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FIGURE 3 in Shell morphometrics of three species of gadilid Scaphopoda (Mollusca) from the Southwestern Atlantic Ocean: comparing the discriminating power of primary and secondary descriptors
FIGURE 3. Bidimensional scatterplot defined by Discriminant Functions (DF) 1 and 2 based on Shimek´s morphometric indices. Gray circles = Cadulus braziliensis, Black squares = Gadila acus, and Open diamonds = Polyschides tetraschistus.
FIGURE 1 in Shell morphometrics of three species of gadilid Scaphopoda (Mollusca) from the Southwestern Atlantic Ocean: comparing the discriminating power of primary and secondary descriptors
FIGURE 1. Scaphopoda used in the analysis: A = Gadila acus, length 9.0 mm, IBUFRJ 12854; B = Cadulus braziliensis, length 7.5 mm, IBUFRJ 6477; C = Polyschides tetraschistus, length 5.6 mm, IBUFRJ 7066.
FIGURE 2 in Shell morphometrics of three species of gadilid Scaphopoda (Mollusca) from the Southwestern Atlantic Ocean: comparing the discriminating power of primary and secondary descriptors
FIGURE 2. Schematic gadilid scaphopod with morphometric measurements taken. Ltot (total length), Wm (the maximum width), LWm (length from the anteriormost position of the ventral aperture of the shell to the widest portion of the shell), Arc (the maximum arc), Larc (length from the ventral aperture to the point of maximum arc), Haa (height of anterior aperture), Waa (width of anterior aperture), Hpa (height of posterior aperture), and Wpa (width of posterior aperture).
FIGURE 1 in Using the size independent discriminant analysis to distinguish the species of Myliobatis Cuvier (Batoidea: Myliobatidae) from Brazil
FIGURE 1: Morphometric characters used in Size Independent Discriminant Analysis: 1GOL First gill opening length; 5GOL Fifth gill opening length; 1ID First interbranchial distance; 5ID Fifth interbranchial distance; DBL Dorsal fin base length; DH Dorsal fin height; DL Disc length; DW Disc width; HDE Horizontal diameter of eye ball; HW Head width; IED Interespiracular distance; IND Internarial distance; IOD Interorbital distance; MW mouth width; PCD Precloacal distance; PD Predorsal distance; PL Pelvic fin length; POBL preorbital length; PORL preoral length; PW Pelvic fin width; SL Spiracle length
FIGURE 3. Discriminant analysis. Data set included 140 in Morphometric analysis to differentiate taxonomically seven species of Eleutherodactylus (Amphibia: Anura: Leptodactylidae) from an Andean cloud forest of Colombia
FIGURE 3. Discriminant analysis. Data set included 140 of four species (Eleutherodactylus douglasi, E. merostictus, E. miyatai and E. prolixodiscus) and 11 quantitative variables. The model utilized stepwise discrimination in which all variables were included in the model and then, at each step, the variable that contributed least to the prediction of group memberships was eliminated.
Data from: Testing genome skimming for species discrimination in the large and taxonomically difficult genus Rhododendron
<p>Standard plant DNA barcodes based on 2-3 plastid regions, and nrDNA ITS show variable levels of resolution, and fail to discriminate among species in many plant groups. Genome skimming to recover complete plastid genome sequences and nrDNA arrays has been proposed as a solution to address these resolution limitations. However, few studies have empirically tested what gains are achieved in practice. Of particular interest is whether adding substantially more plastid and nrDNA characters will lead to an increase in discriminatory power, or whether the resolution limitations of standard plants barcodes are fundamentally due to plastid genomes and nrDNA not tracking species boundaries. To address this, we used genome skimming to recover near-complete plastid genomes and nuclear ribosomal DNA from <i>Rhododendron </i>species and compared discrimination success with standard plant barcodes<i>. </i>We sampled 218 individuals representing 145 species of this species-rich and taxonomically difficult genus, focusing on the global biodiversity hotspots of the Himalaya-Hengduan Mountains. Only 33% of species were distinguished using ITS+<i>matK</i>+<i>rbcL</i>+<i>trnH-psbA. </i>In contrast, 55% of species were distinguished using plastid genome and nrDNA sequences. The vast majority of this increase is due to the additional plastid characters. Thus, despite previous studies showing an asymptote in discrimination success beyond 3-4 plastid regions, these results show that a demonstrable increase in discriminatory power is possible with extensive plastid genome data. However, despite these gains, many species remain unresolved, and these results also reinforce the need to access multiple unlinked nuclear loci to obtain transformative gains in species discrimination in plants.</p>
FIGURE 8 in How features of the hinge plate aid in discriminating among three Yoldiella (Pelecypoda, Protobranchia) species from the Campos Basin, Brazil
FIGURE 8. Discriminant analysis of three taxa using combined shell shape and hinge plate morphometric data. Df, discriminant function.
