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903 results for “Domestication”
Data from: The rice paradox: multiple origins but single domestication in Asian rice
The origin of domesticated Asian rice (Oryza sativa) has been a contentious topic, with conflicting evidence for either single or multiple domestication of this key crop species. We examined the evolutionary history of domesticated rice by analyzing de novo assembled genomes from domesticated rice and its wild progenitors. Our results indicate multiple origins, where each domesticated rice subpopulation (japonica, indica, and aus) arose separately from progenitor O. rufipogon and/or O. nivara. Coalescence-based modeling of demographic parameters estimate that the first domesticated rice population to split off from O. rufipogon was O. sativa ssp. japonica, occurring at ~13.1 – 24.1 kya, which is an order of magnitude older then the earliest archaeological date of domestication. This date is consistent, however, with the expansion of O. rufipogon populations after the Last Glacial Maximum ~18 kya and archaeological evidence for early wild rice management in China. We also show that there is significant gene flow from japonica to both indica (~17%) and aus (~15%), which led to the transfer of domestication alleles from early-domesticated japonica to proto-indica and proto-aus populations. Our results provide support for a model in which different rice subspecies had separate origins, but that de novo domestication occurred only once, in O. sativa ssp. japonica, and introgressive hybridization from early japonica to proto-indica and proto-aus led to domesticated indica and aus rice.
Data from: Carcass predictability but not domestic pet introduction affects functional response of scavenger assemblage in urbanised habitats
<ol> <li><span>Urbanisation alters species richness and composition, but studies of urbanisation effects on ecological functions have often quantified variation in functional traits and changes in functional diversity rather than measuring directly how ecological functions vary between rural and urban assemblages. </span></li> <li><span>Consuming dead animal matter and recycling its nutrients stabilizes and structures food webs and therefore represents a key component of ecosystem functioning. Introduction of free-ranging domestic pet animals adds additional scavenger species to urban habitats, and increased predictability of carcass resources produced by human activities characterizes urban habitats. </span></li> <li><span>Here, we investigate the effect of urbanisation on the composition of diurnal and nocturnal scavenger assemblages and on the ecological function of carcass removal by using a carcass placement experiment in Swiss urban and adjacent rural habitats. </span></li> <li><span>While diurnal and nocturnal scavenger assemblages changed considerably from rural to urban areas by comprising particularly more domestic cats in the latter, carrion consumption rate did not differ between the two habitats. Predictability of carcass occurrence increased carrion consumption rate in both, urban and rural habitats but mainly native scavengers and not introduced domestic pets responded to the repeated placements.</span></li> <li><span>These results suggest that urbanisation shapes scavenger assemblage compositions without affecting their ecological function. The mechanism is likely due to a behavioural change of native scavengers in response to the occurrence of domestic pets resulting in functional plasticity of urban scavenger assemblages. The functional plasticity might be facilitated by the increased carcass predictability and additional anthropogenic food resources in urban habitats exploited by nutritionally flexible native scavenger species.</span></li> </ol>
Data from: Ancient DNA provides new insight into the maternal lineages and domestication of Chinese donkeys
Background: The donkey (Equus asinus) is an important domestic animal that provides a reliable source of protein and method of transportation for many human populations. However, the process of domestication and the dispersal routes of the Chinese donkey are still unclear, as donkey remains are sparse in the archaeological record and often confused with horse remains. To explore the maternal origins and dispersal route of Chinese donkeys, both mitochondrial DNA D-loop and cytochrome b gene fragments of 21 suspected donkey remains from four archaeological sites in China were amplified and sequenced.Results: Molecular methods of species identification show that 17 specimens were donkeys and three samples had the maternal genetic signature of horses. One sample that dates to about 20,000 years before present failed to amplify. In this study, the phylogenetic analysis reveals that ancient Chinese donkeys have high mitochondrial DNA diversity and two distinct mitochondrial maternal lineages, known as the Somali and Nubian lineages. These results indicate that the maternal origin of Chinese domestic donkeys was probably related to the African wild ass, which includes the Nubian wild ass (Equus africanus africanus) and the Somali wild ass (Equus africanus somaliensis). Combined with historical records, the results of this study implied that domestic donkeys spread into west and north China before the emergence of the Han dynasty. The number of Chinese domestic donkeys had increased primarily to meet demand for the expansion of trade, and they were likely used as commodities or for shipping goods along the Silk Road during the Tang Dynasty, when the Silk Road reached its golden age. Conclusions: This study is the first to provide valuable ancient animal DNA evidence for early trade between African and Asian populations. The ancient DNA analysis of Chinese donkeys also sheds light on the dynamic process of the maternal origin, domestication, and dispersal route of ancient Chinese donkeys.
Data from: Patterns of domestication in the Ethiopian oil-seed crop Noug (Guizotia abyssinica)
Noug (Guizotia abyssinica) is a semi-domesticated oil-seed crop, which is primarily cultivated in Ethiopia. Unlike its closest crop relative, sunflower, noug has small seeds, small flowering heads, many branches, many flowering heads, indeterminate flowering, and it shatters in the field. Here we conducted common garden studies and microsatellite analyses of genetic variation to test whether high levels of crop-wild gene flow and/or unfavorable phenotypic correlations have hindered noug domestication. With the exception of one population, analyses of microsatellite variation failed to detect substantial recent admixture between noug and its wild progenitor. Likewise, only very weak correlations were found between seed mass and the number or size of flowering heads. Thus, noug's 'atypical' domestication syndrome does not seem to be a consequence of recent introgression or unfavorable phenotypic correlations. Nonetheless, our data do reveal evidence of local adaptation of noug cultivars to different precipitation regimes, as well as high levels of phenotypic plasticity, which may permit reasonable yields under diverse environmental conditions. Why noug has not been fully domesticated remains a mystery, but perhaps early farmers selected for resilience to episodic drought or untended environments rather than larger seeds. Domestication may also have been slowed by noug's outcrossing mating system.
