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PLATE 3 in Systematics of the Octopleura Clade of Miconia (Melastomataceae: Miconieae) in Tropical America

PLATE 3. SEM images of representative seeds found in the Quinquenervia subclade. A–D. Seeds in lateral symmetrical plane. a–d. Detail of testa cells and cell wall microrelief. A, a. Miconia aguilarii (from Aranda et al. MB1345, CAS). B, b. M. erikasplundii (Asplund 19806, S). C, c. M. radicans (Hammel 2434, CAS). D, d. M. reitziana (Almeda & Daniel 7035, CAS). Scale bars: A–D= 100µm; a=20µm, b–d=10µm. SEM images taken by Diana Gamba.

FIGURE 21. Miconia latidecurrens. A. Habit. B in Systematics of the Octopleura Clade of Miconia (Melastomataceae: Miconieae) in Tropical America

FIGURE 21. Miconia latidecurrens. A. Habit. B. Cauline leaf (abaxial view). C. Flower. D. Stamen, abaxial view (left), lateral view (right). E. Berry, top view (top), lateral view (bottom). F. Seed. Based on: A, B, E, F, McPherson 20808, MO; C, D, Aranda et al. 4226, CAS. Drawn by Sean V. Edgerton.

FIGURE 4 in Systematics of the Octopleura Clade of Miconia (Melastomataceae: Miconieae) in Tropical America

FIGURE 4. Diagrammatic representation of inflorescence arrangements in the Octopleura clade. A. Cyme. B. top, simple dichasium; bottom, twice-compound dichasium. C. Thyrsoid. D. Dithyrsoid, or once-compound thyrsoid. E. Interrupted verticillate spike. F. Group of modified dichasia. G. Pseudofasciculate cluster of cymes.

FIGURE 5 in Systematics of the Octopleura Clade of Miconia (Melastomataceae: Miconieae) in Tropical America

FIGURE 5. Representative examples of floral parts in species of the Octopleura clade. A–E. Flowers in longitudinal cross section. F–N. Petals. O–Y. Stamens. A, O. Miconia biolleyana (based on Herrera 7991, CAS). B, R. M. aurantiaca (Kriebel 5315, NY). C, I. M. evanescens (Luteyn & Silva 13943, CAS). D. M. renatoi (Jaramillo & Zak 8036, MO). E, X. M. magnifolia (Howell 10182, CAS). F, Q. M. quinquenervia (Haught 3241, CAS). G. M. atropurpurea (Harling & Andersson 23133, US). H, P. M. neocoronata (Grayum & Hammel 5755, CAS). J. M. alboglandulosa (Sánchez & Chacón 104, CAS). K. M. aff. neomicrantha (Michelangeli 1754, NY). L. M. albertobrenesii (Almeda et al. 5936, CAS). M, W. M. laxivenula (Hammel 9634, CAS). N. M. rufibarbis (Penneys et al. 1574, CAS). S. M. approximata (Contreras 9959, CAS). T. M. anchicayensis (Almedaet al. 10266, CAS). U. M. palenquensis (Gentry & Dodson 6553, US). V. M. variabilis (McPherson 12168, CAS). Y. M. sessilis (Monsalve 1071, CAS). Drawn by Sean V. Edgerton.

FIGURE 2 in Systematics of the Octopleura Clade of Miconia (Melastomataceae: Miconieae) in Tropical America

FIGURE 2. Parsimony reconstruction of ancestral character states based on the Bayesian phylogenetic tree. The gray circles correspond to the three subclades within the Octopleura clade: Approximata, Quinquenervia, and Variabilis.

FIGURE 3 in Systematics of the Octopleura Clade of Miconia (Melastomataceae: Miconieae) in Tropical America

FIGURE 3. Eglandular trichomes types in the Octopleura clade. A–C. Elongate smooth trichomes. D–K. Elongate roughened trichomes. L. Sessile stellate trichome. M–O. Dendritic trichomes with short axes and few-moderate number of terete arms. P–T. Dendritic trichomes with short to moderately long thin-walled arms. U–V. Single-tiered lepidote trichomes, the radii nearly completely fused. W–Y. Lepidote trichomes with only partially fused radii. A, X. Miconia magnifolia (based on Zamora 1251, CAS). B, M. M. reitziana (Hammel 8880, CAS). C, Q. M. spiciformis (McPherson 10713, CAS). D. M. approximata (Aguilar 1718, CAS). E. M. chocoensis (Killip & García 33520, US). F, T. M. renatoi (Jaramillo 8274, Restrepo 455; MO). G, R. M. veraguensis (Almeda et al. 7620, 6840; CAS). H, U. M. albertobrenesii (Almeda et al. 5936, CAS). I, V. M. boekei (Dodson 7390, MO). J. M. quadridomius (Gentry 35354, CAS). K. M. rufibarbis (Neill et al. 13918, CAS). L. M. radicans (Zamora 1766, CAS). N. M. variabilis (Hammel & Trainer 13232, CAS). O. M. bensparrei (Penneys & Fernández 1903, CAS). P. M. evanescens (Croat 68793, CAS). S. M. formicaria (Almeda et al. 10274, CAS). W. M. laxivenula (Neill et al. 8518, CAS). Y. M. neomicrantha (Knapp et al. 4546, CAS). Drawn by Sean V. Edgerton.

