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3,682 results for “ROOTS”
Mouns Jones Site Root Cellar and Well
Medium resolution detail view of a probable root cellar feature. Excvations carried out by the Society for Pennsylvania Archaeology Chapter 21 next to the 1716 Mouns Jones House. The photogrammetry model was buildt from 288 photographs in Agisoft Photoscan Pro. The scale bars display 20cm increments. The original cellar vault stones have been displaced. The apparent alignment of the articulated foundation stones are indicated by the blue markers. The alignment markers, north arrow and scale bars were added in Maya 2016. The site is owned by the Historic Preservation Trust of Berks County. Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
瑞狮罗汉 Lion arhat 竹根雕 bamboo root carving
瑞狮罗汉 Lion arhat 竹根雕 Bamboo root Carving 中国工艺美术大师梁丰助1999年作品 现收藏于中国衡阳南岳梁丰助工艺美术馆 高21公分 宽23.2公分 Hight 21CM Width 23.2CM Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
Data from: Different dynamics and controls of enzyme activities of leaf and root litter during decomposition
<p>Litter enzyme dynamics are strongly shaped by litter, soil, and microbial attributes during decomposition, however, enzyme dynamics of leaf and root litter remains unresolved due to contrasting differences in rates and controls on leaf and root litter decomposition.</p> <p>Herein, we conducted a 784-day field experiment to evaluate the relative importance of litter, alkaline soil, and microbial attributes to enzyme activities and their C:N:P stoichiometry of leaf and root litter during decomposition under subtropical land use change of China.</p> <p>We found that only the C- and N-acquiring enzyme activities of shrub leaves were greater than those of wood and crop, and there was no significant difference in P-acquiring enzyme activity among the three species of leaves. Both the C- and P-acquiring enzyme activities of crop roots were significantly lower than those of afforested lands (i.e., woodland and shrubland). The N-acquiring activities of wood roots were significantly lower than those of shrub and crop. At the temporal dynamics, the C-, N-, and P-acquiring enzyme activities of the leaves decreased with mass loss, which was affected by the shift in litter nutrients (e.g., N and P) and soil moisture during decomposition. In contrast, the three enzyme activities of roots increased with mass loss, largely due to the increase in microbial biomass of bacteria regulated by litter stoichiometry. The enzymatic C:nutrient (N and P) ratios declined with mass loss, but the enzymatic P:N ratios remained relatively constant with mass loss during the leaf litter decomposition. Whereas, both of the enzymatic C:nutrient ratios and enzymatic P:N ratios decreased with mass during the root litter decomposition. Our results showed that the enzymatic C:N:P stoichiometry of decaying leaves and roots was predominantly predicted by microbial biomass and bacterial biomass, respectively.</p> <p>Overall, we outlined the pattern of contrasting contributions of litter, soil, and microbial attributes to enzyme dynamics during decomposition, which provided a framework for better understanding litter C, N, and P dynamics in relation to microbial resource allocation strategy during decomposition.</p>
Decoupling of uptake and transport-related traits in absorptive roots across coexisting herbaceous species in alpine meadows
<div>The anatomical structure of roots determines their function. Coexisting species complementarily forage nutrients by roots themselves (e.g., root strategy) and their fungal partners (e.g., mycorrhizal strategy), leading to a tradeoff between root strategy and mycorrhizal strategy. However, few studies have specifically evaluated whether and how the root anatomical structures are involved in this tradeoff, especially for species in alpine ecosystems limited by extreme climate.Here, absorptive root anatomical and chemical traits and three key root traits commonly associated with nutrient foraging strategies, i.e., root strategy indicated by first-order root length and root branching intensity and mycorrhizal strategy indicated by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal colonization, were examined across 68 herbaceous species in alpine meadows of the Tibetan Plateau.We observed that absorptive roots with higher branching intensity had more protoxylem poles, thinner cortices and smaller cortical cells, whereas absorptive roots with higher mycorrhizal colonization and longer first-order roots consistently had thicker cortices and larger cortical cells. Unexpectedly, root cortical traits responsible for nutrient uptake were decoupled from stelar traits specialized in water and nutrient transportation. The decoupling may be related to the non-coordinated changes in soil water and nutrient availability in the meadows of the Tibetan Plateau. In addition, we found that root cortical thickness and stelar radius increased at a similar rate rather than well-reported different rates with increasing root diameter. Our results demonstrate that root internal makeup plays an integral role in forming the diverse nutrient foraging strategies in belowground. These findings provide new insights into our understanding of plant coexistence and responses of alpine meadows to climate change on the Tibetan Plateau.</div>