FIGURE 7 in How features of the hinge plate aid in discriminating among three Yoldiella (Pelecypoda, Protobranchia) species from the Campos Basin, Brazil
FIGURE 7. Discriminant analysis of three taxa using overall shell shape morphometric data. Df, discriminant function.
FIGURE 2 in How features of the hinge plate aid in discriminating among three Yoldiella (Pelecypoda, Protobranchia) species from the Campos Basin, Brazil
FIGURE 2. Shell shape measurements used: total length (L); height (H); dorsal height (DH); ventral height (VH); antero-dorsal margin length (lam); postero-dorsal margin length (lpm); center to margin lengths (R1, R2, R3, and R4).
FIGURE 6 in How features of the hinge plate aid in discriminating among three Yoldiella (Pelecypoda, Protobranchia) species from the Campos Basin, Brazil
FIGURE 6. Schematic position of teeth in the hinge plate. Teeth anterior and posterior to the umbo are considered as separate series, with tooth 1 in each series positioned closest to the margin1.
FIGURE 1 in How features of the hinge plate aid in discriminating among three Yoldiella (Pelecypoda, Protobranchia) species from the Campos Basin, Brazil
FIGURE 1. Yoldiella species used for morphometric analyses. Yoldiella sp.1: a—external and internal views (MNRJ 15200), b—dorsal view (IBUFRJ18756). Yoldiella sp.2: c—external view (MOFURG 50903) and internal view (MNRJ 15201), d— dorsal view (IBUFRJ 18748). Yoldiella aff. jeffreysi (Hidalgo, 1877): e—external view (IBUFRJ 18646) and internal view (IBUFRJ 18623), f—dorsal view (IBUFRJ 18646). Scale bars = 1mm (Fig 1), 400 µm (Figs 3,5 and 6), 300 µm (Fig 4), 200 µm (Fig 2).
FIGURES 4–5. Dorsal view hinge plate measurements. 4 in How features of the hinge plate aid in discriminating among three Yoldiella (Pelecypoda, Protobranchia) species from the Campos Basin, Brazil
FIGURES 4–5. Dorsal view hinge plate measurements. 4—total length of the hinge plate (lhp); length between the center of the higher teeth of the anterior and posterior hinge plates to the umbo (alu and plu) and to the respective margins (alm and plm). 5—dorsal length of the anterior and posterior hinge plates (dahp and dphp); height of the higher teeth of the anterior and posterior hinge plates (hat and hpt) and width of a valve W.
FIGURE 3 in How features of the hinge plate aid in discriminating among three Yoldiella (Pelecypoda, Protobranchia) species from the Campos Basin, Brazil
FIGURE 3. Hinge measurements used—internal view of the hinge plate: length of the anterior and posterior hinge plates (ahp and php); width of the anterior hinge plate and teeth (wap and wat); width of the posterior hinge plate and teeth (wpp and wpt).
FIGURE 4. Discriminant analysis between H. alleni, H. walterverheyeni, H in First record of Hylomyscus walterverheyeni (Rodentia: Muridae) on the north-western side of the Sanaga River (western Cameroon)
FIGURE 4. Discriminant analysis between H. alleni, H. walterverheyeni, H. stella, and specimens from the CVL.
