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430 results for “Forest Structure”
Data from: Unravelling the role of allochthonous aquatic resources to food web structure in a tropical riparian forest
1. The role of matter and energy flow across ecosystem boundaries for subsidized consumer populations is well known. However, little is known on the effects of allochthonous subsidies on food web structure and trophic niche dimensions of consumers in the tropics. 2. We excluded allochthonous aquatic insects from tropical streams using greenhouse-type exclosures to test the influence of aquatic allochthonous subsidies on the trophic structure and niche dimensions of terrestrial predators using stable isotope methods. 3. In exclosure treatments, abundance and biomass of terrestrial predators, and biomass of phytophages, decreased and increased, respectively. Vegetation-living predators were more responsive to allochthonous inputs than those living on the ground. Overall, lower availability of allochthonous inputs did not affect community-wide metrics and niche width of predators. However, the niche width of some spider families had very low overlap between treatments, and others had wider isotopic niches in the control than exclusion treatment. Most of the C and N in predators living in control stretches came from aquatic subsidies, and those predators living in exclusion treatments switched their diets to terrestrial sources, showing a preference of predators for allochthonous subsidies. 4. Our results suggest that allochthonous subsidies are also relevant to tropical fauna living upon vegetation. Moreover, allochthonous resources may amplify the niche dimension of certain predators, or considerably change the trophic niche of others. Our study highlights the importance of including modern isotopic tools in elucidating the role of allochthonous resources on the patterns of trophic structure and niche dimensions of consumers from donor ecosystems.
Data from: Parasites structuring ecological communities: the mistletoe footprint in Mediterranean pine forests
1. The capacity of parasitic plants in structuring natural communities is increasingly recognized. These plants can affect the structure, composition and productivity of plant communities by modifying the competitive balance between hosts and non-host species and by altering the quantity and quality of resources entering the soil. Despite the progress made in this field, there is still a lack of integrative studies showing the structuring capacity of parasitic plants in forest ecosystems, where their effect may be less detectable due to the long lifespan of the system. 2. In this study we evaluate the long-term impact of Viscum album subsp. austriacum on the woody-plant community of a Mediterranean pineland. This mistletoe remains several years on the same host, exerting long-lasting, spatially concentrated effects on community and ecosystem characteristics. Mistletoe concentrates zoochorous seeds and induces changes in the soil fertility and light availability beneath the canopy of parasitized trees, which have the potential to facilitate zoochorous-plant colonization, recruitment, and growth at the same time as it weakens the host. Here, we analyse whether mistletoe-driven changes could result in a nucleus of zoochorous woody plants nourished by the abundant organic detritus accumulated under the host. We also analyse whether mistletoe effects can expand after host death. 3. We selected unparasitized, parasitized, and dead parasitized Pinus nigra trees, in which we studied the joint effect of mistletoe-mediated changes in soil nutrient and light availability, with the seed rain, seed predation, seedling establishment, plant recruitment, and plant growth. Light- and soil-nutrient resources were greater under parasitized trees, and intensified after host death. The seed rain was maximum under parasitized trees, where seedling recruitment proved more likely. Sapling density, richness, and growth increased with the development of parasitism. 4. Our findings show that Viscum album exerts a strong and lasting impact on the structure and dynamics of Mediterranean pinelands, with parasitized trees acting as centres for the establishment and growth of colonizing fleshy-fruited woody species, which, over the long term, promote vegetation shifts by limiting dominant pine trees and facilitating less represented fleshy-fruited shrubs.
Fig. 3 in Changes In The Structure Of Nest Complexes Of The Red Wood Ants Formica Rufa And F. Polyctena (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) In Urban Forests
Fig. 3. Dynamics of changes in total volume (3, A) and number of anthills (3, B) in nest complexes by year of observation. 2017 is not included in the graphs due to the low number of nest complexes observed in that year.
