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FIGURE 11 in Mollusks from late Mesozoic seep deposits, chiefly in California

FIGURE 11. Nucinella sp. from Late Barremian (Early Cretaceous) seep site at Eagle Creek, Shasta County, California, USA.A-C Lateral and dorsal view of CAS 73135. D, E. Views of lateral aspect (D) and hinge area (E) of CAS 73136. E. Specimen displaying taxodont teeth below umbo.

FIGURE 6. A–E in Mollusks from late Mesozoic seep deposits, chiefly in California

FIGURE 6. A–E. Abyssomelania cramptoni sp. nov. from Campanian (Late Cretaceous) seep carbonates at Waipira III, New Zealand. A. Paratype (GNS TM 8851). B. Paratype (GNS TM 8850), C. Paratype (GNS TM 8853). D. Holotype (GNS TM 8852), the arrow indicates the abyssomelanid riblet. E. Juvenile (GNS TM8927). F. Hokkaidoconcha occidentalis (Stanton, 1895) from Tithonian (Late Jurassic) seep carbonates at Paskenta, Tehama County, California, USA; GZG.INV.84981. G–N. Abyssomelania campbellae sp. nov. from Albian (Early Cretaceous) seep carbonates at Cold Fork of Cottonwood Creek, Tehama County, California, USA. G–H. Paratype (GZG.INV.84983). I-K. Holotype (GZG.INV.84982). L–M. Paratype (GZG.INV.84984). N. Paratype (GZG.INV.84985).

FIGURE 18 in Mollusks from late Mesozoic seep deposits, chiefly in California

FIGURE 18. Cuspidaria? persulcata (Stanton, 1895) from Tithonian seep carbonates of Paskenta, California. A. Right valve (GZG.INV.85010). B. Holotype, left valve (USNM 23061).

FIGURE 3. A in Mollusks from late Mesozoic seep deposits, chiefly in California

FIGURE 3. A. Limpet gastropod indet. from Valanginian (Early Cretaceous) seep carbonates at Bear Creek, Colusa County, California, USA; GZG.INV.84967. B–D. Chilodonta? reticulata sp. nov. from Valanginian (Early Cretaceous) seep carbonates at Bear Creek, Colusa County, California, USA; holotype (GZG.INV.84971). E–I. Hikidea osoensis sp. nov. from Valanginian (Early Cretaceous) seep carbonates at Bear Creek, Colusa County, California, USA. E–G. Holotype (GZG.INV.84968). H. Paratype (GZG.INV.84969). I. Juvenile (GZG.INV.84970) displaying ornamentation of the early ontogenetic stage of the shell. J–O. Phanerolepida onoensis sp. nov. from Late Barremian (Early Cretaceous) seep site at Eagle Creek, Shasta County, California, USA; holotype (CAS 73130). J–K. Lateral views. L. Apical view. M. External prismatic shell layer. N. Internal nacreous shell layer. O. Detail of rhombohedric ornament pattern.

FIGURE 9. A–D in Mollusks from late Mesozoic seep deposits, chiefly in California

FIGURE 9. A–D. Pseudanchura biangulata (Anderson, 1938) from Late Barremian (Early Cretaceous) seep site at Eagle Creek, Shasta County, California, USA. A. CAS 73132. B–D. Juvenile CAS 73133. E–F. Diaphana sp. from?Valanginian (Early Cretaceous) seep carbonates at West Berryessa, Napa County, California, USA; GZG.INV.84994.

FIGURE 10 in Mollusks from late Mesozoic seep deposits, chiefly in California

FIGURE 10. Acharax stantoni (Vokes, 1955) from Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous seep deposits in California. A, B. Stanton's (1895) type specimens (USNM 23051). C. Specimen with straight anterodorsal margin from the Tithonian of Paskenta (GZG.INV.84994). D. Specimen with straight anterodorsal margin and original shell material from Late Barremian of Eagle Creek (CAS-73137). E. Specimen showing posterior adductor muscle scar, from Paskenta (GZG.INV.84995). F. Internal mold showing outline and radial sculpture, from Paskenta (GZG.INV.84996).G, H. Specimen showing anterior adductor muscle scar (white arrow in G), from Paskenta (GZG.INV.84997). I. Shell microstructure, unregistered partial specimen from Eagle Creek.

FIGURE 13. Nucula storrsi Stanton, 1895 in Mollusks from late Mesozoic seep deposits, chiefly in California

FIGURE 13. Nucula storrsi Stanton, 1895 from Tithonian seep carbonates of Paskenta. A, B. Specimen showing shell outline and smooth posterior part (A) and the taxodont hinge dentition (B) (GZG.INV.85000). C. Interior view on an articulated hinge (GZG.INV.85001).

