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Least tern disturbance observations and colony survey data
<p>Coastal birds that rely on sandy beaches for breeding are vulnerable to catastrophic flooding events resulting from tropical cyclones. The effects of storm surge on annual productivity depend on the propensity and success of renesting attempts post-storm. From 2017-2021, I investigated the effects of storm surge on Least Tern (<em>Sternula antillarum</em>) annual productivity, renesting probability, and nest and chick survival after storms on Mississippi's Gulf of Mexico Coast. Tropical cyclones made landfall during peak breeding period in three of these years, resulting in complete overwash of all colonies. Observers monitored daily nest survival, productivity (max fledge count/max nest count), and frequency of disturbance from avian predators at each colony. Total annual productivity (fledge count/ nest count across the study area) summed across colonies ranged from 0.00-0.07 in storm years and 0.29-0.66 in non-storm years. Probability of colony re-occupation declined as a function of storm date and increased with pre-storm nest success. Disturbance rate from avian predators did not increase post-storm compared to pre-storm periods. Nest survival increased with colony size and decreased in both late-season (non-storm) and post-storm time periods. Mean probability of chick survival was 0.20 ± 0.06 SD for peak nesting period in non-storm years, whereas mean predicted chick survival was 0.003 – 0.004 in storm years and in renesting periods in all years. Storm surge resulted in nearly complete loss of Least Tern breeding productivity despite renesting attempts and colony re-occupation after storms. I found no evidence that avian predation increased post-storm as a result of habitat changes; rather, similarly low productivity was observed for late-season breeding attempts in non-storm years. Repeated storm surge events could pose a serious threat to the viability of Mississippi's coastal-nesting Least Tern population, and protection of Least Terns during early and peak nesting seasons is critical for ensuring breeding success.</p>
Figure 2. a, coelomic brood juveniles from a in Observations of reproductive strategies for some dendrochirotid holothuroids (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Dendrochirotida)
Figure 2. a, coelomic brood juveniles from a female Staurothyone inconspicua (Bell) showing mid-body constrictions and variable sizes (F58613; photo by CR). b, coelomic juvenile of S. inconspicua showing a deep mid-body constriction (F58456; CR). c, coelomic juveniles from a female Parathyonidium Heding species (F84983; CR). d, many small (F58592, late October; CR) and one large (F76371, late December; CR) coelomic brood juveniles of Neoamphicyclus materiae O'Loughlin. e, single large coelomic juvenile of N. materiae (F58606; late December; LA). f, invaginated body wall marsupium of Cladodactyla crocea (Lesson) with single remaining egg/embryo (F106967; 27 mm long; LA).
Figure 1 in Observations of reproductive strategies for some dendrochirotid holothuroids (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Dendrochirotida)
Figure 1. Fissiparity by Cucuvitrum rowei O'Loughlin and O'Hara. a, peristaltic contractions in live specimen (F157401; about 25 mm long; photo by JE). b, 3 live individuals resulting from fissiparity (F157401; JE). c, live specimen showing regenerating anal end (F157419; 4 mm long; LA). d, preserved specimens showing evidence of fissiparity, with fully developed tentacles and ring and lacking internal soft organs (upper), with developing tentacles and ring (lower) (F161501; LA).
FIG. 2 in Molecular data and culture observations show that the microfilamentous marine alga Uronema marinum Womersley is a member of the genus Okellya Leliaert & Rueness (Cladophorales, Chlorophyta)
FIG. 2. — Maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree of selected Cladophorales Haeckel, showing the position of the species Okellya marina (Womersley) Wetherbee, comb. nov. as sister to Okellya curvata (Printz) Leliaert & Rueness in the Okellyaceae Leliaert & Rueness family. Numbers shown at nodes represent RAxML rapid bootstrap values. The scale is in estimated substitutions per site in the concatenated 18S and 28S alignment.
FIG. 1 in Molecular data and culture observations show that the microfilamentous marine alga Uronema marinum Womersley is a member of the genus Okellya Leliaert & Rueness (Cladophorales, Chlorophyta)
FIG. 1. — Okellya marina (Womersley) Wetherbee, comb. nov. (strain 56a) from New South Wales: A, tuft of filaments; B, C, newly formed filaments of two and four cells attached by a discoid holdfast (asterisks), apical cells rounded; D, larger filaments occur with dense cytoplasm; E, F, filaments showing a single pyrenoid at the center of cells (arrowheads); G, H, pyrenoids stained with iodine solution (arrowheads); I-M, elongate zoospores (s) have differentiated in an intercalary cell (I) and escape from a pore at the apical end of cells (J-M: arrows); zoospores often fail to escape through the pore and germinate inside the sporangium (K-M), occasionally even forming holdfasts (asterisk in M). Scale bars: A, 50 μm; B, D-I, 10 μm; C, J-M, 20 μm.