FIGURE 1 in Rumen ciliated protozoa of the Turkish domestic goats (Capra hircus L.)
FIGURE 1. Photomicrographs of the left aspects of Entodinium salmani, seems to be an endemic species of the ciliated fauna in the rumens of Turkish domestic goats. a: salmani form, b: monospinosum form, c: bispinosum form. d: trispinosum form (bars 10 µm, all specimens were fixed and stained with MFS solution).
FIGURE 58 in Ticks of Australia. The species that infest domestic animals and humans
FIGURE 58. Approximate geographic distribution of Ixodes holocyclus (paralysis tick) (redrawn from Seddon 1968).
FIGURE 68 in Ticks of Australia. The species that infest domestic animals and humans
FIGURE 68. Proposed phylogenetic relationships of Rhipicephalus australis (Australian cattle tick), R. annulatus (cattle fever tick), R. microplus-Clade A species and R. microplus-Clade A species (after Burger et al 2014b).
FIGURE 49 in Ticks of Australia. The species that infest domestic animals and humans
FIGURE 49. Approximate geographic distribution of Ixodes cornuatus (southern paralysis tick) (redrawn from Kelers et al. 2012).
FIGURE 60 in Ticks of Australia. The species that infest domestic animals and humans
FIGURE 60. Numbers of cases of tick paralysis in dogs recorded at the Veterinary Clinic of The University of Queensland from 1970 to 1975 (solid line), and mean number of female Ixodes holocyclus (paralysis tick) per wild bandicoot found in southeastern Queensland from 1972 to 1974 (broken line) (data from Doube et al. 1977).
FIGURE 59 in Ticks of Australia. The species that infest domestic animals and humans
FIGURE 59. Life-cycle of Ixodes holocyclus (paralysis tick) in relation to season, and to bandicoots and other hosts (redrawn from artwork by Stan Fiske, CSIRO Long Pocket Laboratories, see Sutherland & Tibballs 2001, Fig. 21.2).
FIGURE 67 in Ticks of Australia. The species that infest domestic animals and humans
FIGURE 67. Geographic distribution of Rhipicephalus australis (Australia cattle tick) in Australia (redrawn from Arundel and Sutherland 1998).
FIGURE 37 in Ticks of Australia. The species that infest domestic animals and humans
FIGURE 37. Geographic distribution of Bothriocroton hydrosauri (southern reptile tick) (redrawn from Bull et al. 1981 with two additional localities (Jenolan Caves, NSW, an asterisk; and 38 km south of Gosford, NSW, a cross) from the interpretation of Bull (1965, Table 2) by Andrews et al. (2006, p. 37)).
FIGURE 38 in Ticks of Australia. The species that infest domestic animals and humans
FIGURE 38. Courtship behaviour of Bothriocroton hydrosauri (southern reptile tick) (redrawn from Andrews and Bull 1980).
FIGURE 12 in Ticks of Australia. The species that infest domestic animals and humans
FIGURE 12. Morphological features of the genus Bothriocroton, (A) dorsal female and male, (B) ventral female and male. Example is B. hydrosauri (southern reptile tick).
FIGURE 8 in Ticks of Australia. The species that infest domestic animals and humans
FIGURE 8. Sampling of ticks from hosts. (A) Sampling ticks from flank of steer in a squeeze crush. (B) Sampling ticks at udder and groin of a heifer. (C) Sampling ticks on a cast calf. (D) Typical infestation of Rhipicephalus decoloratus (the blue tick) adults on belly of a calf. (E) Typical infestation of Rhipicephalus appendiculatus (the brown ear tick) on ear of a calf. (F) Infestation of Amblyomma variegatum (the tropical bont tick) on dewlap of a steer. [These species of ticks do not occur in Australia but are nonetheless instructive about the biology of the Australian ticks.]
FIGURE 15 in Ticks of Australia. The species that infest domestic animals and humans
FIGURE 15. Morphological features of the genus Hyalomma, (A) dorsal female and male, (B) ventral female and male. Example is H. dromedarii (the camel Hyaloma).
FIGURE 5 in Ticks of Australia. The species that infest domestic animals and humans
FIGURE 5. Life-cycle of a three-host tick. Example is Rhipicephalus sanguineus (brown dog tick) feeding on dogs. NOTE that the different instars and their appearance when engorged are all drawn to the same scale.
FIGURE 2 in Ticks of Australia. The species that infest domestic animals and humans
FIGURE 2. Morphological features of soft ticks (family Argasidae). Example is an adult female of the genus Ornithodoros.
FIGURE 17 in Ticks of Australia. The species that infest domestic animals and humans
FIGURE 17. Morphological features of the genus Margaropus, dorsal views of female and male. Example is M. winthemi (the winter horse tick).
FIGURE 11 in Ticks of Australia. The species that infest domestic animals and humans
FIGURE 11. Morphological features of the genus Amblyomma, (A) dorsal female and male, (B) ventral female and male. Example is A. triguttatum (ornate kangaroo tick).
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.