Stability in subtropical forests: the role of tree-species diversity, stand structure, environmental and socio-economic conditions
<p><strong>Aim: </strong>Tree species diversity can increase the stability of ecosystem productivity by increasing mean productivity and/or reducing the standard deviation in productivity. However, stand structure, environmental and socio-economic conditions influence plant diversity and may strongly influence the relationships between diversity and stability in natural forest communities. The relative importance of these factors on community stability remains poorly understood in complex (species-rich) subtropical forests.</p> <p><strong>Location: </strong>Subtropical area of southern China.</p> <p><strong>Time period: </strong>1999-2014.</p> <p><strong>Major taxa studied:</strong> Forest trees.</p> <p><strong>Methods: </strong>We conducted bivariate analyses to examine the mechanisms (overyielding and species asynchrony) underlying the effects of diversity on stability. Multiple regression models were then used to determine the relative importance of tree species diversity, stand structure, socio-economic factors and environmental conditions on stability. Structural equation modeling was used to disentangle how these variables directly and/or indirectly affect forest stability.</p> <p><strong>Results: </strong>Tree species richness exerted a positive effect on stability through overyielding and species asynchrony and this effect was stronger in mountainous forests than that in hilly forests. Species richness positively affected the mean productivity whereas species asynchrony negatively affected the variability in productivity, and hence increased forest stability. Structural diversity also had a positive effect while population density had a negative effect on stability. Precipitation variability and slope mainly indirectly influenced stability through their effects on tree species richness.</p> <p><strong>Main conclusions: </strong>Overall, tree species diversity governed stability; however stand structure, socio-economic and environmental conditions also played an important role in shaping stability in these forests. Our work highlights the importance of regulating stand structure and socio-economic factors in forest management and biodiversity conservation, to maintain and enhance their stability of providing the ecosystem services in the face of unprecedented anthropogenic activities and global climate change.</p>
FIGURE 2 in Species diversity and community structure of fruit-feeding butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) in an eastern amazonian forest
FIGURE 2: Each sampling site was composed of one trail and three transects to the interior of the forest. Points represent cylindrical traps baited with a mix of banana and sugarcane juice.
Figs. 1 A-C in Population structure of the endangered tree fern Cyathea praecincta (Cyatheaceae), endemic of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest
Figs. 1 A-C. Spatial distribution of Cyathea praecincta in an Atlantic Forest fragment in Northeastern Brazil. A. Total individuals sampled within 25m²; B. Spatial distribution of sterile C. praecincta individuals within 25m²; C. Spatial distribution of fertile of C. praecincta individuals within 25m². Ia= Aggregation index; the highly clustered pattern in the population is represented by the black patches.
Figure 6 in Composition and structure of plant communities in the Moist Temperate Forest Ecosystem of the Hindukush Mountains, Pakistan
Figure 6. Analysis of CCA plot illustrating correlation between calciumcarbonate and plant communities along axis-1 and 2.
Figure 1 in Fire effects on Atlantic Forest sites from a composition, structure and functional perspective
Figure 1. Paraíba do Sul river basin study site, Southeast Atlantic Forest biome, inside São Paulo state, Brazil and South America. Red and blue pins represent burned and unburned forest sites where field inventory was performed, with satellite images of each.
Supplementary material 1 from: Matsuoka S, Sugiyama Y, Sato H, Katano I, Harada K, Doi H (2019) Spatial structure of fungal DNA assemblages revealed with eDNA metabarcoding in a forest river network in western Japan. Metabarcoding and Metagenomics 3: e36335. https://doi.org/10.3897/mbmg.3.36335
: Data type: multimedia
Supplementary material 2 from: Matsuoka S, Sugiyama Y, Sato H, Katano I, Harada K, Doi H (2019) Spatial structure of fungal DNA assemblages revealed with eDNA metabarcoding in a forest river network in western Japan. Metabarcoding and Metagenomics 3: e36335. https://doi.org/10.3897/mbmg.3.36335
: Data type: molecular data
Figure 1 in Necromys lasiurus (Cricetidae: Sigmodontinae) from open areas of the Atlantic Forest of Rio de Janeiro: Population structure and implications for the monitoring of hantaviruses
Figure 1. Distribution of Necromys lasiurus sample groups by ecoregion. The points are color-coded by ecoregion and sample group. Insert map shows the Brazilian biomes.
Fig. 4 in Spatial variation of dung beetle assemblages associated with forest structure in remnants of southern Brazilian Atlantic Forest
Fig. 4. Redundancy analysis ordination for dung beetle abundance (a) and biomass (b) constrained by environmental variables. Triplot with explanatory variables, species and samples: sp. 1: Bdelyrus braziliensis; sp. 2: Canthidium aff. trinodosum; sp. 3: Canthon luctuosus; sp. 4: Canthon rutilans cyanescens; sp. 5: Canthonella aff. instriata; sp. 6: Coprophanaeus dardanus; sp. 7: Coprophanaeus saphirinus; sp. 8: Deltochilum brasiliense; sp. 9: Deltochilum furcatum; sp. 10: Deltochilum morbillosum; sp. 11: Deltochilum multicolor; sp. 12: Deltochilum rubripenne; sp. 13: Dichotomius sericeus; sp. 14: Dichotomius quadrinodosus; sp. 15: Dichotomius sp.; sp. 16: Eurysternus cyanescens; sp. 17: Eurysternus parallelus; sp. 18: Paracanthon aff. rosinae; sp. 19: Phanaeus splendidulus; sp. 20: Uroxys sp. 1; sp. 21: Uroxys sp. 2; A: basal area of first tree; B: height of first tree; C: top diameter of first tree; D: distance to first tree; E: basal area of first shrub; F: height of first shrub; G: top diameter of first shrub; H: distance to first shrub; I: land slope; J:altitude; K: leaf litter cover; L:green cover; M: exposed soil; N: height of leaf litter; O: canopy cover; 1–25: ANH sampling points; 26–50: ITA sampling points; 51–75: PER sampling points; 76–100: RAT sampling points.
