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1,719 results for “Making”
Data from: How to make methodological decisions when inferring social networks.
<p>Social network analyses allow studying the processes underlying the associations between individuals and the consequences of those associations. Constructing and analysing social networks can be challenging, especially when designing new studies as researchers are confronted with decisions about how to collect data and construct networks, and the answers are not always straightforward. The current lack of guidance on building a social network for a new study system might lead researchers to try several different methods, and risk generating false results arising from multiple hypotheses testing. Here, we suggest an approach for making decisions when starting social network research in a new study system that avoids the pitfall of multiple hypotheses testing. We argue that best edge definition for a network is a decision that can be made using <i>a priori</i> knowledge about the species, and that is independent from the hypotheses that the network will ultimately be used to evaluate. We illustrate this approach with a study conducted on a colonial cooperatively breeding bird, the sociable weaver. We first identified two ways of collecting data using different numbers of feeders and three ways to define associations among birds. We then evaluated which combination of data collection and association definition maximised (i) the assortment of individuals into previously known 'breeding groups' (birds that contribute towards the same nest and maintain cohesion when foraging), and (ii) socially differentiated relationships (more strong and weak relationships than expected by chance). This evaluation of different methods based on <i>a priori</i> knowledge of the study species can be implemented in a diverse array of study systems and makes the case for using existing, biologically meaningful knowledge about a system to help navigate the myriad of methodological decisions about data collection and network inference.</p>
Data from: What makes a leaf tough? Patterns of correlated evolution between leaf toughness traits and demographic rates among 197 shade-tolerant woody species in a neotropical forest
Slow-growing juveniles of shade-tolerant plant species are predicted to have tough leaves because of the high cost of leaf replacement in shade relative to potential carbon gain. We assessed the degree of correlated evolution among eight traits associated with leaf toughness and their relationships with growth and mortality rates of 197 tree and shrub species from the understory of the 50-hectare forest dynamics plot on Barro Colorado Island, Panama. Path analysis with phylogenetically independent contrasts revealed that leaves attained material toughness (resistance to fracture per unit fracture area) through increases in tissue density, percent cellulose per unit dry mass, and vein fracture toughness. Lamina density and cellulose content evolved independently, and thus represent different paths to material toughness. Structural toughness (resistance to fracture per unit fracture length) depended on material toughness and lamina thickness. Mortality rates of individuals 1-10 cm in stem diameter were negatively correlated with material toughness and lamina density, but were independent of structural toughness and cell wall fiber contents. Leaf toughness traits were uncorrelated with relative growth rates. These results imply that material toughness enhances resistance to natural enemies, which increases survival and offsets the biomass allocation cost of producing tough leaves in the shaded understory.
Data from: Aggressive jumping spiders make quicker decisions for preferred prey but not at the cost of accuracy
There has been an increasing interest in consistent interindividual differences in behavior (i.e., personality) in recent years. However, consistent interindividual differences in cognitive styles remain largely unexplored. Individual differences in cognitive styles are hypothesized to be functionally related to differences in personality types. It is assumed that proactive individuals make faster decisions at the expense of accuracy (i.e., the speed–accuracy trade-offs hypothesis). Here, we investigated the relationship between personality and speed–accuracy trade-off using Portia labiata, a specialized spider-eating jumping spider that exhibits excellent cognitive ability. We first established consistent individual differences in aggressiveness and decision-making in P. labiata. We then tested whether individual differences in aggressiveness could predict how fast and accurately P. labiata makes a prey-choice decision (a large vs. a small orb-web spider). We demonstrated that P. labiata exhibited individual differences not only in aggressiveness, but also in the speed of prey-choice decisions but not in the choices. Importantly, we found that aggressiveness was not related to the choice of the prey, but it predicted the speed of prey-choice decision: aggressive individuals were faster to make choices than docile ones but both chose large spiders as preferred prey. This suggests a lack of an association between a speed–accuracy trade-off and variation in personality types of P. labiata.
