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Figs 67–75 in Daddy-long-leg giants: revision of the spider genus Artema Walckenaer, 1837 (Araneae, Pholcidae)

Figs 67–75. Artema nephilit sp. nov., ZFMK Ar 15225-27 (♂) and HUJ Ara 15997 (♀). 67–69. Male chelicerae with frontal row of modified (cone-shaped) hairs that split distally. 70. Male stridulatory ridges. 71. Female stridulatory ridges. 72. Epigynal plate. 73–74. Female ALS (arrows: one of the six small piriform spigots wider than others). 75. Female PMS. Scale lines: 67 = 0.2 mm; 68, 75 = 0.02 mm; 69 = 0.01 mm; 70 = 0.08 mm; 71 = 0.1 mm; 72 = 0.6 mm; 73–74 = 0.04 mm.

Figs 15–24. Artema atlanta. 15 in Daddy-long-leg giants: revision of the spider genus Artema Walckenaer, 1837 (Araneae, Pholcidae)

Figs 15–24. Artema atlanta. 15. Epigynum (MRAC 215041, Benin). 16–18. Male left pedipalp (MRAC 120766, Sudan), prolateral, dorsal, and retrolateral views. 19–21. Male left bulb and procursus, prolateral, dorsal, and retrolateral views, arrows in Fig. 20 show notches on distal margin of procursus. 22–24. Male chelicerae (same specimen), lateral and frontal views. Scale lines: 15, 19–24 = 0.5 mm; 16–18 = 1 mm.

Figs 3–8. Live specimens and habitats. 3. Artema atlanta Walckenaer, 1837 from Thailand, Ratchaburi. 4–5. A in Daddy-long-leg giants: revision of the spider genus Artema Walckenaer, 1837 (Araneae, Pholcidae)

Figs 3–8. Live specimens and habitats. 3. Artema atlanta Walckenaer, 1837 from Thailand, Ratchaburi. 4–5. A. nephilit sp. nov. from Israel. 6. Typical Artema web mass, in a cave in Petra, Jordan. 7–8. Caves populated by Artema nephilit sp. nov.: Oren Cave, Mount Karmel (7) and caves in the Eilat Mountains (8), Israel. Photos: BAH (3–4, 6–8), SA (5).

Figs 45–54 in Daddy-long-leg giants: revision of the spider genus Artema Walckenaer, 1837 (Araneae, Pholcidae)

Figs 45–54. Artema nephilit sp. nov. 45–50. Epigyna, ventral views, females from Berniki caves (45, 49: HUJ Ara 15996-7),'En Tamar (46: HUJ Ara 16019), Samar (47: HUJ Ara 16020), Petra (48: ZFMK Ar 15227) and HaTanur Waterfall (50: CSZ). 51–54. Female abdomens, dorsal and lateral views, from Petra (51–52: ZFMK Ar 15227), and 'En Tamar (53–54: HUJ Ara 16019). Figs 45-47, 49-50, 53-54 Israel; 48, 51-52 Jordan. Scale lines: 45–50, 54 = 1 mm; 51–53 = 2 mm.

Figs 55–66 in Daddy-long-leg giants: revision of the spider genus Artema Walckenaer, 1837 (Araneae, Pholcidae)

Figs 55–66. Artema nephilit sp. nov., ZFMK Ar 15225-27 (♂) and HUJ Ara 15997 (♀). 55–56. Combhairs on left male tarsus 4, prolateral views. 57. Right male tarsus 2, showing absence of comb-hairs. 58–59. Comb-hairs on left female tarsus 4, prolateral (-distal) views. 60. Right female tarsus 2, showing absence of comb-hairs. 61. Detail of male comb-hair on tarsus 4. 62. Trichobothrium base, female palpal tibia. 63. Male gonopore and epiandrous spigots. 64–65. Male bulbal processes. 66. Modified area between processes b and c on male genital bulb. Scale lines: 55, 58 = 0.08 mm; 56–57, 59, 63 = 0.1 mm; 60, 64–65 = 0.2 mm; 61–62 = 0.01 mm; 66 = 0.03 mm.