Data from: Shift from an extensive to an intensive root nutrient-acquisition mode with stand development of three Pinus species
<p>Plant roots employ diverse strategies to acquire soil nutrients, including direct nutrient uptake through absorptive fine roots and root hairs, scavenging nutrients by forming symbioses with mycorrhizal fungi, and mining nutrients by releasing root exudates. However, whether these three strategies are differently coordinated among phylogenetically closely-related tree species and how this coordination shifts with stand development remains largely unclear. To fill these knowledge gaps, we measured 13 root morphological, architectural, physiological and mycorrhizal traits tightly related to nutrient-acquisition of three <em>Pinus</em> species (<em>P. sylvestris</em> var. <em>mongolica</em>, <em>P. densiflora</em> and <em>P. tabuliformis</em>) at young (20-year-old) and mature (50-year-old) stages planted in nutrient-impoverished sandy soils, in Northeast China. We found that young trees had thinner absorptive fine roots and a higher specific root length than mature trees across three <em>Pinus</em> species, indicating that roots become morphologically less efficient in "do it yourself" scavenging nutrients during stand development. Moreover, young stands had greater root length density and root area index, and mature stands had faster root-exudation rates, suggesting that young stands rely more on expanding soil volumes to scavenge nutrients and mature stands depend more on root exudation to 'mine' nutrients. The three <em>Pinus</em> species exhibited different nutrient-acquisition strategies at the mature stage; <em>P. densiflora</em> had higher root length density and root area index, and the other two <em>Pinus</em> species had greater ectomycorrhizal colonization rates.</p> <p><em>Synthesis</em>. Our findings highlight that phylogenetically closely-related tree species may exhibit different nutrient-acquisition strategies, and suggest a shift from an extensive nutrient-acquisition mode depending more on absorptive fine roots to an intensive nutrient-acquisition mode relying more on root exudation during stand development.</p>
Data from: Contrasting depth-related fine root plastic responses to soil warming in a subtropical Chinese fir plantation
<p>Warming-induced soil drought especially in topsoil may enlarge the spatial mismatch between nutrients and water along the soil profile, which impedes the uptake of not only water but also nutrients by trees. Therefore, coordinating the acquisition of soil water and nutrients along the soil profile is an important strategy for trees to cope with global warming.</p> <p>This study examined soil depth-related changes in nutrient concentrations, biomass, and morphology of fine roots in a Chinese fir plantation after 3 years of large-scale manipulative soil warming.</p> <p>Soil warming (ambient + 4°C) increased fine root nitrogen (N) concentrations but decreased fine root phosphorus (P) concentrations across soil depths. Warming did not affect total fine root biomass and its vertical distribution. At the 0–10 cm depth, warming increased specific root length (SRL), specific root area (SRA), fine root diameter (RD), and root length density (RLD) but reduced root tissue density (RTD). In the 40–60 cm layer, warming reduced RD, SRL, and RLD while increasing RTD mainly for roots of the 1–2 mm diameter class.</p> <p><em>Synthesis</em>: We concluded that roots of Chinese fir plantations could adapt to warming-induced moderate water stress through contrasting depth-related root morphological adjustments, probably to optimize the acquisition of both soil water and nutrients. The results of this study are crucial for understanding the adaptation strategies of subtropical forests under future climate conditions.</p>
Data from: Relationships between rhizosphere microbial communities, soil abiotic properties and root trait variation within a pine species