FIGURE 14 in Mollusks from late Mesozoic seep deposits, chiefly in California

FIGURE 14. Lyriochlamys complexicostata (Gabb, 1869) from Cretaceous seep carbonates in California, showing various stages of defoliation; all specimens from Hauterivian of Wilbur Springs except for that in fig B, which are from Rocky Creek (probably Valanginian). A. Small specimen with fine radial sculpture (USNM 597562). B. Large specimen in whom the main ribs appear sharp, note fragments of the same species on the far and lower left (GZG.INV.85002). C. Specimen with almost no shell preserved (USNM 597563). D. Specimen with fine radial ribs and rough commarginal wrinkles on the ears (USNM 597564). E. specimen in which the main ribs appear blunt (USNM 605206). F. Specimen with blunt vertical ribs on the ear; note abundant fragments of the brachiopod Peregrinella whiteyi at the lower side (USNM 597565).

opennotspecifiedDec 2017View details →

FIGURE 1 in Mesozoic Ostracoda from Portugal (Cabral Type Collection)

FIGURE 1. Candona? parvissima Cabral & Colin, 2002. A. Paratype, female carapace, right view, SMF Xe 23633; B. Paratype, female carapace, left view, SMF Xe 23634; C. Paratype, male carapace, right view, SMF Xe 23635; D. Paratype, male carapace, left view, SMF Xe 23636.

FIGURE 4 in New Limaiinae (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) from the early Eocene Fur Formation, Denmark, including an unexpected finding of a Mesozoic genus

FIGURE 4. Limaiinae gen. et sp. A, specimen FUM-18490. A, part; B, counterpart; C, forewing venation (A, C, converted to standard view, with apex to the right). Scale bars = 2 mm.

FIGURE 1 in New Limaiinae (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) from the early Eocene Fur Formation, Denmark, including an unexpected finding of a Mesozoic genus

FIGURE 1. Mesypochrysa nielseni sp. nov., holotype MGUH 34285 (ex. Christian Nielsen collection No. 330). A, part; B, counterpart. Scale bar = 2 mm (both to same scale).

FIGURE 2 in New Limaiinae (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) from the early Eocene Fur Formation, Denmark, including an unexpected finding of a Mesozoic genus

FIGURE 2. Mesypochrysa nielseni sp. nov., holotype MGUH 34285 (ex. Christian Nielsen collection No. 330), details of the forewing. A, basal part showing the folded jugal lobe; B, region of apical part of Sc; C, same, counterpart; D, apical part of wing, counterpart (C, D converted to standard view, with apex to the right). All wetted with ethanol. ra, rows of setae suggesting presence of veinlets of RA; sc, rows of setae suggesting possible termination of Sc at the costal margin. Scale bars = 1 mm (A), 0.5 mm (B, C, D).

FIGURE 3 in New Limaiinae (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) from the early Eocene Fur Formation, Denmark, including an unexpected finding of a Mesozoic genus

FIGURE 3. Forewing venation of Mesypochrysa nielseni sp. nov., holotype MGUH 34285 (ex. Christian Nielsen collection No. 330). Scale bar = 2 mm.

Figure 5 in Multivariate analysis of neognath skeletal measurements: implications for body mass estimation in Mesozoic birds

Figure 5. Box plots with whiskers showing the variation among locomotion modes of percentage prediction errors (%PE) for the multiple regression analysis (MR; grey) and the single regression analysis (SR; white) equations adjusted in modern birds. Box length shows the interquartile range (25th and 75th percentiles). The horizontal line within boxes indicates the median. Vertical lines show the 5–95% confidence limits. Points indicate values outside these limits (i.e. outliers). Black horizontal lines between the grey and white boxes show the %PE estimates obtained with the equation based on humeral length (HL), the osteological variable less affected by ecological groupings (as shown by its lower F-statistic values; see Tables 6 and 7). %PE values greater than zero indicate an underestimation and %PE values lower than zero indicate an overestimation. A, %PE variation with respect to groups of aerial locomotion. Abbreviations: CF, continuous flapping; FG, flapping and gliding; FB, flapping and bounding; S, soaring. B, %PE variation with respect to groups of non-aerial locomotion. Abbreviations: A, aquatic; TG, terrestrial ground-dwelling; TN, terrestrial non-ground-dwelling; ATG, aquatic and grounddwelling; TGN, perching and ground-dwelling.

Figure 1. Calibrated phylogeny for the main avian taxa. Tree topology was obtained from O in Multivariate analysis of neognath skeletal measurements: implications for body mass estimation in Mesozoic birds

Figure 1. Calibrated phylogeny for the main avian taxa. Tree topology was obtained from O'Connor, Chiappe & Bell (2011) and divergence times are based on a 'literal' interpretation of the fossil record from Brockelhurst et al. (2012). Taxa abbreviations: Nth, Neornithes; Orph, Ornithuromorpha; Orn, Ornithothoraces; Orth, Ornithurae; Pyg, Pygostylia.