Figs 1–2. 1 in Daddy-long-leg giants: revision of the spider genus Artema Walckenaer, 1837 (Araneae, Pholcidae)

Figs 1–2. 1. Known distributions of species of Artema except A. atlanta Walckenaer, 1837. The Japanese record of A. doriae Thorell, 1881 is not shown as it is based on a single introduced specimen. 2. Known distribution of Artema atlanta. Green dots: specimens examined; black dots: specimens not examined (data from: Banks 1898; Beatty et al. 2008; Blackwell 1958; Bösenberg & Lenz 1895; Brignoli 1981; Bryant 1940, 1948; Caporiacco 1928, 1948, 1949; Chamberlin 1924; Chrysanthus 1967; Colmenares 2008; Denis 1953; Doleschall 1857; Dyal 1935; Franganillo 1926a; Gao & Li 2010; Gertsch & Davis 1942; Gonzalez-Sponga 2005; Karsch 1879, 1892; Leardi in Airaghi 1902; Lessert 1936; Majumder & Biswas 1993; Marples 1955; Mello-Leitão 1942; Millot 1946; Moenkhaus 1898; F.O.Pickard-Cambridge 1902; Petrunkevitch 1925, 1929; Pocock 1900; Saaristo 2001; Simon 1885, 1894; Taczanowsky 1874; Thorell 1895, 1898; Vinson 1863; Yaginuma 1970). Records from Israel, Belgium, and Britain are not shown as they are based on single introduced specimens.

Figs 9–14 in Daddy-long-leg giants: revision of the spider genus Artema Walckenaer, 1837 (Araneae, Pholcidae)

Figs 9–14. Mating sequence of Artema nephilit sp. nov. 9. Male (on the right) approaches female and touches female legs. 10. Male lowers palps below body for final approach. 11. Male searches for correct position on female, female abdomen is pushed backwards. 12. Male rotates palps into final mating position (180° around longitudinal axis; note that the bulb is visible). 13. Asymmetric insertion of palps (note that the male's left palp is more deeply inserted than the right palp). 14. Male cleans palps. Photos BAH.

Figs 35–44 in Daddy-long-leg giants: revision of the spider genus Artema Walckenaer, 1837 (Araneae, Pholcidae)

Figs 35–44. Artema nephilit sp. nov. 35. Male habitus (ZFMK Ar 15225, Israel, Mount Karmel, Oren Cave). 36–38. Male left pedipalp (ZFMK Ar 15227, Jordan, Petra): prolateral, dorsal, and retrolateral views. 39–41. Male left bulb and procursus: prolateral, dorsal, and retrolateral views. 42–44. Male chelicerae (ZFMK Ar 15227, Jordan, Petra and HUJ Ara 16000, Israel, Mount Berniki): lateral and frontal views. Scale lines: 36–38, 42–43 = 1 mm; 39–41, 44 = 0.25 mm.

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Fig. 2 in On the taxonomic validity of Indian ground spiders: II. Genera Drassyllus Chamberlin, 1922 and Nodocion Chamberlin, 1922 (Araneae: Gnaphosidae)

Fig. 2. Cryptodrassus khajuriai (Tikader & Gajbe, 1976) comb. nov., ♀, holotype of Drassyllus jabalpurensis Gajbe, 2005 (NZC-ZSI-5452/18). A. Habitus, dorsal view. B. Eyes of the same, dorsal view. C. Epigyne, ventral view. D. Same, dorsal view. E. Label from type bottle. Scale bars: A = 1 mm; B = 0.5 mm; C–D = 0.2 mm.

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Fig. 1 in On the taxonomic validity of Indian ground spiders: II. Genera Drassyllus Chamberlin, 1922 and Nodocion Chamberlin, 1922 (Araneae: Gnaphosidae)

Fig. 1. Cryptodrassus khajuriai (Tikader & Gajbe, 1976) comb. nov., ♀, holotype of Drassyllus khajuriai Tikader & Gajbe, 1976 (NZC-ZSI-5043/18). A. Habitus, dorsal view. B. Eyes of the same, dorsal view. C. Epigyne, ventral view. D. Same, dorsal view. E. Label from type bottle. Scale bars: A = 1 mm; B = 0.5 mm; C–D = 0.2 mm.

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Fig. 4 in On the taxonomic validity of Indian ground spiders: II. Genera Drassyllus Chamberlin, 1922 and Nodocion Chamberlin, 1922 (Araneae: Gnaphosidae)

Fig. 4. Cryptodrassus ratnagiriensis (Tikader & Gajbe, 1976) comb. nov., ♀, holotype of Drassyllus ratnagiriensis Tikader & Gajbe, 1976 (NZC-ZSI-5042/18). A. Habitus, dorsal view. B. Eyes of the same, dorsal view. C. Epigyne, ventral view. D. Same, dorsal view. E. Label from type bottle. Scale bars: A = 2 mm; B = 0.5 mm; C–D = 0.2 mm.

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Figure 2 in Does nutritional status constrain adoption of more costly and less risky foraging behaviour in an Amazonian shelter-building spider?

Figure 2. Relationship between predicted probability of spider Hingstepeira folisecens (Hingston 1932) (Araneidae) exhibiting a pulling foraging behaviour to catch prey and body condition index (BCI – standardized residuals from a regression of abdomen volume on carapace area) in one region of Central Amazonia, Brazil. '1' represents occurrence of pulling behaviour and '0' represents absence of spider response or use of pursuing behaviour (n = 19).