Figures 1a–1f in Non-aggressive competition between males of Srilankametrus yaleensis (Kovařík et al., 2019) (Scorpionidae), and other types of agonistic behavior observed in scorpions
Figures 1a–1f. Developing from the initial stage to the confronting stage. Figure 1a. Initial stage, showing a defensive posture (left, A1, right, A2). Figure 1b. Initial stage, tentative pinching when mutually touched (left, A1, right, A2). Figure 1c. Initial stage, showing a shielding posture (left, B1, right, B2). Figure 1d. Initial stage, one trying to suppress the other (left, B1, right, B2). Figure 1e. Initial stage, shielding collision (left, B1, right, B2). Figure 1f. Spanning pedipalps, developing into confronting stage (left, A1, right, A2).
Figure 5 in Non-aggressive competition between males of Srilankametrus yaleensis (Kovařík et al., 2019) (Scorpionidae), and other types of agonistic behavior observed in scorpions
Figure 5. Duration of each round and that of arm-span competition occurred in each round (in seconds).
Figures 9a–9f in Non-aggressive competition between males of Srilankametrus yaleensis (Kovařík et al., 2019) (Scorpionidae), and other types of agonistic behavior observed in scorpions
Figures 9a–9f. Examples of physical combat in genus Hottentotta Birula, 1908. Figures 9a–9c. Adult males of H. minusalta Vachon, 1959. Figure 9d. An adult pair of H. jayakari (Pocock, 1895). Figure 9e. An adult pair of H. franzwerneri (Birula, 1914). Figure 9f. An adult pair of H. buchariensis (Birula, 1897).
Figures 10a–10c in Non-aggressive competition between males of Srilankametrus yaleensis (Kovařík et al., 2019) (Scorpionidae), and other types of agonistic behavior observed in scorpions
Figures 10a–10c. Examples of three types of behavior observed among several species of Heterometrinae. Figure 10a. Arm-span competition (Chersonesometrus tristis). Figure 10b. Shielding response (strictly defined as an easily triggered response; Heterometrus species do exhibit similar posture but happens only when their pedipalps are suppressed; Srilankametrus yaleensis). Figure 10c. Aggressive response (here shows a pre-posture before "pinching" or "punching"; Heterometrus spinifer).
Figures 7a–7d in Non-aggressive competition between males of Srilankametrus yaleensis (Kovařík et al., 2019) (Scorpionidae), and other types of agonistic behavior observed in scorpions
Figures 7a–7d. Examples of physical combat in other scorpions. Figure 7a. Adult females of Androctonus gonneti Vachon, 1948 aiming at each other with their metasoma (the accompanied juddering behavior cannot be illustrated by the figure). Figure 7b. A pair of adult A. gonneti, the female is controlling the telson of the male. Figures 7c–7d. Adults of Hottentotta salei (Vachon, 1980) controlling the telson of the opponent: female and male (c), and two males (d).
Figures 3a–3b in Non-aggressive competition between males of Srilankametrus yaleensis (Kovařík et al., 2019) (Scorpionidae), and other types of agonistic behavior observed in scorpions
Figures 3a–3b. Comparison of aggression between arm-span competition and stinging fighting behavior. Figure 3a. No fighting occurred after one was pulled over (left, A1, right, C). Figure 3b. Violent fighting occurred at the initial stage when both individuals were infuriated (left, A1, right, B1).
Figures 8a–8f in Non-aggressive competition between males of Srilankametrus yaleensis (Kovařík et al., 2019) (Scorpionidae), and other types of agonistic behavior observed in scorpions
Figures 8a–8f. Examples of physical combat in other scorpions. Figures 8a–8c. Juveniles of Hadrurus arizonensis Ewing, 1928, performing the typical deterrent posture. Figures 8d–8f. Leiurus spp., performing the intimidation behavior: adult males of Leiurus jordanensis Lourenço et al., 2002 and L. haenggii Lowe et al., 2014 (d), adult males of L. jordanensis and L. quinquestriatus (Ehrenberg, 1828) (e), and an adult pair of L. jordanensis (f; male on the left).