Figure 4. Discriminant analyses for males and females previously called T in An integrative taxonomic revision of the Tarentola geckos (Squamata, Phyllodactylidae) of the Cape Verde Islands
Figure 4. Discriminant analyses for males and females previously called T. darwini. The total contribution of each of the two Canonical Discriminant Functions (CDF1 and CDF2) to explain the total morphological variation is also given. See Material and methods for details.
Blood oxygenation level dependent magnetic resonance imaging and diffusion weighted MRI imaging for benign and malignant breast cancer discrimination
<p>We uploaded the daset releatet t the manuscript: Fusco R, Granata V, Pariante P, Cerciello V, Siani C, Di Bonito M, Valentino M, Sansone M, Botti G, Petrillo A. Blood oxygenation level dependent magnetic resonance imaging and diffusion weighted MRI imaging for benign and malignant breast cancer discrimination. Magn Reson Imaging. 2021 Jan;75:51-59. doi: 10.1016/j.mri.2020.10.008. Epub 2020 Oct 17. PMID: 33080334.</p>
From Sintering to Particle Discrimination: New Opportunities in Metal–Organic Frameworks Scintillators
<p>Dataset from publication</p>
Primitive quartic number fields of absolute discriminant at most 10^9
<p>Complete list of all primitive number fields of degree 4 and absolute discriminant at most 10<sup>9</sup>. Computed through a method similar to that of Belabas [1], but starting from Bhargava's bijection [2] instead of Davenport-Heilbronn's.</p> <p>File "raw": the following data are given for each field:</p> <ul> <li>Coefficients of a pair (F<sub>1</sub>, F<sub>2</sub>) of ternary quadratic forms corresponding to the field under Bhargava's bijection: F<sub>1</sub> = v<sub>0</sub> x<sup>2</sup> + v<sub>1</sub> x y + v<sub>2</sub> x z + v<sub>3</sub> y<sup>2</sup> + v<sub>4</sub> y z + v<sub>5</sub> z<sup>2</sup> and F<sub>2</sub> = v<sub>6</sub> x<sup>2</sup> + v<sub>7</sub> x y + v<sub>8</sub> x z + v<sub>9</sub> y<sup>2</sup> + v<sub>10</sub> y z + v<sub>11</sub> z<sup>2</sup>.</li> <li>Cubic covariant of (F<sub>1</sub>, F<sub>2</sub>): if M<sub>1</sub>, M<sub>2</sub> are the matrices representing F<sub>1</sub>, F<sub>2</sub>, then 4 det(x M<sub>1</sub> + y M<sub>2</sub>) = p<sub>0</sub> x<sup>3</sup> + p<sub>1</sub> x<sup>2</sup> y + p<sub>2</sub> x y<sup>2</sup> + p<sub>3</sub> y<sup>3</sup>.</li> <li>Resultant of F<sub>1</sub>(x, y, 1) and F<sub>2</sub>(x, y, 1) with respect to y: r<sub>0</sub> x<sup>4</sup> + r<sub>1</sub> x<sup>3</sup> + r<sub>2</sub> x<sup>2</sup> + r<sub>3</sub> x + r<sub>4</sub>. This is a defining polynomial for the field.</li> </ul> <p>Files "Ti.gp": the index i is the number of pairs of complex embeddings. The following data are given for each field:</p> <ul> <li>Discriminant.</li> <li>Coefficients of the canonical defining polynomial for the field, as given by PARI's function polredabs.</li> <li>Number of elements and cyclic decomposition of the class group, as given by PARI's function bnfinit.</li> </ul> <p>The following sanity checks have been performed:</p> <ul> <li>The number of totally real fields agrees with that computed by Malle [3] using Hunter's method.</li> <li>The list of discriminants (with multiplicities) agrees with that computed by PARI's function nflist using class field theory (conditionally on the generalised Riemann hypothesis).</li> </ul> <p>References:</p> <ol> <li>Karim Belabas. A fast algorithm to compute cubic fields. <em>Math. Comp.</em>, 66(219):1213–1237, 1997.</li> <li>Manjul Bhargava. Higher composition laws. III. The parametrization of quartic rings. <em>Ann. of Math. (2)</em>, 159(3):1329–1360, 2004.</li> <li>Gunter Malle. The totally real primitive number fields of discriminant at most 10<sup>9</sup>. In <em>Algorithmic number theory</em>, volume 4076 of <em>Lecture Notes in Comput. Sci.</em>, pages 114–123. Springer, Berlin, 2006.</li> </ol>
