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Figure 31. Acropora aff. derawanensis RGM299682 in Fossils reveal a high diversity of the staghorn coral genera Acropora and Isopora (Scleractinia: Acroporidae) in the Neogene of Indonesia
Figure 31. Acropora aff. derawanensis RGM299682, Muzay Valley, Nias, Sumatra, Pleistocene (0.8–2.6 Ma). A, branch showing radial corallites with opposite to alternate arrangement. B, detail of appressed tubular radial corallite. C, detail of costate coenosteum throughout.
Figure 34 in Fossils reveal a high diversity of the staghorn coral genera Acropora and Isopora (Scleractinia: Acroporidae) in the Neogene of Indonesia
Figure 34. Acropora darrellae sp. nov. Holotype, NHMUK PI AZ 7105, TF56, Badak, East Kalimantan, Early to Middle Miocene (14.8–17.9 Ma). A, aspect of a colony in the field showing two main branches horizontally preserved. B, composite reconstruction of the same branches. C, AZ 7105a, detail of main branch showing the arrangement of primary branches, their broken bases and axial corallite in transverse section. D, AZ 7105b, detail of a branch showing the arrangement of appressed tubular radial corallites. E, AZ 7105c, electron micrograph of a tubular axial corallite with incipient radial. F, AZ 7105d, electron micrograph of a primary branch showing tubular appressed radial corallites. G, AZ 7105d, detail of coenosteum with aligned and reticular elaborate spinules.
Figure 30 in Fossils reveal a high diversity of the staghorn coral genera Acropora and Isopora (Scleractinia: Acroporidae) in the Neogene of Indonesia
Figure 30. Acropora emanuelae sp. nov. A–C, E and F, holotype, NHMUK PI AZ 8871, TF56, Badak, East Kalimantan, Early to Middle Miocene (14.8–17.9 Ma). D, G and H, paratype, NHMUK PI AZ 8894. TF518, Kampung Narut, East Kalimantan, Late Miocene to Early Pliocene (5–8 Ma). A, aspect of a colony in situ, showing arborescent to hipidose– arborescent corallum, white triangle indicates the figured specimen AZ 8871a. B, AZ 8871a, b, detail of branches showing robust main axis and short branchlets throughout. C, AZ 8871a, detail of branchlet and arrangement of appressed tubular corallites. D, AZ 8894a, electron micrograph showing branchlet variation. E, AZ 8871c, branch tip showing appressed tubular corallites. F, AZ 8871d, basal branch with immersed corallites. G and H, AZ 8894a: G, electron micrograph of immersed corallites; H, electron micrograph of reticulate elaborated spinules on coenosteum.
Figure 14. Acropora herklotsi. A in Fossils reveal a high diversity of the staghorn coral genera Acropora and Isopora (Scleractinia: Acroporidae) in the Neogene of Indonesia
Figure 14. Acropora herklotsi. A, syntypes figured in Reuss (1866, pl. 2 fig. 1a-c). B and C, lectotype, NHMW 1959/334/ 16, Gunung Selah, Ci Lanangthale, Java, Late Miocene (8.5–11.6 Ma): B, transverse section showing axial corallite; C, lateral view of the whole specimen showing radial corallites arrangement. D and E, paralectotype, NHMW 1959/334/ 16a, Gunung Selah, Ci Lanangthale, Java, Late Miocene (8.5–11.6 Ma): D, upper view of the bent branch; E, lateral view of the whole specimen showing radial corallites arrangement. F and G, paralectotype, NHMW 1959/334/15, Gunung Selah, Ci Lanangthale, Java, Late Miocene (8.5–11.6 Ma): F, transverse section showing axial corallite; G, lateral view of the whole specimen showing radial corallites arrangement.
Figure 11. Acropora lutkeni, RGM 3989 in Fossils reveal a high diversity of the staghorn coral genera Acropora and Isopora (Scleractinia: Acroporidae) in the Neogene of Indonesia
Figure 11. Acropora lutkeni, RGM 3989, Ci Ansana, Central Java, Middle to Late Miocene (8.5–13.5 Ma). A, whole specimen. B, upper view of axial corallite, radial corallites and septal arrangement. C, lateral view of radial corallites in two sizes, larger tubular–nariform and smaller partially immersed. D, detail showing thickened corallite outer margin. E, detail of coenosteum in between corallites formed of flattened spinules in reticular arrangement.
