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644 results for “Shrubs”
Data from: Microhabitat heterogeneity and a non-native avian frugivore drive the population dynamics of an island endemic shrub, Cyrtandra dentata
Understanding of the role of environmental change in the decline of endangered species is critical to designing scale-appropriate restoration plans. For locally endemic rare plants on the brink of extinction, frugivory can drastically reduce local recruitment by dispersing seeds away from geographically isolated populations. Dispersal of seeds away from isolated populations can ultimately lead to population decline. For localized endemic plants, fine-scale changes in microhabitat can further limit population persistence. Evaluating the individual and combined impact of frugivores and microhabitat heterogeneity on the short-term (i.e. transient) and long-term (i.e. asymptotic) dynamics of plants will provide insight into the drivers of species rarity. In this study, we used four years of demographic data to develop matrix projection models for a long-lived shrub, Cyrtandra dentata (H. St. John & Storey) (Gesneriaceae), which is endemic to the island of O'ahu in Hawai'i. Furthermore, we evaluated the individual and combined influence of a non-native frugivorous bird, Leiothrix lutea, and microhabitat heterogeneity on the short-term and long-term C. dentata population dynamics. Frugivory by L. lutea decreased the short-term and long-term population growth rates. However, under the current level of frugivory at the field site the C. dentata population was projected to persist over time. Conversely, the removal of optimum microhabitat for seedling establishment (i.e. rocky gulch walls and boulders in the gulch bottom) reduced the short-term and long-term population growth rates from growing to declining. Survival of mature C. dentata plants had the greatest influence on long-term population dynamics, followed by the growth of seedlings and immature plants. The importance of mature plant survival was even greater when we simulated the combined effect of frugivory and the loss of optimal microhabitat, relative to population dynamics based on field conditions. In the short-term (10 years), however, earlier life stages had the greatest influence on population growth rate. Synthesis and applications. This study emphasizes how important it is to decouple rare plant management strategies in the short versus long-term in order to prioritize restoration actions, particularly when faced with multiple stressors not all of which can be feasibly managed. From an applied conservation perspective, our findings also illustrate that the life stage that, if improved by management, would have the greatest influence on population dynamics is dependent on the timeframe of interest and initial conditions of the population.
Data from: Does population distribution matter? Influence of a patchy versus continuous distribution on genetic patterns in a wind-pollinated shrub
Aim: Uniform spatial population distributions are predicted to result in lower among-population genetic differentiation and higher within-population genetic diversity than naturally patchy distributions, but there have been surprisingly few attempts to isolate this effect from confounding factors. We studied the widespread wind-pollinated shrub Allocasuarina humilis that is common in a geologically-stable landscape characterised by long-term population persistence to test the influence of semi-continuous versus patchy population distributions on genetic patterns. We also investigated whether A. humilis shows the high population connectedness and genetic diversity typically associated with wind pollination, a relatively uncommon and little-studied syndrome in this landscape. Location: Heath-shrublands ('heath') and forests of south-western Australia. Methods: Populations were sampled from heath and forest regions, which respectively exhibited semi-continuous and patchy population distributions. Genetic structure and diversity were assessed for 27 populations using eight nuclear microsatellite markers and three chloroplast regions. Phylogeographic history was examined using Bayesian phylogeny reconstruction, parsimony analysis and tests of expansion. Results: High haplotype diversity is consistent with long-term population persistence across most of the species' range. Nuclear markers showed low overall population differentiation and no geographical structure over ~900 km, reflecting extensive pollen dispersal. For both marker types, patchily-distributed forest populations were substantially more differentiated with significantly lower within-population diversity than semi-continuous heath populations. Phylogeographic analysis revealed evidence for earlier colonization of heath than forest and recent expansion into wetter forests, consistent with progressive long-term climatic drying. Main conclusions: High population connectedness and genetic diversity probably resulted from wind pollination in combination with dioecy and long life span. Patchy population distributions appear to have influenced genetic structure and diversity through lower pollen and seed dispersal, lower effective population sizes and greater genetic drift. Our approach illustrates the value of minimising confounding variables by testing the effect of a variable ecological trait within a single species.