Figure 4 in Multivariate analysis of neognath skeletal measurements: implications for body mass estimation in Mesozoic birds

Figure 4. Biplots used in the selection of four variables for each fossil group of Mesozoic birds: humeral length (HL), femoral length (FL), diaphyseal craniocaudal width of ulna (dUW), and diaphyseal craniocaudal width of femur (dFWcc). Each predictor variable was plotted against a combination of the 14 remaining variables used for estimating body mass (BM; Table S3). The biplots show the regression line fitted for extant birds (grey circles) with the 95% confidence intervals for BM predictions (dotted lines). Following the procedure of selection of variables (see text), HL and FL were used for generating functions that can be applied to all fossil avian taxa. In contrast, dUW and dFWcc could not be incorporated into the functions adjusted for estimating BM in Archaeopterygidae and Enantiornithes, respectively.

Figure 3 in Multivariate analysis of neognath skeletal measurements: implications for body mass estimation in Mesozoic birds

Figure 3. Effects of weighting for the best-fitting multiple regression equation obtained from the modern data set (see Table 2). A, distribution of familiar residuals for unweighted data, and for data weighted by families. Each box plot with whiskers represents one family. Box length shows the interquartile range (25th and 75th percentiles). Horizontal lines indicate the 5–95% confidence limits. Asterisks show outliers. Abbreviations for families: Ac, Accipitridae; Ad, Alcedinidae; Ae, Aegothelidae; Al, Alcidae; An, Anatidae; Ap, Apodidae; Ar, Ardeidae; At, Artamidae; Au, Alaudidae; Ca, Caprimulgidae; Cc, Cacatuidae; Ch, Charadriidae; Ci, Ciconiidae; Co, Columbidae; Cn, Cinclidae; Cr, Coraciidae; Ct, Catharthidae; Cu, Cuculidae; Cv, Corvidae; Di, Diomedeidae; Fa, Falconidae; Fg, Fringillidae; Fr, Fregatidae; Ga, Gaviidae; Gr, Gruidae; He, Hemiprocnidae; Hi, Hirundinidae; La, Laridae; Ln, Lanidae; Me, Meleagridae; Mg, Megapodidae; Mo, Motacillidae; Mp, Meropidae; Ms, Musophagidae; Mu, Muscicapidae; Ot, Otididae; Pa, Paridae; Pc, Pelecanoididae; Pd, Podicipedidae; Pe, Pelecanidae; Ph, Phasianidae; Pic, Picidae; Pit, Pittidae; Pl, Phalacrocoracidae; Pn, Pandionidae; Po, Podargidae; Pr, Procellaridae; Ps, Psittacidae; Pt, Pteroclidae; Pu, Prunellidae; Ra, Rallidae; Re, Recurvirostridae; Ry, Rynchopidae; Sc, Stercoriidae; Sg, Strigidae; So, Scolopacidae; Sr, Sturnidae; St, Sternidae; Su, Sulidae; Sy, Sylviidae, Te, Tetraonidae; Th, Threskiornithidae; Tt, Tytonidae; Tu, Turdidae; Ty, Tyrannidae; Up, Upupidae. B, plot showing the variations of %MPE with the increase of individuals per family. The dashed line represents the unweighted multiple regression analysis (MR) and the grey line represents the weighted MR.

Figure 2 in Multivariate analysis of neognath skeletal measurements: implications for body mass estimation in Mesozoic birds

Figure 2. Illustration of osteological limb measurements used in this study and defined in Table 1: A, cranial aspect of the humerus; B, dorsal aspect of the ulna and the radius; C, dorsal aspect of the carpometacarpus; D, caudal aspect of the femur; E, caudal aspect of the tibiotarsus; F, cranial aspect of the tarsometarsus.

opennotspecifiedFeb 2011View details →

Figure 1 in Evidence from mitochondrial genomics supports the lower Mesozoic of South Asia as the time and place of basal divergence of cypriniform fishes (Actinopterygii: Ostariophysi)

Figure 1. Geographical regions of cypriniform fish distribution at the continental scale. The seven region scheme presented here [Africa (Af), South Asia (Sa), East Asia (Ea), Europe (Eu), Siberia (Sb), and western and eastern North America (Wn & En)] is a modification of the conventional Wallace's six region system (Berra, 2001). East Asia, Europe, and Siberia are subdivisions of the Palaearctic region, overlapping with each other. Western and eastern North America are subdivisions of the Nearctic region.