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1,574 results for “atmospheres”
Data and scripts for: Intercomparison of atmospheric datasets and PBL schemes for precipitation downscaling over a coastal mountain valley of northern British Columbia, Canada
<p>anl_6MYJdiv and anl_6MYNNdiv contains pairwise normalizations of dataset outputs (NAM/ERA5, NAM/NARR and ERA5/NARR) of total rainfall in 2017 for simulations with the MYJ and MYNN3 PBL schemes, that can be plotted by fig3_4.ncl. anl_MYJMYNN_div contains MYJ/MYNN3 spatial contours for each of ERA5, NAM -ANL and NARR outputs. anl_snow_MYJ contains MYJ output for total snow in 2017 by the ERA5, NAM-ANL and NARR datasets, for which values at discrete locations can be retrieved with yr2017snow.ncl, daily_ppt.ncl is script to extract modeled daily precipitation (dly_MYJ and dly_MYNN) from the various locations. Fig_ppt_monthly.R is the plotting script for observed and modeled precipitation time series from hydro31pt1pk.txt. nullwrf is array holder for plotting with ncl scripts. rivs_coasts.shp is shape file that is used in the spatial plots. </p>
Elevated atmospheric concentrations of CO2 increase endogenous immune function in a specialist herbivore
<p>1. Animals rely on a balance of endogenous and exogenous sources of immunity to mitigate parasite attack. Understanding how environmental context affects that balance is increasingly urgent under rapid environmental change. In herbivores, immunity is determined, in part, by phytochemistry which is plastic in response to environmental conditions. Monarch butterflies, <i>Danaus plexippus,</i> consistently experience infection by a virulent parasite, <i>Ophryocystis elektroscirrha</i>, and some medicinal milkweed (<i>Asclepias</i>) species, with high concentrations of toxic steroids (cardenolides), provide a potent source of exogenous immunity. 2. We investigated plant-mediated influences of elevated CO<sub>2</sub> (eCO<sub>2</sub>) on endogenous immune responses of monarch larvae to infection by <i>O. elektroscirrha</i>. Recently, transcriptomics have revealed that infection by <i>O. elektroscirrha </i>does not alter monarch immune gene regulation in larvae, corroborating that monarchs rely more on exogenous than endogenous immunity. However, monarchs feeding on medicinal milkweed grown under eCO<sub>2</sub> lose tolerance to the parasite, associated with changes in phytochemistry. Whether changes in milkweed phytochemistry induced by eCO<sub>2</sub> alter the balance between exogenous and endogenous sources of immunity remains unknown. 3. We fed monarchs two species of milkweed; <i>A. curassavica</i> (medicinal) and <i>A. incarnata </i>(non-medicinal) grown under ambient CO<sub>2</sub> (aCO2) or eCO<sub>2</sub>. We then measured endogenous immune responses (phenoloxidase activity, hemocyte concentration, and melanization strength), along with foliar chemistry, to assess mechanisms of monarch immunity under future atmospheric conditions. 4. The melanization response of late-instar larvae was reduced on medicinal milkweed in comparison to non-medicinal milkweed. Moreover, the endogenous immune responses of early-instar larvae to infection by <i>O. elektroscirrha</i> were generally lower in larvae reared on foliage from aCO<sub>2</sub> plants and higher in larvae reared on foliage from eCO<sub>2</sub> plants. When grown under eCO<sub>2</sub>, milkweed plants exhibited lower cardenolide concentrations, lower phytochemical diversity, and lower nutritional quality (higher C:N ratios). Together, these results suggest that the loss of exogenous immunity from foliage under eCO<sub>2</sub> results in increased endogenous immune function. 5. Animal populations face multiple threats induced by anthropogenic environmental change. Our results suggest that shifts in the balance between exogenous and endogenous sources of immunity to parasite attack may represent an underappreciated consequence of environmental change. </p>
Influence of Atmospheric Parameters on Human Mortality data at Different Geographical Levels. Script and DataBase