Data from: Environmental heterogeneity leads to higher plasticity in dry-edge populations of a semiarid Chilean shrub: insights into climate change responses
1.Interannual variability in climatic conditions should be taken into account in climate change studies in semiarid ecosystems. It may determine differentiation in phenotypic plasticity among populations, with populations experiencing higher environmental heterogeneity showing higher levels of plasticity. 2.The ability of populations to evolve key functional traits and plasticity may determine the survival of plant populations under the drier and more variable climate expected for semiarid ecosystems. 3.Working with populations of the semiarid Chilean shrub Senna candolleana along its entire distribution range, we assessed inter- and intra-population variation in functional traits as well as in their plasticity in response to water availability. We measured morphological and physiological traits related to drought resistance in both field conditions and in a greenhouse experiment, where drought response was evaluated under two water availability treatments. 4.All populations responded plastically, but higher precipitation heterogeneity in dry-edge populations seemed to have selected for more plastic genotypes compared to populations growing at mesic sites and with more homogeneous environmental conditions. 5.Synthesis: Our results suggest adaptive plasticity since higher levels of phenotypic plasticity were positively associated with plant performance. However, we did not find evidence for genetic variation for plasticity within populations. To the extent that phenotypic plasticity may play a key role in future persistence, populations at mesic sites may be more vulnerable to climate change due to their lower plasticity and their current limitations to evolve novel norms of reaction. Conversely, although Senna candolleana populations at the dry-edge are exposed to higher levels of stress, they may be less susceptible to climate change in view of their greater plasticity. We highlight the need to consider population differentiation in both mean traits and their plasticity to model realistic scenarios of species distribution under climate change.
Data_PlosOne_Too many is too bad: Long-term net negative effects of high density ungulate populations on a dominant Mediterranean shrub
<p>Dataset for Plos One Publication (2016): Too many is too bad: Long-term net negative effects of high density ungulate populations on a dominant Mediterranean shrub</p>
FIGURE 1 in New species amongst Sri Lanka's extinct shrub frogs (Amphibia: Rhacophoridae: Philautus)
FIGURE 1. Holotype female of Philautus pardus, 32.1 mm SVL, BMNH 1947.2.7.96. A. Dorsal view. B. Ventral view.
FIGURE 4 in New species amongst Sri Lanka's extinct shrub frogs (Amphibia: Rhacophoridae: Philautus)
FIGURE 4. Holotype female of Philautus maia, 44.6 mm SVL, BMNH 76.3.21.18. A. Illustration of eggs carried on venter in Günther (1876). B. Ventral view, showing depressions made by eggs. C. Lateral view, showing speckled pattern.
FIGURE 3. A in New species amongst Sri Lanka's extinct shrub frogs (Amphibia: Rhacophoridae: Philautus)
FIGURE 3. A. Factor scores (no rotation) of principal components analysis of mensural data of Philautus pardus (square), P. viridis (rhombus), P. stuarti (star), and P. variabilis (circle) (females represented by open symbols, males by solid symbols). B. Canonical variables plot of discriminant function analysis of sizeadjusted residuals (the 95% confidence ellipses are centered on the centroid of each species).
FIGURE 2 in New species amongst Sri Lanka's extinct shrub frogs (Amphibia: Rhacophoridae: Philautus)
FIGURE 2. Holotype female of Philautus pardus, 32.1 mm SVL, BMNH 1947.2.7.96. A. Lateral view of head. B. Dorsal view of head. C. Left hand. D. Left foot. E. Diagrammatic representation of leftfoot webbing. Scale bars = 1 mm.
FIGURE 5 in New species amongst Sri Lanka's extinct shrub frogs (Amphibia: Rhacophoridae: Philautus)
FIGURE 5. Holotype female of Philautus maia, 44.6 mm SVL, BMNH 76.3.21.18. A. Lateral aspect of head. B. Thigh, showing reticulated pattern. C. Left hand. D. Left foot. E. Diagrammatic representation of leftfoot webbing. Scale bars = 1 mm.
FIGURE 6. A in New species amongst Sri Lanka's extinct shrub frogs (Amphibia: Rhacophoridae: Philautus)
FIGURE 6. A. Factor scores (no rotation) of principal components analysis of mensural data of P. m a i a (square), P. reticulatus (circle), P. lunatus (rhombus) and P. papillosus (star) (females represented by open symbols, males by solid symbols). B. Canonical variables plot of discriminant function analysis of sizeadjusted residuals (the 95% confidence ellipse is centered on the centroid).
