ANC and June pH, respectively.</span></p>
Data from: The importance of biotic filtering on boreal conifer recruitment at alpine treeline
<p>Treeline, the ecotone where forest transitions to alpine or tundra ecosystems, is considered the thermal limit to tree growth and survival. Despite temperature increases across mountainous areas and high latitudes globally, there has been no ubiquitous change in treeline position. The process of range expansion must initially depend on increased recruitment at, or beyond current range limits and recruitment limitations have been hypothesized as a mechanism for the variable response of treeline position to climate warming.<b> </b>We conducted a unique series of observational and experimental studies to quantify early-life stage constraints, from seed production to seedling establishment, on black spruce (<i>Picea mariana</i>) and tamarack (<i>Larix laricina</i>) recruitment at a model alpine treeline in Newfoundland, Canada.<b> </b>We found recruitment at treeline to be simultaneously seed and establishment limited. The treeline population produced fewer seeds than the forest population and black spruce seeds produced at treeline were less viable. Tamarack was more seed limited than black spruce where seed viability was low regardless of altitudinal position.<b> </b>Post-dispersal seed predation greatly constrained recruitment across the altitudinal gradient; however, black spruce seeds experienced the lowest levels of invertebrate seed predation on the lichen mat at treeline. If seeds were not consumed, individuals at treeline were establishment limited where germination and seedling establishment was both less abundant and delayed on lichen substrate. Our study highlights the need for multiple factors to align temporally for significant recruitment at treeline to occur.</p>
Dataset 2 for Large‐ and small‐scale geographic structures affecting genetic patterns across populations of an Alpine butterfly
<p>Understanding factors influencing patterns of genetic diversity and the population genetic structure of species is of particular importance in the current era of global climate change and habitat loss. These factors include the evolutionary history of a species as well as heterogeneity in the environment it occupies, which in turn can change across time. Most studies investigating spatio-temporal genetic patterns have focused on patterns across wide geographical areas rather than local variation, but the latter can nevertheless be important particularly in topographically complex areas. Here we consider these issues in the Sooty Copper butterfly (<i>Lycaena tityrus</i>) from the European Alps, using genome-wide SNPs identified through RADseq. We found strong genetic differentiation within the Alps with four genetic clusters, indicating western, central, and eastern refuges, and a strong reduction of genetic diversity from west to east. This reduction in diversity may suggest that the southwestern refuge was the largest one in comparison to other refuges. Also, the high genetic diversity in the West may result from (1) admixture of different western refuges, (2) more recent demographic changes, or (3) introgression of lowland <i>L. tityrus</i> populations. At small spatial scales, populations were structured by several landscape features and especially by high mountain ridges and large river valleys. We detected 36 outlier loci likely under altitudinal selection, including several loci related to membranes and cellular processes. We suggest that efforts to preserve alpine <i>L. tityrus </i>should focus on the genetically diverse populations in the western Alps, and that the dolomite populations should be treated as genetically distinct management units, since they appear to be currently more threatened than others. This study demonstrates the usefulness of SNP-based approaches for understanding patterns of genetic diversity, gene flow and selection in a region that is expected to be particularly vulnerable to climate change.</p>
Insect herbivory increases from forest to alpine tundra in Arctic mountains
<p>Current theory holds that the intensity of biotic interactions decreases with increases in latitude and elevation; however, empirical data demonstrate great variation in the direction, strength and shape of elevational changes in herbivory. The latitudinal position of mountains may be one important source of this variation, but the acute shortage of data from polar mountains hampers exploration of latitude effects on elevational changes in herbivory. Here, we reduce this knowledge gap by testing the prediction that a decrease in herbivory occurs with increasing elevation from forest to alpine tundra. We examined six elevation gradients located in three Arctic mountain ranges. Across the ten most abundant evergreen and deciduous woody plant species, relative losses of foliage to insect herbivores were 2.2-fold greater at the highest elevations (alpine tundra) than in mid-elevation birch woodlands or low elevation coniferous forests. Plant quality for herbivores (quantified by specific leaf area) significantly decreased with elevation across all studied species, indicating that bottom-up factors were unlikely to shape the observed pattern in herbivory. An experiment with open-top chambers established at different elevations showed that even a slight increase in ambient temperature enhances herbivory in Arctic mountains. Therefore, we suggest that the discovered increase in herbivory with elevation is explained by higher temperatures at the soil surface in open habitats above the treeline compared with forests at lower elevations. This explanation is supported by the significant difference in elevational changes in herbivory between low and tall plants: herbivory on low shrubs increased 4-fold from forest to alpine sites, while herbivory on trees and tall shrubs did not change with elevation. We suggest that an increase in herbivory with an increase in elevation is typical for high-latitude mountains, where inverse temperature gradients, especially at the soil surface, are common. Verification of this hypothesis requires further studies of elevational patterns in herbivory at high latitudes.</p>
Hotspots of (sub)alpine plants in the Irano-Anatolian Global Biodiversity Hotspot are insufficiently protected