FIGURE. Results of discriminant function analysis (DFA) for C. repens and their putative parental species. Characters abbreviated as in Table 2. A. Carex brizoides (br), C. repens (re) and C. disticha (di). Loadings for the first axis (only absolute values>0.50 are given): IL = -0.50. Loadings for the second axis (only absolute values>0.50 are given): CLW = 0.61, IL = -0.71, SN = 0.74. B. Carex arenaria (ar), C. repens (re) and C. disticha (di). Loadings for the first axis (only absolute values>0.50 are given): CL = 0.89, IL = -0.63, SN = 0.51. Loadings for the second axis: CLW = 0.83, IL = -0.70, SN = 0.59. C. Carex arenaria (ar), C. repens (re) and C. brizoides (br). Loadings for the first axis (only absolute values> 0.50 are given): CL = -0.83. Loadings for the second axis: CL = -0.61. in Carex section Ammoglochin (Cyperaceae) in Poland
FIGURE. Results of discriminant function analysis (DFA) for C. repens and their putative parental species. Characters abbreviated as in Table 2. A. Carex brizoides (br), C. repens (re) and C. disticha (di). Loadings for the first axis (only absolute values>0.50 are given): IL = -0.50. Loadings for the second axis (only absolute values>0.50 are given): CLW = 0.61, IL = -0.71, SN = 0.74. B. Carex arenaria (ar), C. repens (re) and C. disticha (di). Loadings for the first axis (only absolute values>0.50 are given): CL = 0.89, IL = -0.63, SN = 0.51. Loadings for the second axis: CLW = 0.83, IL = -0.70, SN = 0.59. C. Carex arenaria (ar), C. repens (re) and C. brizoides (br). Loadings for the first axis (only absolute values> 0.50 are given): CL = -0.83. Loadings for the second axis: CL = -0.61.
FIGURE. Results of discriminant function an alysis (DFA) for C. brizoides (br), C. curvata (cu) and C. praecox (pr). Characters abbreviated as in Table 2. A. Reproductive characters. Loadings for the first axis (only absolute values>0.50 are given): LB = 0.63, LN = -0.93, WN = 0.94, LN/WN = 1.13, FGL = -0.62. Loadings for the second axis: WW = -0.76, LB = 1.51, LN = 2.21, WN = -1.79, LN/WN = -1.48, FGL = 0.55, FGW = -0.51. B. Vegetative characters. Loadings for the first axis (only absolute values>0.50 are given): CLL = -0.58. Loadings for the second axis: CW = -0.72, IL = -0.78. in Carex section Ammoglochin (Cyperaceae) in Poland
FIGURE. Results of discriminant function an alysis (DFA) for C. brizoides (br), C. curvata (cu) and C. praecox (pr). Characters abbreviated as in Table 2. A. Reproductive characters. Loadings for the first axis (only absolute values>0.50 are given): LB = 0.63, LN = -0.93, WN = 0.94, LN/WN = 1.13, FGL = -0.62. Loadings for the second axis: WW = -0.76, LB = 1.51, LN = 2.21, WN = -1.79, LN/WN = -1.48, FGL = 0.55, FGW = -0.51. B. Vegetative characters. Loadings for the first axis (only absolute values>0.50 are given): CLL = -0.58. Loadings for the second axis: CW = -0.72, IL = -0.78.
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