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Fig. 10 in Palatal Biomechanics and its Significance for Cranial Kinesis in Tyrannosaurus rex

Fig. 10. Illustration of Tyrannosaurus skull in left lateral (top) and ventral (bottom) views with key functional characteristics of the feeding apparatus. Numerous features of the skull of Tyrannosaurus suggest it was not capable of substantial cranial kinesis.

Fig. 9 in Palatal Biomechanics and its Significance for Cranial Kinesis in Tyrannosaurus rex

Fig. 9. Comparison of neutral postures of Tyrannosaurus rex and Psittacus erithacus in left rostrolateral view showing effects of protractor muscle activation, constraints, and sutural materials on the behavior of models. Jaw joint constraints with activated (A) and deactivated (B) protractor muscles reveal few differences in strains in the model. Occipital constraints with activated (C) and deactivated (D) protractor muscles reveal significant differences in strain distribution in the palate. Regions of models with hatching represent areas that have been cut away to allow for better visualizations of internal structures. Psittacus erithacus is presented to show differences between using rodent sutural properties (E) and canine sutural properties (F). Rodent sutural properties were used in Psittacus and Gekko and canine sutural properties were used in Tyrannosaurus. Sutural properties were considered based on taxon size.

Fig. 8 in Palatal Biomechanics and its Significance for Cranial Kinesis in Tyrannosaurus rex

Fig. 8. Strains of regions of interest in the palatal elements of Tyrannosaurus rex. Regions of interest and scatter plots showing individual sample points as well as median strains (color-coded by sampling region) are represented. Otic, middle, and ventral regions correspond to sampling of the quadrate whereas Rostral, middle, and caudal regions correspond to sampling areas of the palatine and pterygoid. Each sampling region consists of 50 tetrahedra sampled randomly from the surface of the skeletal element. Horizontal lines representing the median value of the neutral posture are shown in red in each region of the palatal bones to facilitate comparison across postures.

Fig. 7 in Palatal Biomechanics and its Significance for Cranial Kinesis in Tyrannosaurus rex

Fig. 7. Strains of regions of interest in the palatal elements of Psittacus erithacus. Regions of interest and scatter plots showing individual sample points as well as median strains (color-coded by sampling region) are represented. Otic, middle, and ventral regions correspond to sampling of the quadrate whereas Rostral, middle, and caudal regions correspond to sampling areas of the palatine and pterygoid. Each sampling region consists of 50 tetrahedra sampled randomly from the surface of the skeletal element. Horizontal lines representing the median value of the neutral posture are shown in red in each region of the palatal bones to facilitate comparison across postures.

Fig. 4 in Palatal Biomechanics and its Significance for Cranial Kinesis in Tyrannosaurus rex

Fig. 4. The relationship between fiber length, pennation angle, and force in muscle physiology and its application to reconstructing function in fossil taxa using recent case studies. PCSA is a function of pennation angle and fiber length and is mapped as a heatmap with contour lines. We replotted the regression line from Bates and Falkingham, 2018 (labeled "B&F 2018") showing the classic prediction that increasing pennation in order to accommodate shorter muscle fibers increases PCSA. PCSA values from recent studies, Gignac and Erickson, 2017 (labeled "G&E 2017") and Bates and Falkingham, 2018, of Tyrannosaurus cranial biomechanics are also plotted to show similarities in approaches.

Fig. 6 in Palatal Biomechanics and its Significance for Cranial Kinesis in Tyrannosaurus rex

Fig. 6. Strains of regions of interest in the palatal elements of Gekko gecko. Regions of interest and scatter plots showing individual sample points as well as median strains (color-coded by sampling region) are represented. Otic, middle, and ventral regions correspond to sampling of the quadrate whereas rostral, middle, and caudal regions correspond to sampling areas of the palatine and pterygoid. Each sampling region consists of 50 tetrahedra sampled randomly from the surface of the skeletal element. Horizontal lines representing the median value of the neutral posture are shown in red in each region of the palatal bones to facilitate comparison across postures.

