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Fig. 14 in The endocranium of the theropod dinosaur Ceratosaurus studied with computed tomography

Fig. 14. Ceratosaurus magnicornis (MWC 1, Fruita, Colorado, Morrison Formation, Upper Jurassic). Summary three−dimensional digital reconstruction featuring the skull overlay in grey, endocranium in violet, inner ear in yellow, pneumatic sinuses in light blue, and venous sinuses in red, in right lateral (A) and dorsal (B) views.

Fig. 8 in The endocranium of the theropod dinosaur Ceratosaurus studied with computed tomography

Fig. 8. Struthio camelus (LSU−SVM no number, Recent). Axial T1 Gradient echo MRI of showing branches of trigeminal nerve. A. Maxillary and mandibular branch trigeminal foramen in posterior orbit. Pneumatized bone of the skull base is black. B. V1 ascending the floor of the endocranium. C. Optic nerves (II) just distal to the optic chiasm and V1 in the posterior orbital wall. D. V1 at the orbital apex on left and entering the orbit on the right. All sections are in the same scale.

Fig. 10 in The endocranium of the theropod dinosaur Ceratosaurus studied with computed tomography

Fig. 10. Ceratosaurus magnicornis (MWC 1, Fruita, Colorado, Morrison Formation, Upper Jurassic). A–D. Computed tomograms of the olfactory zone. E. Right lateral view of the whole braincase with vertical white lines indicating positions of sections A–D.

Fig. 6 in The endocranium of the theropod dinosaur Ceratosaurus studied with computed tomography

Fig. 6. Ceratosaurus magnicornis (MWC 1, Fruita, Colorado, Morrison Formation, Upper Jurassic). A–C. Computed tomograms of the trigeminal zone. D. Right lateral view of the whole braincase with semitransparent slab indicating location of the sections. Images A through C progress from caudal to rostral. The posterior margin of the common trigeminal foramen would have held the maxillary and mandibular branches of the trigeminal nerve (V2/3) while the ophthalmic branch (V1) would have traveled rostrally.

Fig. 4 in The endocranium of the theropod dinosaur Ceratosaurus studied with computed tomography

Fig. 4. Ceratosaurus magnicornis (MWC 1, Fruita, Colorado, Morrison Formation, Upper Jurassic). A–E. Computed tomograms of the otic zone. F. Right lateral view of the whole braincase with semitransparent slab indicating location of the sections.

Fig. 2 in The endocranium of the theropod dinosaur Ceratosaurus studied with computed tomography

Fig. 2. Ceratosaurus magnicornis (MWC 1, Fruita, Colorado, Morrison Formation, Upper Jurassic). A–D. Computed tomograms of the occipital zone. E. Right lateral view of the whole braincase with vertical white lines indicating positions of sections A–D.

Fig. 12 in The endocranium of the theropod dinosaur Ceratosaurus studied with computed tomography

Fig. 12. Struthio camelus (LSU−SVM no number, Recent). Coronal oblique CT image of the head, showing the relationship of the caudal nasal septal ridge along the ventral vomer to the adjacent caudal portion of the middle concha. The concavity of the septum mirrors the curve of the concha.

Fig. 5 in The endocranium of the theropod dinosaur Ceratosaurus studied with computed tomography

Fig. 5. Three dimensional reconstruction of the inner ear of Ceratosaurus magnicornis (MWC 1) in lateral (A), anterior (B), and dorsal (C) views. An arrowhead points to a reconstruction artifact at junction of anterior semicircular canal and utricle. D. A stereopair in the dorsolateral view.

Fig. 3. A in The endocranium of the theropod dinosaur Ceratosaurus studied with computed tomography

Fig. 3. A. Ceratosaurus magnicornis (MWC 1, Fruita, Colorado, Morrison Formation, Upper Jurassic), computed tomography image of the whole braincase in right lateral view with superimposed digital endocast (dark outline). The occipitofrontal angle is 98°. B. Allosaurus fragilis (UUVP 294, Cleveland−Lloyd Quarry, Morrison Formation, Jurassic) endocranial cast (from Rogers 1998). Matrix below the semicircular canals in an oval white outline represents epipharyngeal pneumatic sinuses and is not part of the endocranium. Note that endocast of Ceratosaurus is straighter than in Allosaurus.

Fig. 11 in The endocranium of the theropod dinosaur Ceratosaurus studied with computed tomography

Fig. 11. Ceratosaurus magnicornis (MWC 1, Fruita, Colorado, Morrison Formation, Upper Jurassic). Three−dimensional virtual rendering of the preserved pneumatic sinuses in right lateral (A) and dorsal (B) views.

Fig. 9. A in The endocranium of the theropod dinosaur Ceratosaurus studied with computed tomography

Fig. 9. A. Alligator mississippiensis (LDWF 904625, Recent), optic/pituitary zone; A1, axial T2 weighted MRI, showing the optic chiasm in interorbital foramen; A2, sagittal T2 weighted MR1 of the same specimen, showing the optic chiasm within the interorbital fenestrum. B. Ceratosaurus magnicornis (MWC 1, Fruita, Colorado, Morrison Formation, Upper Jurassic); B1, computed tomography image of the whole braincase in right lateral view, with semitransparent slab indicating location of the sections through optic/pituitary zone; B2–B4, sections through optic/pituitary zone that progress from caudal to rostral.

