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Fig. 6 in Nutritional restriction triggers callose accumulation on the sieve plates of the funiculus of developing bean seeds

Fig. 6. Immunolocalization of callose in the sieve tube plates of the funiculus. The presence of callose in the sieve plates was evaluated in funiculus of normally developed seeds (N) of 23 and 25 DAA.Callose deposition was also evaluated in funicles of seeds that continued (L), or stopped their development (S) after three and five days after fruits of 20 DAA were detached from the plant. Panels A–C and G–I correspond to callose immunolocalization fluorescence (red), while panels D–F, and J–L show the bright field merged with callose immunolocalization fluorescence. Bar = 5 μm.

Fig. 2 in Nutritional restriction triggers callose accumulation on the sieve plates of the funiculus of developing bean seeds

Fig. 2. Effect of nutrient restriction on the quality of the mature seeds. Protein (A) and starch (B) content, protein characteristics (C) and germination (D) of mature seeds developed under normal conditions (full bars and NC) or in fruits removed from the plant at 20 DAA (gray bars and R). For protein and starch, bars are the average ± SD, n = 5 independent determination. For germination, n = 3.

Fig. 8 in Nutritional restriction triggers callose accumulation on the sieve plates of the funiculus of developing bean seeds

Fig. 8. Scanning electron microscopy images of the funiculus sieve plates. Sieve plates in the funiculus of normally (N) developed seeds of 23 (A) and 25 DAA (D), seeds that continued (L, panels B and E), and seeds that stopped their development (S, panels C and F) after the fruits had been detached from the plant for 3 and 5 days, respectively. Arrows indicate the progressive reduction in the pore size in the funiculus of seed that no longer developed in detached fruits. Bar = 0.5 μm.

Fig. 1 in Nutritional restriction triggers callose accumulation on the sieve plates of the funiculus of developing bean seeds

Fig. 1. Effect of nutrient restriction on bean seed development. Pod dry weight (A), number (B) and dry weight (C) of seeds produced by fruit, and dry weight of individual seeds (D). Dotted bar correspond to fruits at 20 DAA, full and gray bar indicate fruits that reached physiological maturity attached to the plant, or removed from the plant at 20 DAA and incubated in the dark at 25 ̊C for 30 days, respectively. Bars are the average ± SD, n = 100. *** and ** indicate significant difference at P <.001 and 0.01, respectively as calculated by ANOVA statistical analysis for A, Mann–Whitney test for B, and t test for C and D.

Fig. 3 in Nutritional restriction triggers callose accumulation on the sieve plates of the funiculus of developing bean seeds

Fig. 3. Analysis of carbohydrate concentration in the bean fruits. The concentration of sucrose (A and D), glucose (B and E) and fructose (C and F), was determined in placenta (PL), funiculus (FUN), seed coat (SC) and cotyledon (COT) of seeds developed under normal conditions (full bar) for 23 (A–C) and 25 DAA (D–F); and seeds that were able or not to continue their development (gray and empty bars, respectively) in fruits detached from the plant at 20 DAA and analyzed 3 (A–C) and 5 (D–F) days after, respectively. Bars correspond to the analysis of five fruits from different plants ± SD. NS, not significant difference, *, ** and *** indicate significant difference at P <.05, 0.01 and 0.001, respectively, as indicated by ANOVA statistical analysis.

Fig. 5 in Nutritional restriction triggers callose accumulation on the sieve plates of the funiculus of developing bean seeds

Fig. 5. Analysis of sucrose distribution. Fruits incubated in sucrose [U-14C] were dissected (A), and the total incorporation in the placenta (PL), lower and upper funiculus (LF and UF, respectively), seed coat (SC) and cotyledon (C) sections was quantified (B). Full bars correspond to the analysis of fruits at 23 DAA developed under normal conditions. Gray bars indicate seeds that continued their development in fruits of the same age that were removed from the plant three days before the label experiment, and open bars indicate seed that did not continue their development in detached fruits. Bars correspond to the average of analysis of three biological replicates for placenta, funiculus and seed coat, and six for cotyledon ± SD. * and *** indicate significant differences at P <.05 and 0.001, respectively, as indicated by Kruskal–Wallis statistical analysis. Bar in panel A corresponds to 500 μm.