Figures 6a–6d in Non-aggressive competition between males of Srilankametrus yaleensis (Kovařík et al., 2019) (Scorpionidae), and other types of agonistic behavior observed in scorpions
Figures 6a–6d. Examples of similar behavior observed between two adult males in other Heterometrinae species. Figure 6a. Heterometrus minotaurus (above) and Heterometrus thorellii (below) (photo: V. Tang). Figure 6b. Chersonesometrus tristis (photo: V. Tang). Figure 6c. H. thorellii (photo: Gentia). Figure 6d. H. thorellii (below) and Heterometrus longimanus (above) (photo: Gentia).
Figures 2a–2f. Confronting stage. Figure 2a in Non-aggressive competition between males of Srilankametrus yaleensis (Kovařík et al., 2019) (Scorpionidae), and other types of agonistic behavior observed in scorpions
Figures 2a–2f. Confronting stage. Figure 2a. Spreading the pedipalps, lateral view (left, A2, right, A1). Figure 2b. Spreading the pedipalps, posterior view (distal, A1, proximal, C). Figure 2c. Metasoma of the two males entangling with each other (left, C, right, A1). Figure 2d. One being lifted up by the "metasomal hook" (left, C, right, A1). Figure 2e. Lifting, lateral view (left, A1, right, C). Figure 2f. Lifting, posterior view (proximal, A1, distal, C).
Figs 16–21 in Redescription of Strombidium coronatum (Leegaard, 1915) Kahl, 1932 (Ciliophora, Spirotricha) based on live observation, protargol impregnation, and scanning electron microscopy
Figs 16–21. Strombidium coronatum, Irish Sea specimens (16–18, scanning electron micrographs; 19–21, protargol impregnation, micrographs of several focal planes were stacked, using the computer program CombineZP from Alan Hadley). 16 – ventrolateral view; 17 – left lateral view showing uniquely shaped peristome, which is roughly triangular in outline and almost flat, extending in the sagittal plane. The extrusomes insert in short oblique rows anteriorly to the girdle kinety; note that some of them are just ejected (arrowhead); 18 – posterior cell portion showing the sharp, longitudinal ridges that have already been illustrated in the original description by Leegaard (1915); 19 – left lateral view of an early divider; 20 – dorsolateral view of an early divider; 21 – ventrolateral view. AP – apical protrusion, BM – buccal membranelles, CM – collar membranelles, DC – distended cell surface, EX – extrusome attachment sites, GK – girdle kinety, MA – macronucleus, OP – oral primordium, VK – ventral kinety. Scale bars: 40 µm (16), 20 µm (17, 19–21), and 10 µm (18).
Figures 859–864 in A survey of proximal sensilla associated with denticle subrows on scorpion pedipalp fingers (Arachnida: Scorpiones), with observations on scorpion fluorescence
Figures 859–864. Analysis of cuticular fluorescence. Figure 859. Histogram of fluorescence intensities, I (arbitrary units), in DD DD configuration, of dissected and exuvial carapaces of 9 species in 5 families. Error bars: standard deviations of single carapaces. Figure 860. Histogram comparing relative fluorescence intensities in DV, VD, and VV configurations, normalized to I DD. Figure 861. Bivariate scatter plot of I I vs. I (I normalized) for the data in Fig. 859. Figure 862. Histogram of cyan (505 nm) attenuation of dissected and exuvial DV VD VV DD sclerites of 12 species in 5 families. Figures 863–864. Histograms of model estimates of UV (863) and cyan fluorescence (864) transmission coefficients of three cuticular layers, α and β (hyaline exocuticle, HX), α and β (inner exocuticle, IX), and αEC and β EC (endocuticle, EC), X X IX IX for 5 species in 4 families. Lower transmission coefficients correspond to greater UV attenuation. Calculations assume that HX and IX have the same coefficients in exuvia and dissected cuticle, and that the epicuticle is transparent at all wavelengths.