Figs 30–35 in Description of a new species of Loxosceles Heineken & Lowe (Araneae, Sicariidae) recluse spiders from Hidalgo, Mexico, under integrative taxonomy: morphological and DNA barcoding data (CO1 + ITS2)

Figs 30–35. Variation of the male palps, left palps, prolateral views. 30–33. Loxosceles tolantongo sp. nov. 30–32. Tourist Center Grutas de Tolantongo, Municipality of Cardonal, Hidalgo (type locality). 33. 500 m west of the entrance No. 5 to the Tourist Center Grutas de Tolantongo, Municipality of Cardonal, Hidalgo. 34–35. Loxosceles jaca Gertsch & Ennik, 1983. 2.5 km north of Jacala de Ledezma, Municipality of Jacala de Ledezma, Hidalgo. Scale bars = 0.5 mm.

Fig. 56 in Description of a new species of Loxosceles Heineken & Lowe (Araneae, Sicariidae) recluse spiders from Hidalgo, Mexico, under integrative taxonomy: morphological and DNA barcoding data (CO1 + ITS2)

Fig. 56. Maximum likelihood tree inferred from the concatenated matrix (CO1 + ITS2) of species of Loxosceles Heineken & Lowe, 1832 from Mexico. Colors of branches and bars indicate different species. Numbers above bars represent the delimitation methods: 1 = morphology (M); 2 = neighbor joining (NJ); 3 = ABGD with initial partitions (IP); 4–5 = ABGD with recursive partitions (RP); 6 = GMYC yule analysis; 7 = GMYC coalescent analysis; 8 bPTP with ML; 9 = bPTP with IB. Numbers below bars represent species recovered for each delimitation method. Red numbers correspond to Bayesian posterior probabilities, black numbers are bootstrap support values from the ML analysis.

Figs 20–25 in Description of a new species of Loxosceles Heineken & Lowe (Araneae, Sicariidae) recluse spiders from Hidalgo, Mexico, under integrative taxonomy: morphological and DNA barcoding data (CO1 + ITS2)

Figs 20–25. Loxosceles tolantongo sp. nov., ♂ holotype (CNAN-T01317). 20–22. Left palp, prolateral, dorsal and retrolateral views, respectively. 23–25. Detail of the bulb and embolus, retrolateral, dorsal and apical views, respectively. Scale bars: 20–22 = 0.5 mm; 23–25 = 0.2 mm.

Fig. 54 in Description of a new species of Loxosceles Heineken & Lowe (Araneae, Sicariidae) recluse spiders from Hidalgo, Mexico, under integrative taxonomy: morphological and DNA barcoding data (CO1 + ITS2)

Fig. 54. Maximum likelihood tree inferred from CO1 gene of species of Loxosceles Heineken & Lowe, 1832 from Mexico. Colors of branches and bars indicate different species. Numbers above bars represent the delimitation methods: 1 = morphology (M); 2 = neighbor joining (NJ); 3 = ABGD with initial partitions (IP); 4–6 = ABGD with recursive partitions (RP); 7 = GMYC yule analysis; 8 = GMYC coalescent analysis; 9 = bPTP with ML; 10 = bPTP with IB. Numbers below bars represent species recovered for each delimitation method. Red numbers on branches correspond to Bayesian posterior probabilities, black numbers are bootstrap support values from the ML analysis.

Figure 30 in Model mimics: antlike jumping spiders of the genus Myrmarachne from Sri Lanka

Figure 30. Myrmarachne plataleoides. (A,B) male palp. (A) ventral view; (B) retrolateral view; (C) vulva, ventral view; (D) vulva, dorsal view. Scale bars = 0.1 mm (C,D); 0.2 mm (A,B).

Figure 18 in Model mimics: antlike jumping spiders of the genus Myrmarachne from Sri Lanka

Figure 18. Scanning electron micrographs of Myrmarachne melanocephala. (A–D) male palp, ventral view. Note the broken embolic tip. Scale bars = 10 µm (D); 20 µm (B,C); 100 µm (A).

Figure 10 in Model mimics: antlike jumping spiders of the genus Myrmarachne from Sri Lanka

Figure 10. Myrmarachne imbellis. Male palp. (A,B) from Kandaela (USNM); (C) Horton Plains (MHNG). (A) ventral view; (B,C) retrolateral view. Scale bars = 0.2 mm.

Figure 8 in Model mimics: antlike jumping spiders of the genus Myrmarachne from Sri Lanka

Figure 8. Photographs of Myrmarachne imbellis (A–F) and M. dishani sp. nov. (G,H). (A,B) male syntype (MVZ–21602); (C,D) male from Kandaela (USNM); (E,F) female from Pidurutalagala (MZT). (G,H) male from Kanneliya (USNM). (A,C,E,G) dorsal view; (B,D, F,H) lateral view.