Data from: One-shot learning and behavioral eligibility traces in sequential decision making
In many daily tasks we make multiple decisions before reaching a goal. In order to learn such sequences of decisions, a mechanism to link earlier actions to later reward is necessary. Reinforcement learning theory suggests two classes of algorithms solving this credit assignment problem: In classic temporal-difference learning, earlier actions receive reward information only after multiple repetitions of the task, whereas models with eligibility traces reinforce entire sequences of actions from a single experience (one-shot). Here we show one-shot learning of sequences. We developed a novel paradigm to directly observe which actions and states along a multi-step sequence are reinforced after a single reward. By focusing our analysis on those states for which RL with and without eligibility trace make qualitatively distinct predictions, we find direct behavioral (choice probability) and physiological (pupil dilation) signatures of reinforcement learning with eligibility trace across multiple sensory modalities.
Data from: Multi-alternative decision making with non-stationary inputs
One of the most widely implemented models for multi-alternative decision-making is the multihypothesis sequential probability ratio test (MSPRT). It is asymptotically optimal, straightforward to implement, and has found application in modelling biological decision-making. However, the MSPRT is limited in application to discrete ('trial-based'), non-time-varying scenarios. By contrast, real world situations will be continuous and entail stimulus non-stationarity. In these circumstances, decision-making mechanisms (like the MSPRT) which work by accumulating evidence, must be able to discard outdated evidence which becomes progressively irrelevant. To address this issue, we introduce a new decision mechanism by augmenting the MSPRT with a rectangular integration window and a transparent decision boundary. This allows selection and de-selection of options as their evidence changes dynamically. Performance was enhanced by adapting the window size to problem difficulty. Further, we present an alternative windowing method which exponentially decays evidence and does not significantly degrade performance, while greatly reducing the memory resources necessary. The methods presented have proven successful at allowing for the MSPRT algorithm to function in a non-stationary environment.
Data from: Using sounds for making decisions: greater tube-nosed bats prefer antagonistic calls over non-communicative sounds when feeding
Bats vocalize extensively within different social contexts. The type and extent of information conveyed via their vocalizations and their perceptual significance, however, remains controversial and difficult to assess. Greater tube-nosed bats, Murina leucogaster, emit calls consisting of long rectangular broadband noise burst (rBNBl) syllables during aggression between males. To experimentally test the behavioral impact of these sounds for feeding, we deployed an approach and place-preference paradigm. Two food trays were placed on opposite sides and within different acoustic microenvironments, created by sound playback, within a specially constructed tent. Specifically, we tested whether the presence of rBNBl sounds at a food source effectively deters the approach of male bats in comparison to echolocation sounds and white noise. In each case, contrary to our expectation, males preferred to feed at a location where rBNBl sounds were present. We propose that the species-specific rBNBl provides contextual information, not present within non-communicative sounds, to facilitate approach towards a food source.
Data from: What makes eyespots intimidating? - the importance of pairedness
Background: Many butterflies possess striking structures called eyespots on their wings, and several studies have sought to understand the selective forces that have shaped their evolution. Work over the last decade has shown that a major function of eyespots is their ability to reduce predation by being intimidating to attacking predators. Two competing hypotheses seek to explain the cause of intimidation, one suggesting 'eye-mimicry' and the other their 'conspicuousness' as the reason. There is an on-going debate about which of these better explains the effectiveness of eyespots against predation. We undertook a series of indoor experiments to understand the relative importance of conspicuousness and eye-mimicry, and therefore how predator perception may have influenced the evolution of eyespots. We conducted choice tests where artificial paper models mimicking Junonia almana butterflies were presented to chickens and their preference of attack recorded. Results: We first established that birds avoided models with a pair of eyespots. However, contrary to previous, outdoor experiments, we found that the total area of eyespots did not affect their effectiveness. Non-eye-like, fan shaped patterns derived from eyespots were found to be just as effective as eye-like circular patterns. Furthermore, we did not find a significant effect of symmetry of patterns, again in discordance with previous work. However, across all experiments, models with a pair of patterns, symmetric or asymmetric, eyelike or non-eye-like, suffered from fewer attacks compared with other models. Conclusions: The study highlights the importance of pairedness of eyespots, and supports the hypothesis that two is a biologically significant number that is important in prey–predator signalling. We discuss the implications of our results for the understanding of eyespot evolution.
