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Figs 1-2. Beris nigra MEIGEN, 1820 in Notes on the types of Beris LATREILLE, 1802 (Diptera, Stratiomyidae) in the Meigen collection

Figs 1-2. Beris nigra MEIGEN, 1820, holotype. (1) Dorsal. (2) Lateral. [courtesy Museum national d'histoire naturel, Paris]

Fig. 7 in Toward a comprehensive taxonomic revision of the "hirculus" group of American Onthophagus Latreille, 1802 (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae, Scarabaeinae)

Fig. 7. Limits between Guianan-Brazilian and Andean-Patagonic sub-regions according to several authors (from Morrone 2007).

Fig. 5 in Toward a comprehensive taxonomic revision of the "hirculus" group of American Onthophagus Latreille, 1802 (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae, Scarabaeinae)

Fig. 5. Hypothetical dispersion/dispersal of Onthophagus s.str. Latreille, 1802, modified after Palestrini (1985). The map is based on the current geography of the continents.

Fig. 6 in Toward a comprehensive taxonomic revision of the "hirculus" group of American Onthophagus Latreille, 1802 (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae, Scarabaeinae)

Fig. 6. Spatial patterns of variation in the environmental resistance separating the Neotropical region s.str. and the Andean region (see main text) (from Morrone 2007).

Fig. 3. A. Protibial apical tooth acuminate. B. Protibial apical tooth obtuse. C in Toward a comprehensive taxonomic revision of the "hirculus" group of American Onthophagus Latreille, 1802 (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae, Scarabaeinae)

Fig. 3. A. Protibial apical tooth acuminate. B. Protibial apical tooth obtuse. C. Details of the elytral interstriae of Onthophagus marginicollis Harold, 1880 (hircus complex). D–E. Detail of the elytral paler spots. F. Pronotal sulcus of O. haematopus Harold, 1875 (rubrescens complex). G. Detail of the basal carina of the cephalic horns. H. Shape of the clypeus and lateral margin of pronotum of a species of the ophion complex. I. Right antenna of species of the ophion complex. J. Right antenna of species of the osculatii complex. K. Detail of the metasternal punctuation of a species of the osculatii complex. Scale bars: 1 mm.

Fig. 2. A–B in Toward a comprehensive taxonomic revision of the "hirculus" group of American Onthophagus Latreille, 1802 (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae, Scarabaeinae)

Fig. 2. A–B. Dorsal habitus of the lectotype and paralectotype of Onthophagus hircus Billberg, 1815. C. Dorsal habitus of the lectotype of O. hirculus Mannerheim, 1829. D–E. Labels of the types of O. hircus Billberg, 1815. F. Labels of the type of O. hirculus Mannerheim, 1829.

Fig. 1. A–B in Toward a comprehensive taxonomic revision of the "hirculus" group of American Onthophagus Latreille, 1802 (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae, Scarabaeinae)

Fig. 1. A–B. Lateral and dorsal habitus of the parameres (Abbreviations: Ph = phallobase; DPA = distal-inferior paramerite; BLP = basolateral plate; SUP = superior plate; SLP = supralateral plate; DSA = distal-superior area). C, E. Frontal and posterior side of the internal sac (Abbreviations: LC = lamella copulatrix; MK = medial keel of the lamella copulatrix; MKRl = medial keel of the right lobe; SL = secondary lamella; Ll and Rl = left and right lobe of the lamella copulatrix; FLP = fronto-lateral peripheral lamella; MP = medial peripheral lamella; SRP = superior right peripheral lamella; A = axial lamella; SA = subaxial lamella). D. Rear view of the aedeagus with internal sac at rest; posterior side of the internal sac in transparency. F. Female genitalia (Abbreviations: i = infundibulum; sp = spermatheca (receptaculum seminis); VS = ventral sclerotization of the vagina). Scale bars: 0,05 mm.

Fig. 29 in A review of the cleptoparasitic bee genus Epeolus Latreille, 1802 (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in the Caribbean, Central America and Mexico

Fig. 29. Antenna (basal portion) of female. A. E. minimus (Robertson, 1902), in which F2 is noticeably longer than wide. B. E. asperatus Cockerell, 1910, in which F2 is not noticeably longer than wide. Scale bars = 0.5 mm.

Fig. 27 in A review of the cleptoparasitic bee genus Epeolus Latreille, 1802 (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in the Caribbean, Central America and Mexico

Fig. 27. Head of female, lateral view. A. E. luteipennis Friese, 1916, in which the frontal keel lacks a tooth-like process. B. E. odyneroides sp. nov., holotype (KUNHM SM0253729), in which the frontal keel has a small tooth-like process (blue arrow). C. E. australis Mitchell, 1962, in which the frontal keel (blue arrow) is strongly raised. D. E. brumleyi Onuferko, 2018, paratype, in which the frontal keel (blue arrow) is weakly protuberant by comparison. Scale bars = 1 mm.

Fig. 26 in A review of the cleptoparasitic bee genus Epeolus Latreille, 1802 (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in the Caribbean, Central America and Mexico

Fig. 26. Epeolus spp., habitus of female, ventral view. A. E. basili Onuferko, 2018, paratype showing antennae, legs, and metasomal sterna with similar reddish-orange coloration. B. E. pusillus Cresson, 1864 showing color contrast between reddish-orange legs and dark brown antennae and metasomal sterna. Scale bars = 3 mm.