Figure 21 in Fossils reveal a high diversity of the staghorn coral genera Acropora and Isopora (Scleractinia: Acroporidae) in the Neogene of Indonesia
Figure 21. Acropora bartonensis. NHMUK PI AZ 6879, TF79, Batu Cermen, Samarinda, East Kalimantan, Middle Miocene (14.8–15.3 Ma). A, whole specimen showing short branchlets indicative of hispidose form. B, detail of branchlet showing axial corallite and radial corallites. C, electron micrograph showing incipient branchlet and radial corallites. D, electron micrograph of incipient branchlet with radial corallite. E, electron micrograph of coenosteum formed of aligned simple flattened spinules.
Figure 25 in Fossils reveal a high diversity of the staghorn coral genera Acropora and Isopora (Scleractinia: Acroporidae) in the Neogene of Indonesia
Figure 25. Acropora horrida. NHMUK PI AZ 7104, TF518, Kampung Narut, East Kalimantan, Late Miocene to Early Pliocene (5–8 Ma). A, thicket of A. horrida preserved in a silt-rich sediment matrix. B, detail of colony in the field showing arborescent colony form. C–E, AZ 7104a–c, fragments of irregular slender branches. F, AZ 7104c, electron micrograph of a corallite. G, AZ 7104d, electron micrograph of branch tip with appressed tubular corallites. H, AZ 7104d, electron micrograph of axial corallite. I, AZ 7104c, detail of coenosteum in between corallites formed of simple spinules arranged into costae.
Figure 17. Acropora duncani. East Kalimantan. A–C, E and F, H in Fossils reveal a high diversity of the staghorn coral genera Acropora and Isopora (Scleractinia: Acroporidae) in the Neogene of Indonesia
Figure 17. Acropora duncani. East Kalimantan. A–C, E and F, H, NHMUK PI AZ 6351, TF 154, Bontang, East Kalimantan, Late Miocene (9.4–9.8 Ma). D, G, I, NHMUK PI AZ 7086, TF 154, Bontang, East Kalimantan, Late Miocene (9.4–9.8 Ma). A, thin branches recovered in the same sample, some with signs of primary branching. B and C, AZ 6351a: B, upper view of a branch tip showing axial corallite, relatively thick corallite wall, and septal arrangement S1>S2; C, lateral view of the same specimen showing radial corallites. D–F, electron micrographs of three branches showing morphological variation of the coenosteum and horizontal lips of radial corallites: D, AZ 7086a, free simple spinules and subimmersed corallites; E, AZ 6351b, slightly fused simple spinules and mixed subimmersed and horizontal lipped corallites; F, AZ 6351c, fused spinules into costate coenosteum and mostly lipped corallites, exceptionally radial corallites are observed on alternating longitudinal rows. G, AZ 7086a, detail of free spinules. H, AZ 6351c, detail of fused spinules into costae. I, AZ 7086a, detail of coenosteum in between corallites formed of simple spinules.
Figure 15 in Fossils reveal a high diversity of the staghorn coral genera Acropora and Isopora (Scleractinia: Acroporidae) in the Neogene of Indonesia
Figure 15. Acropora herklotsi. NHMUK PI AZ6234, TF 154, Bontang, East Kalimantan, Late Miocene (9.4–9.8 Ma). A, four fragments recovered in the same sample, clockwise AZ6234a–d. B, AZ6234a, detail of a branch showing flaring lips of radial corallites and scar of a broken secondary branch. C, AZ6234c, electron micrograph of radial corallites with flaring lips. D–F, AZ6234a. D, electron micrograph of a branch tip showing corallite arrangement. E, electron micrograph of radial corallites with flared lips. F, electron micrograph of flattened simple spinules on coenosteum.
Figure 27 in Fossils reveal a high diversity of the staghorn coral genera Acropora and Isopora (Scleractinia: Acroporidae) in the Neogene of Indonesia
Figure 27. Acropora tortuosa. NHM UK Pl AZ 8847, TF504, Bontang, East Kalimantan, Late Miocene (9.4–9.8 Ma). A, two straight branches interpreted as middle part of a colony. B and C, AZ 8847a: B, detail showing secondary branch; C, electron micrograph showing incipient axial and radial corallites with costate walls, triangle indicates a small radial. D–F, AZ 8847b: D, rounded tubular and subimmersed corallites at the base of a branch; E, transverse section showing axial corallite; F, detail of coenosteum formed of slightly elaborated spinules.