Data from: State-dependent decision-making by predators and its consequences for mimicry
The mimicry of one species by another provides one of the most celebrated examples of evolution by natural selection. Edible Batesian mimics deceive predators into believing they may be defended, whereas defended Müllerian mimics have evolved a shared warning signal, more rapidly educating predators to avoid them. However, it may benefit hungry predators to attack defended prey, while the benefits of learning about unfamiliar prey depends on the future value of this information. Previous energetic state-dependent models of predator foraging behaviour have assumed complete knowledge, while informational state-dependent models have assumed fixed levels of hunger. Here, we identify the optimal decision rules of predators accounting for both energetic and informational states. We show that the nature of mimicry is qualitatively and quantitatively affected by both sources of state dependence. Associative learning weakens the extent of parasitic mimicry by edible prey because naive predators often attack defended models. More importantly, mimicry among equally highly defended prey may be parasitic or mutualistic depending on the ecological context. Finally, mimicry by prey with intermediate defences corresponds to Batesian or Müllerian mimicry depending on whether the mimic is profitable to attack by hungry predators, but it is not a special case of mimicry.
Data from: Making soil particle size analysis by laser diffraction compatible with standard soil texture determination methods
The standard sieving, pipette and hydrometer methods for soil particle size analysis (PSA) have three main drawbacks: procedures are tedious, time-consuming, and the results are protocol-dependent. Laser diffraction PSA delivers rapid results using standardized procedures, but so far it has been difficult to reconcile results with those from standard sedimentation methods. The objective of this study was to develop a protocol that would permit direct usage of laser diffraction PSA and render results compatible with current methods. The protocol was developed using standard soil samples from different textural classes. Regression of the laser diffraction PSA against the hydrometer/pipette method yielded coefficients of determination of 0.92/0.9, 0.92/0.94 and 0.99/0.99, and root mean square errors of 0.04/0.05, 0.07/0.06 and 0.05/0.03 for clay, silt and sand, respectively. These statistics are comparable to those obtained by regressing results of the hydrometer against the sieve and pipette methods. A key factor in securing accurate and precise results was limiting the particle size range of the samples by wet sieving the sand fraction. This created representative samples and stable soil dispersed suspensions, allowing accurate estimations of particle size distribution for clay and silt fractions without empirical transformations. Results obtained with the proposed protocol matched those of standard sedimentation analyses for a wide range of soils, encouraging further adoption of laser diffraction for soil PSA.
Data from: Shared decision-making as a cost-containment strategy: US physician reactions from a cross-sectional survey
Objective: To assess US physicians' attitudes towards using shared decision-making (SDM) to achieve cost containment. Design: Cross-sectional mailed survey. Setting: US medical practice. Participants: 3897 physicians were randomly selected from the AMA Physician Masterfile. Of these, 2556 completed the survey. Main outcome measures: Level of enthusiasm for "Promoting better conversations with patients as a means of lowering healthcare costs"; degree of agreement with "Decision support tools that show costs would be helpful in my practice" and agreement with "should promoting SDM be legislated to control overall healthcare costs". Results: Of 2556 respondents (response rate (RR) 65%), two-thirds (67%) were 'very enthusiastic' about promoting SDM as a means of reducing healthcare costs. Most (70%) agreed decision support tools that show costs would be helpful in their practice, but only 24% agreed with legislating SDM to control costs. Compared with physicians with billing-only compensation, respondents with salary compensation were more likely to strongly agree that decision support tools showing costs would be helpful (OR 1.4; 95% CI 1.1 to 1.7). Primary care physicians (vs surgeons, OR 1.4; 95% CI 1.0 to 1.6) expressed more enthusiasm for SDM being legislated as a means to address healthcare costs. Conclusions: Most US physicians express enthusiasm about using SDM to help contain costs. They believe decision support tools that show costs would be useful. Few agree that SDM should be legislated as a means to control healthcare costs.