Fig. 4 Femoral proportions and ratios with statistical results. A–D in The Tyrant Lizard King, Queen and Emperor: Multiple Lines of Morphological and Stratigraphic Evidence Support Subtle Evolution and Probable Speciation Within the North American Genus Tyrannosaurus

Fig. 4 Femoral proportions and ratios with statistical results. A–D Circumferences versus lengths with best fit curves and/or least area polygons, the large Tyrannosaurus data is included in all these plots, higher placement on plots indicates higher gracility. A Allosaurus. B Gorgosaurus (squares), Albertosaurus (diamonds). C All large Tyrannosaurus and all tyrannosaurids aside from those from the TT-zone, the smaller of the two polygons for the latter excludes specimens with femora below 250 mm long. D All large Tyrannosaurus and all other sampled theropods. E–H Lengths versus circumferences with best fit curves for all large Tyrannosaurus and the three species, higher placement on plots indicates more robusticity. I and J Femur proportional ratios and C-means and K-means analyses: note that these plots represent one-dimensional data on a two-dimensional coordinate plane, which is why the x and y axes are the same and the data follows a perfect y = x line; not an error in application of the clustering algorithms, it is the way the graphics software defaults to a two-dimensional plot in all cases

Fig. 3 in The Tyrant Lizard King, Queen and Emperor: Multiple Lines of Morphological and Stratigraphic Evidence Support Subtle Evolution and Probable Speciation Within the North American Genus Tyrannosaurus

Fig. 3 Tyrannosaurus anterior left dentaries in dorsomedial view showing differing proportions of the first three tooth sockets. A Tyrannosaurus imperator (morphotype I) "Samson" with two small anterior-most incisors (after Fig. 8.5 in Larson, 2008a, b). B Tyrannosaurus rex (morphotype II) holotype CM 9380 with one small anterior-most incisor (after Fig. 8.4 in Larson, 2008a, b)

Fig. 2 in The Tyrant Lizard King, Queen and Emperor: Multiple Lines of Morphological and Stratigraphic Evidence Support Subtle Evolution and Probable Speciation Within the North American Genus Tyrannosaurus

Fig. 2 Tyrannosaurus femora (top row) and metatarsals II (bottom row on left sides) and IV (on right sides) to same scale, bar equals 500 mm. C and E after Fig. 8.14 in Larson (2008a, b). A Gracile large juvenile T. regina (morphotype III) LACM 23845 (~ 1.5 tonnes). B Robust large juvenile T. incertae sedis USNM 6183 (~ 2.5). C Robust adult T. rex (morphotype II) BHI 6233 (~ 4). D Robust adult T. rex holotype CM 9380 (6.4). E Gracile adult T. regina exBHI 3033 (7.4). F Gracile subadult T. regina BHI 6230 (~ 3.7). Solid black is preserved bone, masses with an ~ indicator are scaled from volumetric estimates of more complete specimens

Fig. 6 in The Tyrant Lizard King, Queen and Emperor: Multiple Lines of Morphological and Stratigraphic Evidence Support Subtle Evolution and Probable Speciation Within the North American Genus Tyrannosaurus

Fig. 6 Element ratios for large Tyrannosaurus specimens at differing stratigraphic levels (lower L, middle M, upper U) in the TT-zone (vertical axis); specimens that may be from either the upper lower or lower middle T-zone are plotted between the lower and middle levels. For A to I increasingly bone gracility is to the right, for J increasing 2nd incisor robustness is the left. A Femur length/circumference, division between robusts and graciles indicated by dashed line. B Humerus length/circ. C Ilium length/depth. D Metatarsal 2 length/ circ. E Metatarsal 2 length/diameter. F Metatarsal 4 length/circ. G Metatarsal 4 length/diameter. H Maxilla length/depth. I Dentary length/depth. J Dentary teeth 2/3 base diameters, division between one and two incisors indicated by dashed line