Figure 20. Acropora fennemai. A–C in Fossils reveal a high diversity of the staghorn coral genera Acropora and Isopora (Scleractinia: Acroporidae) in the Neogene of Indonesia
Figure 20. Acropora fennemai. A–C, lectotype, RGM 3997, Tjadasngampar, Java, Late Miocene (5.6–8.3 Ma): A, whole specimen; B, detail of a branchlet showing corallite arrangement; C, detail of a branchlet showing axial and radial corallites. D, RGM 791834, Kari Orang, Bengalon, East Kalimantan, Middle Miocene (13.77–15.1 Ma), whole specimen. E, RGM 167803, Gunung Batu, East Kalimantan, Middle to Late Miocene (10.7–12.4 Ma), whole specimen. F, RGM 17703, Sungai Gelingseh, East Kalimantan, Middle to Late Miocene (10.7–12.4 Ma), whole specimen, probably from a basal part of a colony. G–I, NHMUK PI AZ 7100, TF107, Bontang, East Kalimantan, Late Miocene (9.4–9.8 Ma). G, colony in the field showing hispidose growth; it overlies platy colonies of Porites. H, specimens from the same colony in the lab showing slender branches and short branchlets. I, detail of a branchlet.
Figure 23 in Fossils reveal a high diversity of the staghorn coral genera Acropora and Isopora (Scleractinia: Acroporidae) in the Neogene of Indonesia
Figure 23. Acropora elenae sp. nov. A, B, D, E, G, holotype NHMUK PI AZ 7096, TF508, Bontang, East Kalimantan, Late Miocene (9.4–9.8 Ma). C, F. NHMUK PI AZ 7444, paratype, TF508, Bontang, East Kalimantan, Late Miocene (9.4– 9.8 Ma). A, AZ 7096a–c, three fragments of the same colony showing basal forked branching (left), and two broken fragments near the branch tip. B, AZ 7096d, branch tip in longitudinal section showing axial corallite and rounded tip. C, AZ 7444a, electron micrograph of a branch showing incipient branchlet and radial corallites. D, AZ 7096b, electron micrograph of an incipient branch from upper view showing large axial corallite and subimmersed radials. E, AZ 7096a, transverse section showing axial corallite. F, AZ 7444a, electron micrograph of subimmersed radial corallite showing septa arrangement. G, AZ 7096b, electron micrograph of costate coenosteum with simple flattened spinules.
Figure 24 in Fossils reveal a high diversity of the staghorn coral genera Acropora and Isopora (Scleractinia: Acroporidae) in the Neogene of Indonesia
Figure 24. Acropora lavandulina. NHMUK PI AZ 1213, Tonasa, Sulawesi, Oligocene (28.1–33.9 Ma). A, AZ 1213a, polished section of the whole specimen preserved in a limestone. B, AZ 1213d, photomicrograph of longitudinal section showing tubular radial corallites evenly sized and distributed. C, AZ 1213b, polished section showing axial corallites in transverse section of three branches (upper middle) and a longitudinal section of a branch tip (down right). D, AZ 1213c, transverse section showing axial corallite. E, AZ 1213e, photomicrograph of transverse thin section.
Figure 22 in Taxonomic classification of the reef coral families Merulinidae, Montastraeidae, and Diploastraeidae (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Scleractinia)
Figure 22. Pectinia de Blainville, 1825, has organically united corallites, extensive coenosteum (≥ corallite diameter), septa spaced
Figure 20. Paraclavarina Veron, 1985 in Taxonomic classification of the reef coral families Merulinidae, Montastraeidae, and Diploastraeidae (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Scleractinia)
Figure 20. Paraclavarina Veron, 1985: 179, is ramose and has uniserial corallites with few centres, fused walls, small (<4 mm) and low-relief (<3 mm) calices, septa in
Figure 21 in Taxonomic classification of the reef coral families Merulinidae, Montastraeidae, and Diploastraeidae (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Scleractinia)
Figure 21. Paramontastraea Huang & Budd, this study, has corallites that mostly bud extracalicularly, regular free septa, septa spaced> 11 septa per 5 mm, and well-developed paliform (uniaxial) lobes. Septal teeth are low (<0.3 mm) and narrowly spaced (<0.3 mm), with multiaxial tips. Walls formed by dominant septotheca and partial paratheca. A–C, Paramontastraea salebrosa (Nemenzo, 1959), type species of Paramontastraea; macromorphology, holotype UP C-192, Puerto Galera, the Philippines (A; photo by K. S. Luzon); micromorphology (scanning electron microscopy; B) and microstructure (transverse thin section; C), hypotype UP P1L02158), Batangas, the Philippines. D, E, Paramontastraea serageldini (Veron, 2000); macromorphology, holotype MTQ G55844, Mahé, Seychelles (D); micromorphology, hypotype SIO Co2805, Mahé, Seychelles (E). F, Paramontastraea salebrosa (Nemenzo, 1959); microstructure, hypotype UP P1L02158, Batangas, the Philippines.