FIGURE 7 in Two new species of shrub frogs (Rhacophoridae: Philautus) from the lowlands of Sri Lanka
FIGURE 7. South-western Sri Lanka, showing the distribution of Philautus singu (squares) and P. t a n u (circles), and place-names cited in the text.
FIGURE 10 in Two new species of shrub frogs (Rhacophoridae: Philautus) from the lowlands of Sri Lanka
FIGURE 10. Philautus tanu: a, ventral aspect of left manus; b, ventral aspect of left pes; and c, semi-diagrammatic representation of the left-pes webbing pattern of the holotype, male, WHT 6348, 13.5 mm SVL. Scale bar: 1 mm.
FIGURE 3 in Two new species of shrub frogs (Rhacophoridae: Philautus) from the lowlands of Sri Lanka
FIGURE 3. Unweighted Maximum Parsimony tree of 12s and 16s rRNA gene fragments, with maximum parsimony bootstrap values shown at the nodes. The two new species, Philautus tanu and P. singu (indicated by asterisks), form a clade with P. mittermeieri and P. decoris.
FIGURE 2 in Two new species of shrub frogs (Rhacophoridae: Philautus) from the lowlands of Sri Lanka
FIGURE 2. Maximum likelihood tree of 12s and 16s rRNA gene fragments, with posterior probabilities from the Bayesian analysis shown at nodes. The two new species, Philautus tanu and P. singu (indicated by asterisks), form a clade with P. mittermeieri and P. decoris.
FIGURE 1 in Two new species of shrub frogs (Rhacophoridae: Philautus) from the lowlands of Sri Lanka
FIGURE 1. PC1 vs. PC2 factor scores of the principal components analysis of Philautus tanu, n. sp., P. singu n. sp., P. mittermeieri and P. decoris, show these four species to separate well from each other in PC space. Most of the variation is explained by the PC1 axis, which relates mainly to body size (P. decoris is the largest and P. tanu the smallest; however, P. mittermeieri and P. singu overlap on this axis). The PC2 axis is mostly explained by finger, toe and head dimensions; here, P. t a n u overlaps completely with P. decoris, but P. singu and P. mittermeieri do not.
FIGURE 5 in Two new species of shrub frogs (Rhacophoridae: Philautus) from the lowlands of Sri Lanka
FIGURE 5. Philautus singu: a, lateral; b, dorsal; and c, ventral aspects, respectively, of head of holotype, male, WHT 6034, 16.2 mm SVL. Scale bar: 1 mm.
FIGURE 9 in Two new species of shrub frogs (Rhacophoridae: Philautus) from the lowlands of Sri Lanka
FIGURE 9. Philautus tanu: a, lateral; b, dorsal; and c, ventral aspects, respectively, of head of holotype, male, WHT 6348, 13.5 mm SVL. Scale bar: 1 mm.
FIGURE 6 in Two new species of shrub frogs (Rhacophoridae: Philautus) from the lowlands of Sri Lanka
FIGURE 6. Philautus singu: a, ventral aspect of left manus; b, ventral aspect of left pes; and c, semi-diagrammatic representation of left-pes webbing pattern of the holotype, male,WHT 6034, 16.2 mm SVL. Scale bar: 1 mm.
FIGURE 5. Pseudophilautus schneideri n in Two new species of shrub frogs (Rhacophoridae: Pseudophilautus) from Sri Lanka
FIGURE 5. Pseudophilautus schneideri n. sp.: a, lateral; b, dorsal; and c, ventral aspects, respectively, of head of holotype, male, WHT 6355, 22.8 mm SVL. Scale bar: 1 mm.
FIGURE 2 in Two new species of shrub frogs (Rhacophoridae: Pseudophilautus) from Sri Lanka
FIGURE 2. PC1 vs. PC2 factor scores of the principal components analysis of Pseudophilautus hankeni, n. sp. and P. schmarda, show these species to separate fairly well from each other in PC space. Most of the variation is explained by the PC1 axis, which relates mainly to body size (P. hankeni being smaller). The PC2 axis is mostly explained by NS, MBE and MFE (NS loads positively, and the other two negatively); here, P. hankeni overlaps completely with P. schmarda.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.