Figures 865–882 in A survey of proximal sensilla associated with denticle subrows on scorpion pedipalp fingers (Arachnida: Scorpiones), with observations on scorpion fluorescence
Figures 865–882. UV fluorescence of Chaerilidae. Figures 865–873. Chaerilus hofereki. UV fluorescence images of isolated carapace in external and internal viewing/ UV illumination configurations (865–868), and right pedipalp chela, external view (869); 20 μm sections of cuticle, tergite V (870–873), under transmitted white light (870, 872) and UV fluorescence (871, 873). Figures 874–882. Chaerilus variegatus. Fluorescence images of isolated carapace in external and internal viewing/ UV illumination configurations (874–877); and right pedipalp chela, external view (878); 30 μm sections of cuticle, tergite III (879–880) and chela manus, proximal internal surface (881–882), under transmitted white light (879, 881) and UV fluorescence (880, 882). Fluorescence of cuticle sections (871, 873, 880, 882) is displayed in color to show wavelength difference in Fig. 880. For normalized species comparison, display brightness of Figs. 874–877 were scaled up to approximately match the two DD intensities (874 & 865). In Fig. 878, display brightness was not upscaled. Scale bars: 2 mm (865–868, 874–877, 869, 878), 50 μm (870, 872, 879, 881). Abbreviations as in Figs. 693–721, 823–842..
Figures 823–842 in A survey of proximal sensilla associated with denticle subrows on scorpion pedipalp fingers (Arachnida: Scorpiones), with observations on scorpion fluorescence
Figures 823–842. External and internal fluorescence of scorpion cuticle. UV fluorescence images of isolated carapaces in external and internal viewing/ UV illumination configurations: Centruroides sculpturatus, ♀ dissected (823–826) and ♀ exuvium (827–830); Hottentotta jayakari, ♂ dissected (831–834); Hadrurus arizonensis ♀ dissected (835–838) and ♂ exuvium (839–842).Abbreviations: DD, dorsal view, dorsal UV illumination (823, 827, 831, 835, 839); DV, dorsal view, ventral UV illumination (824, 828, 832, 836, 840); VD, ventral view, dorsal UV illumination (825, 829, 833, 837, 841); VV, ventral view, ventral UV illumination (826, 830, 834, 838, 842); D = external, V = internal. Scale bars: 2 mm.
Figures 814–822 in A survey of proximal sensilla associated with denticle subrows on scorpion pedipalp fingers (Arachnida: Scorpiones), with observations on scorpion fluorescence
Figures 814–822. Block of UV light by scorpion cuticle. Figures 814–815. Excitation of fluorescence in a thin layer of sodium fluorescein solution (25 mM) under coverslip by 405 nm UV laser (20 mW) (814) and block of excitation by carapace of Hadrurus arizonensis (♂ exuvium) (815). Figures 816–821. UV shadows of isolated scorpion sclerites. Images of fluorescence of thin layer of sodium fluorescein solution with collimated UV illumination (395 nm LED) intercepted by carapaces of Hottentotta jayakari (♂ dissected; 816), Smeringurus vachoni (♀ exuvium; 817), Nebo omanensis (♀ exuvium; 818), Paruroctonus becki (♂ exuvium; 819), sternite VII of Teruelius flavopiceus (♀ dissected; 820), and rectangular block of aluminum metal (821). Scale bars: 2 mm. Figure 822. Histogram comparing percentage UV attenuation estimated from sclerite shadows for 12 species in 5 families, including both exuvia (light cyan bars) and dissected sclerites (dark cyan bars).
Figures 805–813 in A survey of proximal sensilla associated with denticle subrows on scorpion pedipalp fingers (Arachnida: Scorpiones), with observations on scorpion fluorescence
Figures 805–813. Nonlocal emission of fluorescence and optical waveguide effects in scorpion cuticle. Figures 805–807. Spatial distribution in microscope focal plane of UV epi-illumination. Transverse intensity profiles (805) calibrated by imaging fluorescence emission from uniform thin layer (~20 μm) of sodium fluorescein solution (25 mM) under coverslip, for wide-field (806, magenta line) and localized spot (807, blue line) illumination. Viewed with 20X objective. Scale bar: 200 μm (806–807). Figures 808–810. Fluorescence emission from Type F sensillum from external movable finger of right pedipalp chela of Barbaracurus yemenensis ♂. Curvilinear profiles of fluorescence intensity along sensillum (808), normalized to UV excitation intensity profiles along curve. Fluorescence images under wide-field UV illumination (809) and UV spot illumination (810). Arrows indicate apical tip emission. Dry specimen, viewed with 40X objective (N.B.: twice the magnification of Figs. 805–807). Scale bar: 100 μm (809–810). Figures 811–813. Linear transverse profiles of fluorescence intensity (811) from fragment
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
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