<p><strong>Aim</strong>: The mountainous regions in SW Asia harbours a high number of endemic species, many of which are restricted to the high-elevation zone. The (sub)alpine habitats of the region are under particular threat due to global change, but their biodiversity hotspots and conservation status have not been investigated so far.</p> <p><strong>Location</strong>: Subalpine-alpine habitats of SW Asia</p> <p><strong>Methods</strong>: Distribution data of all (sub)alpine vascular plant species of the region was compiled, resulting in 19,680 localities from 1672 (sub)alpine species, the majority of them being restricted to the region (76%). Six quantitative indices of species diversity were used on the basis of 0.5°×0.5° grid cells to identify (sub)alpine hotspots. Hotspots whose surface area in the (sub)alpine zone was covered by nature reserves maximally by 10% were defined as conservation gaps.</p> <p><strong>Results</strong>: A high proportion (80%) of the endemic species of the study area is range-restricted and narrowly distributed. The results of all six indices were highly correlated. Using the top 5%, 10% and 20% richest cells supported by any index, 32, 53 and 98 cells, respectively, were identified as Hotspots. Almost 60% of these Hotspots at all three levels were identified as unprotected (i.e., constituted Conservation Gaps). Generally, only 22%, 18% and 16%, respectively, of the alpine surface area of the identified Hotspots were covered by nature reserves for the top 5%, 10% and 20% richest cells, respectively. </p> <p><strong>Main conclusions</strong>: Although the rate of protection in (sub)alpine Hotspots exceeds that of the entire region it is still insufficient, because these Hotspots are much richer in endemic and in range-restricted species, but at the same time are under high pressure of global change. Therefore, the establishment of new nature reserves with high conservation efficiency in (sub)alpine habitats with a particular focus on the identified Hotspots is strongly recommended.</p>
Belowground net primary productivity stability in response to a nitrogen addition gradient in an alpine meadow
<p>1.Temporal stability of ecosystem productivity is important for providing reliable ecosystem services under global changes. Great efforts have been made to explore the response of aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP) stability to nitrogen (N) enrichment, yet how it affects belowground net primary productivity (BNPP) stability remains elusive, which hinders a comprehensive understanding of ecosystem stability from the view of a whole system.</p> <p>2. Here, using a field manipulative experiment with six N addition rates (0, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32 g N m-2 year-1), we explored the response patterns and drivers of BNPP stability in the topsoil (0-20 cm) and subsoil (20-40 cm) in the alpine meadow.</p> <p>3. The results showed that BNPP stability at both soil depths showed a unimodal response to increasing N addition rates. Specifically, for both the topsoil and subsoil, low-level N addition significantly promoted BNPP stability, while high doses of N addition had no significant impact on BNPP stability, suggesting that current low level of N deposition likely benefits the stable provision of belowground functioning. Furthermore, dominant species stability and species richness contributed most to the changes in BNPP stability in the topsoil, whereas only dominant species stability was the dominant driver of BNPP stability in the subsoil.</p> <p>4. This study is among the first to illuminate the main mechanisms underlying the responses of BNPP stability to N enrichment at various soil depths, which will advance our current understanding of N addition effects on belowground processes and benefit the sustainable provision of ecosystem functioning in the context of atmospheric N deposition.</p>
Data for: Predator co-occurrence in alpine and Arctic tundra in relation to fluctuating prey
<p>Large carnivores influence ecosystem dynamics in multiple ways, e.g. by suppressing meso-carnivores and providing carrions for smaller scavengers. Loss of large carnivores is suggested to cause meso-carnivore increase and expansion. Moreover, competition between meso-carnivores may be modified by the presence of larger carnivores. In tundra ecosystems, the smallest meso-carnivore, the Arctic fox, has experienced regional declines, whereas its larger and competitively superior congener, the red fox, has increased, potentially due to changes in the abundance of apex predators. We explored if variation in occurrence of wolverine and golden eagle impacted the occurrence and co-occurrence of Arctic fox and red fox in relation to varying abundances of small rodents within the Scandinavian tundra. We applied multi-species occupancy models to an extensive wildlife camera dataset from 2011-2020 covering 98 sites. Daily detection/non-detection of each species per camera trap site and study period (late winter; March-May) was stacked across years and species occupancy was related to small rodent abundance while accounting for time of year and status of simulated carcass. Arctic fox was more likely to co-occur with red fox when wolverine was present, and less likely to co-occur with red fox when golden eagles were present and wolverine absent. Red foxes increased in occupancy when co-occurring with the larger predators. Arctic fox responded more strongly to small rodent abundance than red fox and co-occurred more often with the other species at carcasses when rodent abundance was low. Our findings suggest that the interspecific interactions within this tundra predator guild appear to be surprisingly intricate, driven by facets of fear of predation, interspecific mediation and facilitation, and food resource dynamics. These dynamics of intraguild interactions may dictate where and when conservation actions targeted towards the Arctic fox should be implemented.</p>
The genetic basis of plumage coloration and elevation adaptation in a clade of recently diverged alpine and arctic songbirds
<p>Trait genetic architecture plays an important role in the probability that variation in that trait leads to divergence and speciation. In some cases, speciation may be driven by the generation of novel phenotypes through the recombination of genes associated with traits that are important for local adaptation or sexual selection. Here, we investigate the genetic basis of three plumage color traits, and one ecological trait, breeding elevation, in a recent avian radiation, the North American rosy-finches (<em>Leucosticte</em> spp.). We identify unique genomic regions associated with each trait and highlight 11 candidate genes. Among these are well-characterized melanogenesis genes, including Mitf and Tyrp1, and previously reported hypoxia-related genes including Egln1. Additionally, we use mitochondrial data to date the divergence of rosy-finch clades which appear to have diverged within the past 250 ky. Given the low levels of genome-wide differentiation among rosy-finch taxa, and evidence for extensive introgression in North America, plumage coloration and adaptation to high elevations have likely played large roles in generating the observed patterns of lineage divergence. The relative independence of these candidate regions across the genome suggests that recombination might have led to multiple phenotypes, and subsequent rosy-finch speciation, over short periods of time.</p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.