<p>The script and dataBase uploaded was developed to assess the association between human mortality data (segregated by age groups and sex) with meteorological and air pollutant covariates at three geographical levels: country, macro-climate regions, and county. The modeling was based on a generalized linear modeling framework, and it takes into account the common characteristic of overdispersion in human mortality data through the application of negative binomial distribution.</p>
Experimental and numerical data of an article on the prediction of wind load on pylons for a neutral atmospheric boundary layer ow over two successive hills
<p>his deposit contains experimental and numerical data related to the article entitled "Towards prediction of wind load on pylons for a neutral atmospheric boundary layer flow over two successive hills" that will be publised in Journal of Wind Engineering & Industrial Aerodynamics. It consists in post-processed experimental data (turbulence statistics) for flows around 2D hills, measured by PIV, and numerical date of k-epsilon simulations of the same configirations. All data are provided in matlab metadata format. Matlab functions are given to plot all the figures of the article.</p>
Simulating δ15N of atmospheric NOx with the impacts from atmospheric processes
<p>A new emission dataset of NO<sub>x</sub>, which incorporates the <sup>15</sup>N isotope, was used to simulate the δ<sup>15</sup>N values in CAMQ (the Community Multiscale Air Quality Modeling System), in order to qualitatively analyze the changes in δ<sup>15</sup>N values, due to the disperse, mixing, and transport of the atmospheric NO<sub>x</sub> emitted from different sources, driven by atmospheric processes.</p>
Long-term monitoring reveals forest tree community change driven by atmospheric sulfate pollution and contemporary climate change
Aim: Montane environments are sentinels of global change, providing unique opportunities to assess impacts on species diversity. Multiple anthropogenic stressors such as climate change and atmospheric pollution may act concurrently or synergistically in restructuring communities. Thus, a major challenge for conservation is untangling the relative importance of different stressors. Here, we combine long-term monitoring with multivariate community modeling to estimate the anthropogenic drivers shaping forest tree diversity along an elevational gradient. Location: Camels Hump Mountain, Vermont, USA Methods: We used Generalized Dissimilarity Modelling (GDM) to model spatial and temporal turnover in beta diversity along an elevational gradient over a 50-year period, and tested for spatiotemporal shifts in density and elevational distribution of individual species. GDMs were used to predict community turnover as non-linear functions of changes in elevation, climate and atmospheric pollution. Results: We observed significant shifts in elevational range and density of individual species, which contributed to an overall reduction in the elevational gradient in beta diversity through time. GDMs showed the combined effects of sulfate deposition and temperature as drivers of this temporal reduction in beta diversity. Spatiotemporal changes differed among species, with shifts observed both up and downslope. For example, in a reversal of a previous upslope range contraction, red spruce (Picea rubens Sarg.) increased in density and shifted downslope since the 1990's, occupying warmer, drier climates. Main conclusion: Our results demonstrate that global change is impacting the stratification of forest tree diversity along elevational gradients, but the responses of individual species are complex and variable in direction. We suggest abiotic drivers may directly impact individual species while also indirectly altering species interactions along elevational gradients. Our approach modelling the drivers of compositional turnover quantifies the rate and amount of change in beta diversity along environmental gradients, and serves as a powerful complement to studying species-specific responses.