Data from: Clock model makes a large difference to age estimates of long-stemmed clades with no internal calibration: a test using Australian grasstrees
Background: Estimating divergence times in phylogenies using a molecular clock depends on accurate modeling of nucleotide substitution rates in DNA sequences. Rate heterogeneity among lineages is likely to affect estimates, especially in lineages with long stems and short crowns ("broom" clades) and no internal calibration. We evaluate the performance of the random local clocks model (RLC) and the more routinely employed uncorrelated lognormal relaxed clock model (UCLN) in situations in which a significant rate shift occurs on the stem branch of a broom clade. We compare the results of simulations to empirical results from analyses of a real rate-heterogeneous taxon – Australian grass trees (Xanthorrhoea) – whose substitution rate is slower than in its sister groups, as determined by relative rate tests. Results: In the simulated datasets, the RLC model performed much better than UCLN: RLC correctly estimated the age of the crown node of slow-rate broom clades, whereas UCLN estimates were consistently too young. Similarly, in the Xanthorrhoea dataset, UCLN returned significantly younger crown ages than RLC (mean estimates respectively 3-6 Ma versus 25-35 Ma). In both real and simulated datasets, Bayes Factor tests strongly favored the RLC model over the UCLN model. Conclusions: The choice of an unsuitable molecular clock model can strongly bias divergence time estimates. In particular, for data predicted to have more rate variation among than within clades, dating with RLC is much more likely to be accurate than with UCLN. The choice of clocks should be informed by the biology of the study group (e.g., life-form) or assessed with relative rate tests and post-hoc model comparisons.
Data from: Soaring across continents: decision-making of a soaring migrant under changing atmospheric conditions along an entire flyway
(1) Thermal soaring birds reduce flight-energy costs by alternatingly gaining altitude in thermals and gliding across the earth's surface. To find out how soaring migrants adjust their flight behaviour to dynamic atmospheric conditions across entire migration routes, we combined optimal soaring migration theory with high-resolution GPS tracking data of migrating Honey Buzzards Pernis apivorus and wind data from a global numerical atmospheric model. (2) We compared measurements of gliding air speeds to predictions based on two distinct behavioural benchmarks for thermal soaring flight. The first being a time-optimal strategy whereby birds alter their gliding air speeds as a function of climb rates to maximize cross-country air speed over a full climb-glide cycle (Vopt). The second a risk-averse energy-efficient strategy at which birds alter their gliding air speed in response to tailwinds/headwinds to maximize the distance travelled in the intended direction during each glide phase (Vbgw). (3) Honey Buzzards were gliding on average 2.05 ms-1 slower than Vopt and 3.42 ms-1 faster than Vbgw while they increased air speeds with climb rates and reduced air speeds in tailwinds. They adopted flexible flight strategies gliding mostly near Vbgw under poor soaring conditions and closer to Vopt in good soaring conditions. (4) Honey Buzzards most adopted a time-optimal strategy when crossing the Sahara, and at the onset of spring migration, where and when they met with the best soaring conditions. The buzzards nevertheless glided slower than Vopt during most of their journeys, probably taking time to navigate, orientate and locate suitable thermals, especially in areas with poor thermal convection. (5) Linking novel tracking techniques with optimal migration models clarifies the way birds balance different trade-offs during migration.