<p>Rhizosphere microbes play important roles in plant performance and ecosystem functioning. It is becoming increasingly clear that rhizosphere communities vary with soil properties and variation in root traits among plant species. However, less is known about whether and how variation in root traits within plant species influences the rhizosphere microbial communities.</p> <p>We evaluated the intraspecific root traits variation and explored their associations with bacterial and fungal communities in rhizosphere by focusing on an ectomycorrhizal tree<em> </em>species, i.e., <em>Pinus massoniana</em>, in 22 sites in subtropical China.</p> <p>The first dimension of the principal component analysis on root traits revealed evidence for the 'conservation' gradient of the root economics space. Overall, root traits explained more variation in fungal communities than in bacterial communities in the rhizosphere. Functional composition of rhizosphere microbial communities changed significantly along the 'conservation' gradient, with fast-growing copiotrophic bacteria and symbiotic ectomycorrhizal fungi were significantly enriched on the 'acquisition' side, while slow-growing oligotrophic bacteria were significantly enriched on the 'conservation' side of the gradient.</p> <p><strong><em>Synthesis</em></strong>: Our study demonstrates that intraspecific variation in plant roots significantly influence rhizosphere microbial communities, which in turn can influence plant nutrition and therefore plant performance within the community.</p>
Formations of mycorrhizal symbiosis alter the phenolic heteropolymers in roots and leaves of four temperate woody species
<p>The decomposition rates of senesced tissues from plants associated with ectomycorrhizal (EcM) fungi tend to differ from that associated with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi. However, the chemical underpinnings that could drive the observed differences in decomposition are less explored.</p> <p>Here, we characterized the content, composition, and spatial organization of phenolic heteropolymers in roots and leaves of four temperate tree species across eight plant-fungus combinations, forming either AM or EcM associations.</p> <p>Colonization by either AM or EcM fungi tended to decrease the abundance of lignin, condensed tannins, and ratios of lignin and nitrogen in roots and/or leaves, which would lead to lower chemical recalcitrance of tissues. The decrease in root lignin abundance by either mycorrhizal type was associated with an expanded cortex, potentially facilitating symbiosis. Additionally, changes in lignin molecular composition by mycorrhizal symbiosis differed between plant phylogenetic lineages irrespective of mycorrhizal type.</p> <p>Our results suggest that the mycorrhiza-associated changes in plant chemical traits that regulate litter decomposition may not be unique to AM or EcM associations; rather, both associations can reduce root and leaf chemical recalcitrance. Further, the differential modification in lignin composition by mycorrhizal symbiosis between plant phylogenetic groups highlights the influence of plant evolutionary history in plant-mycorrhizal interactions.</p>
Data from: A shared pattern of midfacial bone modelling in hominids suggests deep evolutionary roots for human facial morphogenesis
<p>Midfacial morphology varies between hominoids, in particular between great apes and humans for which the face is small and retracted. The underlying developmental processes for these morphological differences are still largely unknown. Here we investigate the cellular mechanism of maxillary development (bone modelling), and how potential changes in this process may have shaped facial evolution. We analysed cross-sectional developmental series of gibbons, orangutans, gorillas, chimpanzees and present-day humans (N=183). Individuals were organized into five age groups according to their dental development. To visualize each species' bone modelling pattern and corresponding morphology during ontogeny, maps based on microscopic data were mapped onto species-specific age group average shapes obtained using geometric morphometrics. The amount of bone resorption was quantified and compared between species. Great apes share a highly similar bone modelling pattern, whereas gibbons have a distinctive resorption pattern. This suggests a change in cellular activity on the hominid branch. Humans possess most of the great ape pattern, but bone resorption is high in the canine area from birth on, suggesting a key role of canine reduction in facial evolution. We also observed that humans have high levels of bone resorption during childhood, a feature not shared with other apes.</p>
Data for: Tomato root specialized metabolites evolved through gene duplication and regulatory divergence within a biosynthetic gene cluster