Fig. 25 in A review of the cleptoparasitic bee genus Epeolus Latreille, 1802 (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in the Caribbean, Central America and Mexico

Fig. 25. Metasoma of female, dorsal view. A. E. novomexicanus Cockerell, 1912. B. E. basili Onuferko, 2018, paratype. Scale bars = 2 mm.

Fig. 28 in A review of the cleptoparasitic bee genus Epeolus Latreille, 1802 (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in the Caribbean, Central America and Mexico

Fig. 28. Pygidial plate of male, dorsal view. A. E. australis Mitchell, 1962 (longer than wide and apically narrowed). B. E. brumleyi Onuferko, 2018, allotype (about as long as wide and broadly rounded apically). Scale bars = 1 mm.

Fig. 24 in A review of the cleptoparasitic bee genus Epeolus Latreille, 1802 (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in the Caribbean, Central America and Mexico

Fig. 24. Mandibles of female A. E. ainsliei Crawford, 1932, each of which lacks a preapical tooth. B. E. rufulus Cockerell, 1941, each of which has a blunt, obtuse preapical (almost submedial) tooth (blue arrow). Scale bars = 0.5 mm.

Fig. 23 in A review of the cleptoparasitic bee genus Epeolus Latreille, 1802 (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in the Caribbean, Central America and Mexico

Fig. 23. Head of male, posterior view. A. E. ainsliei Crawford, 1932, in which the preoccipital ridge joins the hypostomal carina (blue arrow). B. E. rufulus Cockerell, 1941, in which the preoccipital ridge does not join the hypostomal carina (blue arrow). Scale bars = 1 mm.

Fig. 20 in A review of the cleptoparasitic bee genus Epeolus Latreille, 1802 (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in the Caribbean, Central America and Mexico

Fig. 20. Epeolus spp., habitus of male, lateral view. A. E. bifasciatus Cresson, 1864. B. E. scutellaris Say, 1824. C. E. basili Onuferko, 2018, paratype. D. E. mesillae (Cockerell, 1895). E. E. australis Mitchell, 1962. F. E. asperatus Cockerell, 1910. Scale bars = 3 mm.

Fig. 19. Epeolus pulchellus Cresson, 1865 A in A review of the cleptoparasitic bee genus Epeolus Latreille, 1802 (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in the Caribbean, Central America and Mexico

Fig. 19. Epeolus pulchellus Cresson, 1865 A. Female, habitus, lateral view. B. Female, habitus, dorsal view. C. Male, habitus, lateral view. D. Female axillae and mesoscutellum, dorsal view (blue lines indicate the posterior extent of the axilla relative to the length of the horizontal dorsal portion of the mesoscutellum). Scale bars: A–C = 3 mm; D = 0.5 mm.

Fig. 18 in A review of the cleptoparasitic bee genus Epeolus Latreille, 1802 (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in the Caribbean, Central America and Mexico

Fig. 18. Epeolus odyneroides sp. nov. A–B, D. Holotype, ♀ (KUNHM SM0253729). C. Allotype, ♂ (KUNHM SM0255860). A. Habitus, lateral view. B. Habitus, dorsal view. C. Habitus, lateral view. D. Axillae and mesoscutellum, dorsal view (blue lines indicate the posterior extent of the axilla relative to the length of the mesoscutellum). Scale bars: A–C = 3 mm; D = 0.5 mm.

Fig. 17. Epeolus obscuripes Cockerell, 1917 stat. nov. A in A review of the cleptoparasitic bee genus Epeolus Latreille, 1802 (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in the Caribbean, Central America and Mexico

Fig. 17. Epeolus obscuripes Cockerell, 1917 stat. nov. A. Female, habitus, lateral view. B. Female, habitus, dorsal view. C. Male, habitus, lateral view. D. Female axillae and mesoscutellum, dorsal view (blue lines indicate the posterior extent of the axilla relative to the length of the horizontal dorsal portion of the mesoscutellum). Scale bars: A–C = 3 mm; D = 0.5 mm.

Fig. 11. Epeolus fumipennis Say, 1837. A in A review of the cleptoparasitic bee genus Epeolus Latreille, 1802 (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in the Caribbean, Central America and Mexico

Fig. 11. Epeolus fumipennis Say, 1837. A. Female, habitus, lateral view. B. Female, habitus, dorsal view. C. Male, habitus, lateral view. D. Female axillae and mesoscutellum, dorsal view (blue lines indicate the posterior extent of the axilla relative to the length of the horizontal dorsal portion of the mesoscutellum). Scale bars: A–C = 3 mm; D = 0.5 mm.

Fig. 9 in A review of the cleptoparasitic bee genus Epeolus Latreille, 1802 (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in the Caribbean, Central America and Mexico

Fig. 9. Epeolus danieli (Genaro, 2014) comb. nov., holotype, ♀ (MNHNSD 18.107). A. Habitus, lateral view. B. Habitus, dorsal view. C. Mesosoma, dorsal view. D. Posterior part of metasoma, dorsal view (blue arrow indicates process of S6). Images courtesy of G. de los Santos, MNHNSD. Scale bars: A–B = 3 mm; C–D = 1 mm.