Fig. 7 in Nutritional restriction triggers callose accumulation on the sieve plates of the funiculus of developing bean seeds

Fig. 7. Quantification of the sieve plate thickness by callose immunodetection in the funiculus of developing seeds. Callose deposition in the funiculus of normally developed seeds of 23 and 25 DAA, and in seeds that continued (20 + 3 L and 20 + 5 L), or stopped their development (20 + 3S and 20 + 5S) after the fruits had been removed from the plant, was used to measure changes in the sieve plate thickness after 3 and 5 days following the detachment of the fruits from the plant. ** indicate significant differences at P ≤.01, according to Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn tests (n = 90 sieve plates per treatment).

opencc-by-4.0Nov 2024View details →

Rare taxa drives soil organic carbon accumulation in sagebrush desert grassland under grazing exclusion

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dryad32/100

Ecosystem sulfur accumulation following woody encroachment drives a more open S-cycle in a subtropical savanna

Globally widespread woody encroachment into grass-dominated ecosystems has substantial consequences for carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) cycles. Despite its significance as an essential macronutrient, however, little is known regarding potential changes in the sulfur (S) cycle. We quantified S concentrations, stoichiometric relationships, and δ34S values in the plant-soil environment to investigate landscape-scale changes in the S cycle following grassland-to-woodland transitions in a subtropical savanna. Plant tissues of woody species had significantly higher S concentrations and δ34S values than those of herbaceous species, resulting in a landscape-scale correspondence between spatial patterns of S and δ34S in surface soils and vegetation distribution, with higher S and δ34S in soils beneath woody patches. These patterns were more subtle at soil depths > 5 cm. Woody plants had higher N:S ratios but comparable P:S ratios relative to herbaceous species, which contributed to contrasting spatial patterns between N:S and P:S ratios in surface soils. Sulfur in surface soils increased proportionally less relative to N, but proportionally more compared to P. Our findings indicate that grassland-to-woodland transitions amplify landscape-scale S dynamics, especially in surface soils, and create a S-enriched environment that enables woody plants to acquire sufficient S relative to demand to support their continued productivity and proliferation.

opencc-zeroJun 2021View details →

opennotspecifiedJun 2005View details →

FIGURE 1. Species accumulation curves. A in The crane flies (Diptera: Tipuloidea) of Great Smoky Mountains National Park

FIGURE 1. Species accumulation curves. A) All traps; Limoniidae, Tipulidae. B) Twin Creeks. C) Cades Cove. D) Indian Gap. E) Purchase Knob. F) Cataloochee. Plots in Figs. 1BF are presented as specimens collected in each Malaise trap and for traps at each plot combined.

FIGURE 5 in Contributions of biogeographical functions to species accumulation may change over time in refugial regions

FIGURE 5 Ancestral area estimation of interspecific MOTUs (A–R) and lineages of Theodoxus obtained from BioGeoBEARS. Clades (C) and subclades (SC) are demarcated by dashed lines between MOTUs. Pie charts represent the relative likelihood of the lineage occurring within Anatolia (dark blue), occurring both within and outside of Anatolia (light blue) and just outside of Anatolia (grey). Small circles with the same colour scheme as the pie charts indicate the most likely state. The bars above the MOTUs represent their current distribution. Small squares at nodes indicate significant support of divergence events found with BEAST and other phylogenetic analyses (see Figures S2.1 and S2.2), as explained through the key. Cradle, museum and tap icons represent the relative contributions of functions (cradles, museums and sinks) at different points across the topology for Anatolian diversity. The grey shading indicates the period of pronounced glacial cycles (last 900 kyr) [Colour figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]

FIGURE 1 in Contributions of biogeographical functions to species accumulation may change over time in refugial regions