Fig. 3 in Spatial variation of dung beetle assemblages associated with forest structure in remnants of southern Brazilian Atlantic Forest
Fig. 3. Multivariate Regression Tree (MRT) analysis of the dung beetle abundance (a) and biomass with environmental variables as predictor variables. Environmental variables: A, basal area of trees; I, land slope; J, altitude; N, height of leaf litter; O, canopy cover. Species names are abbreviated and can be found in legend of Fig. 4 and in Appendix C. Bar charts at the terminal leaves of the regression tree represent species abundance means. The order of bars in each bar chart are the same and follows the sequence of names showed at left.
Fig. 1 in Spatial variation of dung beetle assemblages associated with forest structure in remnants of southern Brazilian Atlantic Forest
Fig. 1. Map of the Atlantic Forest remnants where dung beetles were sampled during January and February 2012. Anhatomirim Environmental Protection Area in Governador Celso Ramos city; Permanent Protection Areas of Itapema city; Peri Lagoon Municipal Park in Florianópolis city; Permanent Protection Areas of Ratones in Florianópolis city.
Figure 2 in Effects of forest conversion on tce assemblages' structure of aquatic insects in subtropical regions
Figure 2. Rarefaction riccness of Epcemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Triccoptera assemblages between streams in botc forested and converted area. Tce upper and lower dasced lines indicate tce confidence intervals (95%) calculated for eacc category.
Figure 4 from: Riley Peterson KN, Browne RA, Erwin TL (2021) Carabid beetle (Coleoptera, Carabidae) richness, diversity, and community structure in the understory of temporarily flooded and non-flooded Amazonian forests of Ecuador. In: Spence J, Casale A, Assmann T, Liebherr JК, Penev L (Eds) Systematic Zoology and Biodiversity Science: A tribute to Terry Erwin (1940-2020). ZooKeys 1044: 831-876. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1044.62340
Figure 4 Body length (ABL) (mm) for carabid individuals collected in FP and TF forests, excluding Cicindelini. Body length for FP forest was significantly larger than TF forest (P < 0.001).
Figure E1 from: Riley Peterson KN, Browne RA, Erwin TL (2021) Carabid beetle (Coleoptera, Carabidae) richness, diversity, and community structure in the understory of temporarily flooded and non-flooded Amazonian forests of Ecuador. In: Spence J, Casale A, Assmann T, Liebherr JК, Penev L (Eds) Systematic Zoology and Biodiversity Science: A tribute to Terry Erwin (1940-2020). ZooKeys 1044: 831-876. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1044.62340
Figure E1 Non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) ordination based on Jaccard dissimilarity values (presence/absence data) of Carabidae morphospecies assemblages for FP and TF forests (stress = 13.7, k = 2). Each data point represents one of the 24 sampling sites. Significant differences (P < 0.001) in morphospecies assemblages occurred between FP and TF.
Figure D2 from: Riley Peterson KN, Browne RA, Erwin TL (2021) Carabid beetle (Coleoptera, Carabidae) richness, diversity, and community structure in the understory of temporarily flooded and non-flooded Amazonian forests of Ecuador. In: Spence J, Casale A, Assmann T, Liebherr JК, Penev L (Eds) Systematic Zoology and Biodiversity Science: A tribute to Terry Erwin (1940-2020). ZooKeys 1044: 831-876. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1044.62340
Figure D2 Numbers of morphospecies for Carabidae tribes with significant differences (P < 0.05) between FP and TF forests.
Figure D1 from: Riley Peterson KN, Browne RA, Erwin TL (2021) Carabid beetle (Coleoptera, Carabidae) richness, diversity, and community structure in the understory of temporarily flooded and non-flooded Amazonian forests of Ecuador. In: Spence J, Casale A, Assmann T, Liebherr JК, Penev L (Eds) Systematic Zoology and Biodiversity Science: A tribute to Terry Erwin (1940-2020). ZooKeys 1044: 831-876. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1044.62340
Figure D1 Numbers of individuals for Carabidae tribes with significant differences (P < 0.05) between FP and TF forests.
Figure 3 from: Riley Peterson KN, Browne RA, Erwin TL (2021) Carabid beetle (Coleoptera, Carabidae) richness, diversity, and community structure in the understory of temporarily flooded and non-flooded Amazonian forests of Ecuador. In: Spence J, Casale A, Assmann T, Liebherr JК, Penev L (Eds) Systematic Zoology and Biodiversity Science: A tribute to Terry Erwin (1940-2020). ZooKeys 1044: 831-876. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1044.62340
Figure 3 Inverse Simpson index (1/D) for FP forest and TF forest carabid beetle samples. FP forest had significantly higher 1/D values than TF forest (P = 0.003).
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.