<p>Tremendous plant metabolic diversity arises from phylogenetically-restricted specialized metabolic pathways. Specialized metabolites are synthesized in dedicated cells or tissues, with pathway genes sometimes colocalizing in biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs). However, the mechanisms by which spatial expression patterns arise and the role of BGCs in pathway evolution remain underappreciated. In this study, we investigated the mechanisms driving acylsugar evolution in the Solanaceae. Previously thought to be restricted to glandular trichomes, acyl sugars were recently discovered in cultivated tomato roots. We demonstrated that acyl sugars in cultivated tomato roots and trichomes have different sugar cores, identified root-enriched paralogs of trichome acyl sugar pathway genes, and characterized a key paralog required for root acyl sugar biosynthesis, <em>SlASAT1-LIKE</em> (<em>SlASAT1-L</em>), which is nested within a previously-reported trichome acyl sugar BGC. Finally, we provided evidence that <em>ASAT1-L</em> arose through duplication of its paralog, <em>ASAT1</em>, and was trichome-expressed before acquiring root-specific expression in the <em>Solanum</em> genus. Our results illuminate the genomic context and molecular mechanisms underpinning metabolic diversity in plants.</p>
Below-ground root nutrient-acquisition strategies are more sensitive to long-term grazing than above-ground leaf traits across a soil nutrient gradient
<p>Understanding how plant nutrient acquisition strategies respond to grazing at the community level is critical to understanding ecosystem structure and functioning in grasslands. However, few studies have simultaneously compared the difference in aboveground (leaf) and belowground (root) nutrient-acquisition strategies in response to long-term grazing, especially at the regional scale. Here, we measured a set of leaf and fine-root traits that correspond to the fast-slow economic spectrum at the community level in 10 experimental sites from paired grazed and ungrazed grasslands across a soil nutrient gradient covering three major types of grasslands in northern China. We found that patterns of variations of leaf and fine-root traits were consistent with both a leaf and root economic spectrum at the community level for both grazed and non-grazed plots. Grazing had a minor effect on community-level leaf nutrient-acquisition strategies but strongly influenced community-level root nutrient-acquisition strategies. Specifically, root nutrient-acquisition strategies were shifted to more exploitative resource use in grazed communities. Moreover, soil nutrients contributed to the changes in both leaf and root nutrient-acquisition strategies, which tended towards a more resource-acquisition strategy with increasing soil nutrient levels. Grazing significantly interacted with soil nutrients to affect root nutrient-acquisition strategies, and grazing contributed more to root nutrient-acquisition strategies than soil nutrients. Our results demonstrated completely inconsistent responses of community-level above- and below-ground resource acquisition strategies to long-term grazing, and below-ground acquisition strategies were more sensitive to long-term grazing. Our findings also suggest that high-intensity anthropogenic activities such as grazing may strongly modify below-ground resource acquisition strategies.</p>
Lateral Root Development in Two Tomato Accessions under Salt Stress
<p>The images of growing tomato seedlings were collected using SPIRO setup by Maryam Rahmati-Ishka every 30 minutes. However, as our automated script did not work for quantifying the lateral roots, Magda Julkowska traced the roots manually - for images collected every 60 minutes. </p> <p>The data was collected over 4 experiments, for two tomato genotypes: M248 - S. pimpinellifolium - wild tomato - salt tolerant - maintains the LR emergence under salt stress; and LA1511 - S. lycopersicum - cultivated tomato - salt tolerant - maintains the LR elongation under salt stress. </p>
Data: Salt marsh litter quality and decomposition under sea-level rise scenarios: from leaves to fine absorptive roots
<p>litter chemical characteristic in salt marshes, including fine absorptive roots, fine transportive roots, rhizomes and leaves. </p> <p>mass loss of litter and chemical characteristics of those litter under sea level scenarios (manipulated in situ)</p>
Insect root feeders incur negative density-dependent damage across plant species in an alpine meadow