Data from: The making of a rapid plant invader: genetic diversity and differentiation in the native and invaded range of Senecio inaequidens
To become invasive, exotic species have to succeed in the consecutive phases of introduction, naturalization and invasion. Each of these phases leaves traces in genetic structure, which may affect the species' success in subsequent phases. We examine this interplay of genetic structure and invasion dynamics in the South African Ragwort (Senecio inaequidens), one of Europe's fastest plant invaders. We used AFLP and microsatellite markers to analyze 19 native African and 32 invasive European populations. In combination with historic data, we distinguished invasion routes and traced them back to the native source areas. This revealed that different introduction sites had markedly different success in the three invasion phases. Notably, an observed lag-phase in Northern Germany was evidently not terminated by factors increasing the invasiveness of the resident population but by invasive spread from another introduction centre. The lineage invading Central Europe was introduced to sites in which winters are more benign than in the native source region. Subsequently, this lineage spread into areas in which winter temperatures match the native climate more closely. Genetic diversity clearly increases with population age in Europe and less clearly decreases with spread rate up to population establishment. This indicates that gene flow along well-connected invasion routes counteracted losses of genetic diversity during rapid spread. In summary, this study suggests that multiple introductions, environmental preadaptation and high gene flow along invasion routes contributed to the success of this rapid invader. More generally, it demonstrates the benefit of combining genetic, historical and climatic data for understanding biological invasions.
Foraging through multiple nest holes: an impediment to collective decision-making in ants
<p>Raw Data: study investigating the impact of nest structure (number of nest entrances) on the ability of ant colonies to collectively exploit food resources and to select the most rewarding food source.</p>
Make Art Not War.
Artist: [Shepard Fairey](https://www.street-artwork.com/en/artwork/4727/germany-berlin-graffiti) Some more [background](https://www.streetartbio.com/single-post/2016/05/06/Make-art-not-war/#!) on the piece. --- Part of the [Berlin 3D Virtual Tour](https://r.upo.sh/KCAF6qoW). [More details](https://urban-photogrammetry.org/berlin/5d7de3d158cf48a2bb1852f6a6b231ac). --- Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
What Makes Sports Fans Interactive? Identifying Factors Affecting Chat Interactions in Online Sports Viewing
<p> </p> <p> </p> <p><strong>1. Chat message data</strong></p> <p>- kbo2011_naverbasevall_comment.sql: chat messages in Naver Sports that users posted in 2011<br /> - kbo2012_naverbasevall_comment.sql: chat messages in Naver Sports that users posted in 2012</p> <p>Each MySQL table consists of the following six columns.<br /> 1. comment_id: Integer variable to identify each comment<br /> 2. gid: Integer variable to identify each game<br /> 3. uid: Integer variable to identify each user<br /> 4. category_id: A team name that a user selected when a chat message is posted<br /> 5. content: Chat message text<br /> 6. post_time_relative: Elapsed seconds since the game starts</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>2. KBO game information</strong></p> <p>- game_basic.sql: KBO game information in 2011/2012<br /> <br /> (This data was collected from here, http://sports.news.naver.com/schedule/index.nhn?uCategory=&category=kbo&year=2010&month=03)</p> <p>This MySQL table consists of the following 12 columns.<br /> 1. gid: Integer variable to identify each game<br /> 2. game: Game ID used in Naver Sports<br /> 3. year: year of the game play<br /> 4. month: month of the game play<br /> 5. date: date of the game play<br /> 6. time: time of the game play<br /> 7. day: day of the game play<br /> 8. team_away: name of the away team<br /> 9 team_home: name of the home team<br /> 10. score_away: score by the away team<br /> 11. score_home: score by the home team<br /> 12. location: location of the game play</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>3. KBO game play-by-play data </strong></p> <p>- game_playbyplay.sql: playbyplay data in 2011/2012</p> <p>(This data was collected from Naver Sports; EX, http://sports.news.naver.com/gameCenter/gameRecord.nhn?category=kbo&gameId=20100327HHSK0)</p> <p>This MySQL table consists of the following 21 columns.