FIGURE 1 Operational criteria based on ancestral distributions used to identify and distinguish between the cradle, museum and sink functions. The functions are identifiable by: (a) the cradle function, having an in situ distributed ancestor and descendant with either strict in situ distribution or both in‐ and ex situ distribution, (b) the museum function, having an ancestor with both in‐ and ex situ distribution followed by a descendant with only in situ distribution and (c) the sink function, having an ex situ distributed ancestor with either a strict in situ distribution or with both in‐ and ex situ distribution [Colour figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]

FIGURE 4 in Contributions of biogeographical functions to species accumulation may change over time in refugial regions

FIGURE 4 Concentrations of Theodoxus interspecific diversity mapped across the Western Palaearctic using the IDW algorithm. Anatolia shows the highest concentrations of Theodoxus MOTUs. Other regions with more than one Theodoxus MOTUs present are encircled with white‐dashed lines. Bar graphs represent the amount of diversity, indicated by; the number of interspecific MOTUs in each concentrated region, PDand sum ED (see text for details) [Colour figurecanbeviewedat wileyonlinelibrary.com]

FIG UR E 3 (a) Dated phylogeny of the genus Theodoxus constructed in BEAST based on COI, 16S and ATPα. Node labels denote divergence times in millions of years ago (Ma); node bars indicate the 95% credibility interval around these dates. Small squares at nodes indicate significant support of divergence events found with BEAST and other phylogenetic analyses (see Figures S2.1 and S2.2), as explained through the key. Where MOTUs (A–R) show conspecifics among a number of morphospecies, species names are given in order of their year of description. Morphospecies, incorporated from GenBank, where determination was potentially dubious are highlighted by an asterisk. Clades (C) and subclades (SC) are demarcated by dashed lines between MOTUs. (b) LTT plots indicating the build‐up of lineages in Theodoxus over geological time. Dashed lines surrounding the solid LTT lines indicate the 95% confidence intervals. Where intra‐ and interspecific diversity diverge, interspecific diversity is highlighted in blue and intraspecific diversity in red. Transitions in geological ages are highlighted by narrow grey lines, while the grey bar marks the period of pronounced glacial cycles (last 900 kyr) [Colour figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com] in Contributions of biogeographical functions to species accumulation may change over time in refugial regions

FIG UR E 3 (a) Dated phylogeny of the genus Theodoxus constructed in BEAST based on COI, 16S and ATPα. Node labels denote divergence times in millions of years ago (Ma); node bars indicate the 95% credibility interval around these dates. Small squares at nodes indicate significant support of divergence events found with BEAST and other phylogenetic analyses (see Figures S2.1 and S2.2), as explained through the key. Where MOTUs (A–R) show conspecifics among a number of morphospecies, species names are given in order of their year of description. Morphospecies, incorporated from GenBank, where determination was potentially dubious are highlighted by an asterisk. Clades (C) and subclades (SC) are demarcated by dashed lines between MOTUs. (b) LTT plots indicating the build‐up of lineages in Theodoxus over geological time. Dashed lines surrounding the solid LTT lines indicate the 95% confidence intervals. Where intra‐ and interspecific diversity diverge, interspecific diversity is highlighted in blue and intraspecific diversity in red. Transitions in geological ages are highlighted by narrow grey lines, while the grey bar marks the period of pronounced glacial cycles (last 900 kyr) [Colour figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]

FIGURE 2 in Contributions of biogeographical functions to species accumulation may change over time in refugial regions

FIGURE 2 Map of the locations of 376 Theodoxus specimens used in the current study. See Table S1.1 for more information [Colour figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]

opennotspecifiedSep 2000View details →

FIG. 1 in OPINION Testing for the accumulation of deleterious mutations in asexual eukaryote genomes using molecular sequences

FIG. 1. Phylogeny of representative sexual and asexual Lachnidae with estimates of the numbers of replacement and silent substitutions for EF1a and CO2 on each branch. See text for description of estimation of the numbers of substitutions in each category. Phylogeny is from Normark (2000).

opencc-by-4.0Sep 2021View details →

The effects of cholesterol accumulation on Achilles tendon biomechanics: A cross-sectional study DATASET

Data set for "The effects of cholesterol accumulation on Achilles tendon biomechanics: A cross-sectional study"