Fig. 5 in The Tyrant Lizard King, Queen and Emperor: Multiple Lines of Morphological and Stratigraphic Evidence Support Subtle Evolution and Probable Speciation Within the North American Genus Tyrannosaurus

Fig. 5 Stratigraphic-temporal separation of adults of western North American Campanian– Maastrichtian tyrannosaurid species, to same scale, bar equals 2 m, showing sudden size increase in Late Maastrichtian in association with retreating interior seaway resulting in reconnection of North America into a contiguous continent. From bottom to top; Gorgosaurus libratus (2.6 tonnes), Albertosaurus sarcophagus (2.8), Tyrannosaurus imperator (7.2), T. regina (7.4). Stippled areas are the formations that preserve the illustrated tyrannosaurids, from bottom to top Dinosaur Park, Horseshoe Canyon, TT-zone

opencc-by-nc-1.0Nov 2020View details →

Skull Tyrannosaurus Rex - PARIS 190819

Skull Tyrannosaurus Rex - Muséum national d'histoire naturelle. Recovery Proyects 41 JPG Photos Compact Camera 19 / 08 / 2019 Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab

opennotspecifiedDec 1905View details →

Fig. 1 in Tyrannosaurus and other Cretaceous carnivorous dinosaurs

Fig. 1. Rough outline showing scale of size of Tyrannosaurus rex. By W. D. M. The association of the small forearm is probably incorrect.

opennotspecifiedDec 1905View details →

Fig. 2 in Tyrannosaurus and other Cretaceous carnivorous dinosaurs

Fig. 2. Inner surface of the left lower jaw of the type specimen of Dynamosaurus imperiosus. 1 / 8 nat. size.

Fig. 16 in Skeletal Adaptations of Ornitholestes, Struthiomimus, Tyrannosaurus

Fig. 16. Running pose of Struthiomimus, with a rudimentary patagium as suggested by W. K • Gregory. One-fortieth natural size.,

opennotspecifiedDec 1906View details →

Fig. 8 in Tyrannosaurus, upper Cretaceous carnivorous dinosaur. (Second communication.)

Fig. 8. Humerus of Tyrannosaurus. Amer. Mus. No. 972. To same scale as femur (Fig. 9). a, external view; b, posterior view.

opennotspecifiedDec 1906View details →

Fig. 2 in Tyrannosaurus, upper Cretaceous carnivorous dinosaur. (Second communication.)

Fig. 2. Skull of AiZosaurus in the American Museum of Natural History. To same scale as the skull of Tyrannosaurus.

Fig. 21 in Skeletal Adaptations of Ornitholestes, Struthiomimus, Tyrannosaurus

Fig. 21. Humerus and femur of Tyrannosaurus rex, type specimen Amer. Mus. 973. One-fifteenth natural size. B Humerus in three aspects, (1) posterior, (2) exterior, (3) anterior. A1 right femur, internal aspect, A2 the same, anterior aspect, A3 the same, posterior aspect. One-fifteenth natural size

Fig. 17a in Skeletal Adaptations of Ornitholestes, Struthiomimus, Tyrannosaurus

Fig. 17a. Vertebral centrum of Manospondylus gigas Cope, type, Amer. Mus. Cope Coll. 3982r One-fourth natural size. After Hatcher, 1907.

Anterior, lateral, and posterior aspects of the mounted skeleton of Tyrannosaurus rex, chiefly from Amer. Mus. 5027, partly from the type specimen Amer. Mus. 973. The sternal ribs are not restored. (The structure of the manus is unknown as yet; the restoration of the digits is conjectural. About natural size. in Skeletal Adaptations of Ornitholestes, Struthiomimus, Tyrannosaurus

Anterior, lateral, and posterior aspects of the mounted skeleton of Tyrannosaurus rex, chiefly from Amer. Mus. 5027, partly from the type specimen Amer. Mus. 973. The sternal ribs are not restored. (The structure of the manus is unknown as yet; the restoration of the digits is conjectural. About natural size.