</p> <p>1. play_no: Integer variable to identify each play<br /> 2. gid: Integer variable to identify each game<br /> 3. inning: inning of the play<br /> 4. pitcher: current pitcher name<br /> 5. batter: current batter name<br /> 6. batter_no: current batter order<br /> 7. pitch: the pitch result<br /> 8. strike: current number of strikes<br /> 9. ball: current number of balls<br /> 10. out_cnt: current number of outs<br /> 11. score_home: current score of the home team<br /> 12. score_away: current score of the away team<br /> 13. 1st_base: player name on the 1st base <br /> 14. 2nd_base: player name on the 2nd base<br /> 15. 3rd_base: player name on the 3rd base<br /> 16. runner_state: overall state of the three bases (ex: 1 --> A player is on 1st base, but 2nd and 3rd bases are empty, 13 --> Two players are on 1st and 3rd bases respectively, but 2nd base is empty)<br /> 17. runner_cnt: the number of players on bases<br /> 18. result_r: r by this play<br /> 19. result_rbi: rbi by this play<br /> 20. result_score_home: total home score after this play<br /> 21. result_score_away: total away score after this play</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>4. Winning rate data </strong></p> <p>- game_winrate.sql: winning rates of the home/away teams for an inning</p> <p>(This data is calculated based on the playbyplay data. For the details, please refer to our paper--currently under review)</p> <p>This MySQL table consists of the following 21 columns.</p> <p>1. play_no: Integer variable to identify each play<br /> 2. gid: Integer variable to identify each game<br /> 3. inning: inning of the play<br /> 4. away_win: probability that the away team will win this game<br /> 5. draw: probability that the game will finish a tie<br /> 6. home_win: probability that the home team will win this game</p> <p> </p> <p>If you have any question about the dataset, please contact Minsam Ko (msko@kaist.ac.kr).</p>
Video Figure: Intelligent Agents and Networked Buttons Improve Free-Improvised Ensemble Music-Making on Touch-Screens
<p>This video figure is an overview of our study comparing two designs for network communications between touch-screen musical instruments played in free-improvised ensemble performances.</p> <p>The video shows an overview of the touch-screen app (PhaseRings) used in the study and each of the interface conditions.</p> <p>The abstract of the paper relating to this figure is as follows:</p> <p>We present the results of two controlled studies of free-improvised ensemble music-making on touch-screens. In our system, updates to an interface of harmonically-selected pitches are broadcast to every touch-screen in response to either a performer pressing a GUI button, or to interventions from an intelligent agent. In our first study, analysis of survey results and performance data indicated significant effects of the button on performer preference, but of the agent on performance length. In the second follow-up study, a mixed-initiative interface, where the presence of the button was interlaced with agent interventions, was developed to leverage both approaches. Comparison of this mixed-initiative interface with the always-on button-plus-agent condition of the first study demonstrated significant preferences for the former. The different approaches were found to shape the creative interactions that take place. Overall, this research offers evidence that an intelligent agent and a networked GUI both improve aspects of improvised ensemble music-making.</p>
The Sailor - an Autopost Testshoot - Making-of AutoPost VFX Dataset
<p>This video documents the acquisition of novel AutoPost VFX Dataset for the development and evaluation of matting and tracking workflows and tools under varying real-world conditions.</p> <p> You can enjoy the video at <a href="http://vimeo.com/"> AutoPost Vimeo channel</a> </p> <p> AutoPost project is co-funded by the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 644629. </p>
FIGURE 9 in Billions and billions sold: Pet-feeder crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllidae), commercial cricket farms, an epizootic densovirus, and government regulations make for a potential disaster
FIGURE 9. Timberline Live Pet Foods ad from May, 2012, issue of Reptiles, a trade magazine, promoting the advantages of A. domestica (sic) over other available crickets.
FIGURE 3. Gryllus bimaculatus. a in Billions and billions sold: Pet-feeder crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllidae), commercial cricket farms, an epizootic densovirus, and government regulations make for a potential disaster
FIGURE 3. Gryllus bimaculatus. a. Adult male (left) and adult female (right) both from pet store, San Diego Co., California. Note shiny pronotums and prominence of "bimacula" areas (red arrow pointing to left macula) at base of tegmina, although typically less so in the female. b. Adult male, more unusual light colored phase with cream colored eyes, from pet store in France. DNA profiles of both these "populations" are shown in Fig. 6.
ScienceDex guides
Understand access before you commit
These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.