<p>Although herbivores are well known to incur positive density-dependent damage and mortality, thereby likely shaping plant community assembly, the response of belowground root feeders to changes in plant density has seldom been addressed. Locally rare plant species (with lower plant biomass per area) are often smaller with shallower roots than common species (with higher plant biomass per area) in competition-intensive grasslands. Likewise, root feeders are often distributed in the upper soil layers. We hypothesized therefore that root feeders would incur a negative density (biomass) dependent damage across plant species. To test this hypothesis, we investigated the diversity and abundance of plant and root feeder species in an alpine meadow, and determined the diet of the root feeders using metabarcoding. Across all species, root feeder load decreased with increasing aboveground plant biomass, root biomass, and total plant biomass per area, indicating negative density dependence of damage across plant species. Aboveground plant biomass per area increased with increasing individual plant biomass and root depth per area across species, suggesting that rare plant species were smaller in size and had shallower root systems compared to common plant species. Both root biomass per area and root feeder biomass per area decreased with soil depth, but the root feeder biomass decreased disproportionally faster compared to root biomass with increasing root depth. Root feeder load decreased with increasing root depth, but was not correlated with the feeding preference of root feeder species. Moreover, the prediction derived from a random process incorporating vertical distributions of root biomass and root feeder biomass significantly accounted for interspecific variation in root feeder load. In conclusion, the data indicate that root feeders incur negative density-dependent damage across plant species. On this basis, we suggest that manipulative experiments should be conducted to determine the effect of the negative density-dependent damage on plant community structure, and that different types of plant-animal interactions should be concurrently examined to fully understand the effect of plant density on overall herbivore damage across plant species.</p>
Data from the journal article "Individual versus combined effects of warming, elevated CO2 and drought on grassland water uptake and fine root traits"
<p>This data file contains all data used in the aforementioned article (DOI: 10.1111/pce.15274). The data was obtained in a long-term multifactor global-change experiment (‘ClimGrass’) in a managed (three cuts, fertilized) C3 grassland near the central European Alps in Styria, Austria (47°29′44.6″N, 14°5′54.6″E). Grassland plots were exposed to six treatments: (i) ambient conditions (control; n = 8); (ii) drought (n = 4); (iii) warming (n = 3); (iv) elevated CO2 (n = 3), (v) future conditions (warming and elevated CO2; n = 3); and (vi) drought in future conditions (warming, elevated CO2 and drought; n = 4). The experiment was conducted during the growing seasons of 2017, 2019, and 2020. The aim was to determine how warming, elevated CO2 and drought individually and interactively affected root water uptake (RWU, calculated from soil water dynamics) as well as the corresponding mass and key traits (specific root length (SRL); specific root area (SRA); mean diameter) of newly produced fine roots (extracted using ingrowth cores) and biomass allocation (fine-root-to-shoot production ratios; R/S ratios). Treatment effects on RWU were studied across varying conditions of soil water content (SWC) and vapour pressure deficit (VPD), referred to as dryness conditions. Fine root characteristics were compared to the maximum hourly in-situ RWU observed. </p> <p>The following data is contained in this file (processed as described in the journal article and, importantly, in the supplementary information):<br>- data_SWC: SWC and precipitation, used to calculate RWU (resolution: hourly; figures: 1)<br>- data_RWU_daily: RWU for the main rooting horizon, fractions of total RWU across depth (resolution: daily; figures: 1, 2, 3)<br>- data_RWU_hourly: RWU for the main rooting horizon, SWC, VPD (resolution: hourly; figures: 1, 4, 5)<br>- data_FineRoots: Mass, traits (SRL, SRA, diameter) and maximum hourly RWU of newly produced fine roots across depth, R/S ratios (resolution: three samplings per growing season; figures: 6, 7)</p> <p>The metadata.xlsx file summarizes the contents of these datasets, including units and descriptions of the variables.</p> <p>Note below: the name of the project funded by the Austrian Academy of Sciences is ClimGrassHydro.</p>
Root-knot nematode infection of Brassica rapa enhances the performance of a specialist root herbivore via systemically induced responses