Fig. 7 in The endocranium of the theropod dinosaur Ceratosaurus studied with computed tomography

Fig. 7. Alligator mississippiensis (LDWF 904625, Recent). Coronal T2 weighted fast spin echo MRI of showing branches of the trigeminal nerve. The images progress from caudal to rostral. A. The caudalmost slice shows the trigeminal ganglion and the large mandibular branch (V3) entering the jaw muscle complex. B. Proximal maxillary branch (V2) exiting skull at apex of pterygoid space while the proximal ophthalmic branch (V1) travels towards the orbit inside the skull. C. V1 in the roof of the cavernous sinus, V2 outside the skull and prior to entering the posterior orbital floor next to the recurrent loop of the internal carotid artery. This section of the carotid artery is proximal to the anterior and posterior encephalic arteries (Burda 1969). D. V2 traversing the floor of the orbit before entering the snout. All sections are in the same scale.

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Fig. 4 in Scapular orientation in theropods and basal birds, and the origin of flapping flight

Fig. 4. Angles between furcular arms in non−avian theropods and birds. Data sources listed in Table 1.

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Fig. 1 in Scapular orientation in theropods and basal birds, and the origin of flapping flight

Fig. 1. Scapular position and glenoid orientation in articulated skeletons of non−avian dinosaurs, with glenoids indicated by arrows. A. Dorsal view of the ornithischian dinosaur Psittacosaurus mongoliensis, AMNH 6254, showing lateral position and wide spacing of scapulae. B. Lateral view of the ornithischian dinosaur Centrosaurus apertus, AMNH 5351, showing ventral orientation of glenoid and position of glenoid anteroventral to ribcage. C. Lateral view of the ornithomimid theropod dinosaur Struthiomimus altus, AMNH 5339, showing position of glenoid anteroventral to ribcage. D. The deinonychosaurian theropod dinosaur Velociraptor mongoliensis, IGM 100/976, in dorsal (D1), right lateral (D2), and anterior (D3) views, with the furcula outlined in white for clarity, showing that the scapulae are widely spaced, laterally positioned, and exhibit ventrally oriented glenoids, as in other dinosaurs. Broken white lines in (D1) indicate lateral extemities of vertebral column.

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Fig. 3 in Scapular orientation in theropods and basal birds, and the origin of flapping flight

Fig. 3. Articulated skeletons of Mesozoic birds, showing scapular position and glenoid orientation, with glenoids indicated by arrows. A. AMNH cast of "Berlin specimen" of Archaeopteryx lithographica, showing that the glenoids are anteroventral to the ribcage. The unnatural position of the left humerus above the glenoid is an artifact of dislocation of the left shoulder. B. AMNH cast of the "Eichstätt specimen" of Archaeopteryx lithographica, showing that the glenoid is anteroventral to the ribcage. C. Confuciusornis sanctus in dorsal view, showing wide spacing and lateral position of scapulae, with lateral extremities of vertebral column (extrapolated from dimensions of disarticulated dorsal vertebrae) represented by a pair of broken lines. Modified from Chiappe et al. (1999). D. The enantiornithine bird Eoalulavis hoyasi, LH 13500a, in dorsal view, showing close spacing and dorsal position of scapulae.

Fig. 8 in Theropod tooth assemblages from the Late Cretaceous Maevarano Formation and the possible presence of dromaeosaurids in Madagascar

Fig. 8. Right maxilla of Majungatholus atopus Sues and Taquet, 1979 (FMNH PR 2100) in medial view showing alveoli and associated tooth basal cross−section.

Fig. 3. A in Theropod tooth assemblages from the Late Cretaceous Maevarano Formation and the possible presence of dromaeosaurids in Madagascar

Fig. 3. A. Tooth parameters considered in this study. FABL, fore−aft basal length, excluding denticles; TCH, tooth crown height; AC, anterior carina; PC, posterior carina; NDPMa, number of denticles per millimetre on the anterior carina, determined at mid−crown; NDPMp, number of denticles per millimetre on the posterior carina, determined at mid−crown. B. Detailed representation of denticles and blood grooves as described in the text (modified after Currie et al. 1990).

Fig. 2. A in Theropod tooth assemblages from the Late Cretaceous Maevarano Formation and the possible presence of dromaeosaurids in Madagascar

Fig. 2. A. Stratigraphic section of the Late Cretaceous succession exposed near the village of Berivotra (based on Papini and Benvenuti 1998 and Rogers et al. 2000). B. Stratigraphic succession of Coniacian–Danian sedimentary units in the central Mahajanga Basin (based on Papini and Benvenuti 1998 and Razafindrazaka et al. 1999).

Fig. 10 in Theropod tooth assemblages from the Late Cretaceous Maevarano Formation and the possible presence of dromaeosaurids in Madagascar

Fig. 10. Bivariate plots of tooth parameters. A. Tooth Crown Height versus Basal Width. B. Tooth Crown Height versus Basal Width. Teeth pertaining to Morphotype 1 falls closer to dromaeosaurids than to Majungatholus atopus teeth. Morphotype 2 falls close to Masiakasaurus knopfleri teeth.

Fig. 9 in Theropod tooth assemblages from the Late Cretaceous Maevarano Formation and the possible presence of dromaeosaurids in Madagascar

Fig. 9. Right dentary of Majungatholus atopus Sues and Taquet, 1979 (FMNH PR 2100) in lingual view showing alveoli and associated tooth basal cross−section.