Figure 19 in Taxonomic classification of the reef coral families Merulinidae, Montastraeidae, and Diploastraeidae (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Scleractinia)
Figure 19. Oulophyllia Milne Edwards & Haime, 1848a, has fused walls, medium-size (4–15 mm) and medium-relief (3–6 mm) calices, septa spaced
Figure 24 in Taxonomic classification of the reef coral family Mussidae (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Scleractinia)
Figure 24. Favia, Diploria, and Pseudodiploria microstructure (transverse thin section): left column, whole corallite; middle column, wall; right column, columella. Favia, Diploria, and Pseudodiploria all have septothecal walls (w). In Pseudodiploria, there are also trabeculothecal components, and Pseudodiploria strigosa has abortive septa. Clusters of calcification centres (c) are well defined in Favia, moderately well defined in Diploria, and weak in Pseudodiploria; however, Pseudodiploria has better defined medial lines. Carinae are well developed in Favia, but not in the other two genera; thickening deposits are moderately developed in all three genera. A–C, Favia fragum (Esper, 1795); figured specimen = SUI122816 (FA1065), Bocas del Toro, Panama. D–F, Favia gravida (Verrill, 1868); figured specimen = YPM9085, Rio Formoso, Pernambuco, Brazil. G–I, Diploria labyrinthiformis (Linnaeus, 1758); figured specimen = SUI122810 (FA1061), Bocas del Toro, Panama. J–L, Pseudodiploria strigosa (Dana, 1846); figured specimen = SUI122813 (FA1062), Bocas del Toro, Panama. M–O, Pseudodiploria clivosa (Ellis & Solander, 1786); figured specimen = SUI122807 (FA1060), Bocas del Toro, Panama.
Figure 25 in Taxonomic classification of the reef coral family Mussidae (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Scleractinia)
Figure 25. Colpophyllia, Manicina, and Mussismilia microstructure (transverse thin section): left column, wall; middle column, corallite interior; right column, close-up of septa. Corallite walls (w) in Colpophyllia and Mussismilia are parathecal; whereas in Manicina they are septothecal with trabeculothecal elements. Trabeculothecal elements are also present in Mussismilia braziliensis and to a lesser extent in Mussismilia leptophylla. Moderately well-defined costoseptal medial lines (m) and well-developed carinae (cr) occur in all three genera. A–C, Colpophyllia natans (Houttuyn, 1772); figured specimen = SUI122802 (FA (FA1071), Bocas del Toro, Panama (A); SUI122804 (FA1100, J115), Discovery Bay, Jamaica (B, C). D–F, Manicina areolata (Linnaeus, 1758); figured specimen = SUI122822 (FA1067), Bocas del Toro, Panama. G–I, Mussismilia hartti (Verrill, 1868); figured specimen = YPM4516, Maria Farinha, Pernambuco, Brazil. J–L, Mussismilia braziliensis (Verrill, 1868); figured specimen = YPM9104, Santa Barbara Island, Abrolhos Archipelago, Bahia, Brazil. M–O, Mussismilia leptophylla (Verrill, 1868); holotype = YPM1517A, Abrolhos Reef, Abrolhos Archipelago, Bahia, Brazil.
Figure 22 in Taxonomic classification of the reef coral family Mussidae (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Scleractinia)
Figure 22. Mussa and Scolymia microstructure (transverse thin section): left column, wall; middle column, mid-septum; right column, close-up of clusters. Both Mussa and Scolymia have parathecal walls (w); however, trabeculothecal elements and thickening deposits are better developed in Scolymia. Both genera form well-developed clusters of calcification centres (c) that cross medial lines. These clusters are more closely spaced in Scolymia. A–C, Mussa angulosa (Pallas, 1766); figured specimen = SUI102761 (FA1012), Bocas del Toro, Panama. D-F, Scolymia lacera (Pallas, 1766); figured specimen = USNM1090899, Bahia Concha, Colombia. G–I, Scolymia cubensis (Milne Edwards & Haime, 1849); figured specimen = USNM84939, Maria Buena Bay, Jamaica. J–L, Scolymia wellsi (Laborel, 1967); figured specimen = USNM84926, Angel Reef, Tobago.
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