FIGURE 1 in Systematics of the Octopleura Clade of Miconia (Melastomataceae: Miconieae) in Tropical America

FIGURE 1. Bayesian phylogenetic tree of the Octopleura clade, resulting from a combined molecular dataset of nrITS, nrETS, psbkpsbL, and accD-psa1 sequences. Numbers above branches correspond to estimated posterior probabilities. Numbers below branches correspond to estimated bootstrap support values from the Maximum Likelihood phylogenetic tree resulting from the same molecular dataset. The three black bars correspond to the three subclades within the Octopleura clade: Approximata, Quinquenervia, and Variabilis.

Fig. 45 in Systematics Of The Genus Hypoptopoma Günther, 1868 (Siluriformes, Loricariidae)

Fig. 45. Interrelationships among Hypoptopoma species. Most parsimonious cladogram (length 41 steps, CI 5 0.85, RI 5 0.95); bars mapped onto the map represents either unequely derived (solid bars) or homoplastic state changes (open bars), numbered in the text.

Fig. 43 in Systematics Of The Genus Hypoptopoma Günther, 1868 (Siluriformes, Loricariidae)

Fig. 43. Hypoptopoma gulare, holotype, ANSP 21477, 81.9 mm SL, male, in dorsal, lateral, and ventral views.

Fig. 42. Hypoptopoma steindachneri, SIUC 29198, 88.9 in Systematics Of The Genus Hypoptopoma Günther, 1868 (Siluriformes, Loricariidae)

Fig. 42. Hypoptopoma steindachneri, SIUC 29198, 88.9 mm female, in dorsal, lateral, and ventral views.

Fig. 40 in Systematics Of The Genus Hypoptopoma Günther, 1868 (Siluriformes, Loricariidae)

Fig. 40. Hypoptopoma steindachneri, holotype by original designation of Boulenger (1895), based on description and illustration appearing in Steindachner NMW 46272, 66.3 mm SL, in dorsal, lateral, and ventral views.

Fig. 38 in Systematics Of The Genus Hypoptopoma Günther, 1868 (Siluriformes, Loricariidae)

Fig. 38. Plot of scores along sheared second and third principal components from the morphometric analysis of body shape between H. elongatum (squares) and H. incognitum (circles).

Fig. 37 in Systematics Of The Genus Hypoptopoma Günther, 1868 (Siluriformes, Loricariidae)

Fig. 37. Covariation between caudal-peduncle length and standard length for H. elongatum (dots) and H. incognitum (squares).

Fig. 36 in Systematics Of The Genus Hypoptopoma Günther, 1868 (Siluriformes, Loricariidae)

Fig. 36. Hypoptopoma incognitum, holotype, AMNH 39759, 85.01 mm SL, female, in dorsal, lateral, and ventral views.

Fig. 35 in Systematics Of The Genus Hypoptopoma Günther, 1868 (Siluriformes, Loricariidae)

Fig. 35. Hypoptopoma elongatum, holotype, INPA 7240, 95.4 mm SL, female, in dorsal, lateral, and ventral views.

Fig. 44 in Systematics Of The Genus Hypoptopoma Günther, 1868 (Siluriformes, Loricariidae)

Fig. 44. Hypoptopoma machadoi, paratype, AMNH 77794, 46.2 mm SL female, in dorsal, lateral, and ventral views.

Fig. 34. Hypoptopoma inexspectatum, ILPLA 875, 51.7 in Systematics Of The Genus Hypoptopoma Günther, 1868 (Siluriformes, Loricariidae)

Fig. 34. Hypoptopoma inexspectatum, ILPLA 875, 51.7 mm SL male, in dorsal, lateral, and ventral views.

Fig. 31 in Systematics Of The Genus Hypoptopoma Günther, 1868 (Siluriformes, Loricariidae)

Fig. 31. Hypoptopoma bianale, holotype, FMNH 105077, 53.7 mm SL female, in dorsal, lateral, and ventral views.

Fig. 32 in Systematics Of The Genus Hypoptopoma Günther, 1868 (Siluriformes, Loricariidae)

Fig. 32. Drainage map of South America showing distribution of H. bianale (dots + circle), H. inexspectatum (squares), H. steindachneri (triangles), and H. elongatum (stars). Open symbols designate type localities; some symbols represent more than one locality record.

Fig. 33 in Systematics Of The Genus Hypoptopoma Günther, 1868 (Siluriformes, Loricariidae)

Fig. 33. Hypoptopoma inexspectatum, holotype, MACN 5164, 53.6 mm SL, in dorsal, lateral, and ventral views.