<p>Herbivores sharing host plants are often temporally and spatially separated, limiting direct interactions between them. Nevertheless, they can reciprocally influence each other via systemically induced plant responses, as observed in numerous study systems. In contrast, examples of such plant-mediated interactions between belowground herbivores are scarce, but we postulated that they similarly occur given the large diversity of root-interacting soil organisms. To test this hypothesis, we analyzed the performance of <em>Delia radicum</em> larvae feeding on main roots of <em>Brassica rapa </em>plants whose fine roots were infected by the root-knot nematode <em>Meloidogyne incognita</em>. Simultaneously, we studied the effects of <em>M. incognita</em> on <em>D. radicum</em>-induced defense responses and the accumulation of primary metabolites in the main root. We observed that almost 1.5 times as many <em>D. radicum</em> adults emerged from nematode-infected plants, indicating a facilitation effect of <em>M. incognita</em> infection.<em> </em>Although we observed increases in the accumulation of proteins and two essential amino-acids, the strongest effect of nematode-infection was visible in the defense response to <em>D. radicum</em>. We observed a 1.5 times higher accumulation of the defense-related phytohormone JA-Ile in response to <em>D. radicum</em> on nematode-infected plants, coinciding with a 75% increase in indole glucosinolate concentrations. Contrastingly, concentrations of aliphatic glucosinolates, secondary metabolites negatively affecting <em>D. radicum</em>, were 10-25% lower in nematode<em>-</em>infected plants. We hypothesize that the attenuated aliphatic glucosinolate concentrations result from antagonistic interactions between biosynthetic pathways of both glucosinolate classes, which was reflected in the expression of key biosynthesis genes. Our results provide explicit evidence of plant-mediated interactions between belowground organisms via systemically induced responses in roots.</p>
3D dataset of root soil bacteria dynamics obtained using large field of view light sheet microscope
<p>A tailor made dual-illumination light-sheet system acquired photons scattered from the plant whilst fluorescence emissions were simultaneously captured from transparent soil particles and labelled microorganisms, allowing the generation of quantitative data on samples approximately 3600 mm<sup>3</sup> in size with as good as 5 µm resolution at a rate of up to one scan every 30 minutes. The dataset shows the dynamics of Bacillus subtilis populations in the rhizosphere of lettuce plants in real time.</p> <p> </p> <p> </p>
Light availability and light demand of plants shape the arbuscular fungal communities in their roots
<p>Plants involved in the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis trade photosynthetically derived carbon for fungal-provided soil nutrients. However, little is known about how plant light demand and ambient light conditions influence root-associating AM fungal communities.</p> <p>We conducted a manipulative field experiment to test whether plants' shade tolerance influences their root AM fungal communities in open and shaded grassland sites. We found similar light-dependent shifts shifts in AM fungal community structure for experimental bait plant roots and the surrounding soil. Yet, deviation from the sorrounding soil towards lower AM fungal beta-diversity in the roots of shade-intolerant plants in shade suggested preferential carbon allocation to specific AM fungi in conditions where plant-assimilated carbon available to fungi was limited. We conclude that favourable environmental conditions widen the plant biotic niche, as demonstrated here with optimal light availability reducing plants' selectivity for specific AM fungi, and promote compatibility with a larger number of AM fungal taxa.</p> <p>The deposited dataset contains the raw fungal sequence table for each sample and information on the characteristics of the sample (light treatment, sample type, sampling point in time etc).</p>
A high-quality genome of the cabbage root fly
<p>We provide additional data like gene annotation, functional annotation, information on external evidences, and expression values we generated or used generate results described in our manuscript "A high-quality functional genome assembly of <em>Delia radicum</em> L. (Diptera: Anthomyiidae) annotated from egg to adult".</p>
Data and Codes used in Alonso-Crespo et al (2021) Assembly history modulates vertical root distribution in a grassland experiment.
<p>This repository contains the raw data, the RootPainter model and the annotated R and Python codes supporting the results reported in the following paper: Alonso-Crespo et al (2021) Assembly history modulates vertical root distribution in a grassland experiment.</p>
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