Simulated atmospheric CO2 concentration at Point Barrow, Alaska
<p>This dataset is provided in order to enable the reproduction of findings from a series of experiments with the CASA-TOMCAT model setup (Chipperfield, 2006). </p> <p>The Carnegie Ames Stanford Approach (CASA) is a land-surface model that was used to produce fluxes of net ecosystem exchange (NEE) and fires. Our simulations held various input parameters constant in CASA (described below). We then forced the TOMCAT atmospheric chemistry model with these data to produce an estimate of atmospheric CO2 at the Barrow Observatory in Alaska. Further information on the details of the model setup is described in the 'Model_setup.txt' file.</p> <p>Enclosed in this directory are the simulated CO2 at Barrow observatory, Alaska (71.3N, 156.6E) for a number of experiments which are described below. Half of the text files have variable meteorology and are described as 'atmos_vary' in the title, the remaining half have constant (periodical) meteorology, in which atmospheric transport is retained at 1992 values (and described as 'atmos_const').</p> <p>Within each file is the time and date of each measurement of atmospheric CO2 in ppm. In order to obtain the required simulated atmospheric value, add the background, ocean, and fossil fuel (FF) tracer values to the relevant NEE and fire value from the simulation of interest.</p> <p>The simulations are as follows (with their abbreviation given in parentheses): </p> <p>Constant, periodical temperature scalar (temp)<br> Constant, periodical temperature and moisture scalars (temppre)<br> Constant, periodical fraction of photosynthetically active radiation (fpar)<br> Constant, periodical solar radiation (solrad)<br> All the above variables held constant, periodical (all)<br> Control run in which everything varies (ctrl)</p>
Data and GrADS scripts for "Effect of atmospheric circulation on surface air temperature trends in years 1979-2018" (forthcoming in Climate Dynamics)
<p>Data and GrADS scripts associated with "Effect of atmospheric circulation on surface air temperature trends in years 1979-2018", forthcoming in Climate Dynamics.</p> <p>The README file, the scripts and the GrADS data descriptor files are in the file "circulation.zip". Unpacking this with "unzip circulation.zip" creates the directory "circulation" together with the individual files.</p> <p>The three netcdf data files (T_anomalies_ERA5_1979-2018.nc, T_anomalies_circ_1979-2018.nc and T_trends_CMIP5_42mod_1979-2018.nc) must be downloaded to the same "circulation" directory for the GrADS scripts to work.</p> <p>See the README file within "circulation.zip" for further information.</p> <p> </p>
Following up the Kepler field: Masses of Targets for transit timing and atmospheric characterization
<p>These are posterior samples from TTV models presented in "Following up the Kepler field: Masses of Targets for transit timing and atmospheric characterization" by D. Jontof-Hutter, D., A. Wolfgang A., E. B. Ford, J. J. Liassauer, D. C. Fabrycky and J. F. Rowe.</p>
Example 6-hour directory for FV3GFS atmospheric model
<p>This dataset serves as an example run directory for the FV3GFS atmospheric model, used in publications to show execution of the Python-wrapped FV3GFS atmospheric model.</p> <p>Files in rundir/grb provided by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Environmental Modeling Center (EMC) are public domain.</p> <p>All other data and configuration files are distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.</p> <p>SHiELD/FV3 model data and input files produced by the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/). Consult https://pcmdi.llnl.gov/CMIP6/TermsOfUse for terms of use governing CMIP6 output, including citation requirements and proper acknowledgment. The data producers and data providers make no warranty, either express or implied, including, but not limited to, warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose. All liabilities arising from the supply of the information (including any liability arising in negligence) are excluded to the fullest extent permitted by law.</p>
Data and code for "On the Effects of the Ocean on Atmospheric CFC-11 Lifetimes And Emissions" (Wang et al. 2021, PNAS)
<p>Data directory includes prescribed emission in MITgcm for CFC-11 and CFC-12, and MITgcm output under different forcing runs. Code directory includes all the code used to generate plots in the paper entitled "On the Effects of the Ocean on Atmospheric CFC-11 Lifetimes And Emissions" (Wang et al. 2021, PNAS). </p>
A new merged dataset for analyzing clouds, precipitation and atmospheric parameters based on ERA5 reanalysis data and the measurements of TRMM PR and VIRS
<p>This new merged gridded dataset (M-1B01-2A25-GD) contains precipitation, clouds and atmospheric parameters with 0.25° spatial resolution.</p> <p>It is produced by merging TRMM PR and VIRS measurements with the ERA5 reanalysis dataset at the same spatiotemporal resolution between 40° S and 40° N. The near-surface rain rate, profiles of rain rate and precipitation reflectivity factor, visible and infrared signals and atmospheric parameters (temperature, pressure, geopotential height, specific humidity, divergence, vertical velocity and so on) can be obtained in the dataset. The statistical results indicate that the merging and gridding will not dramatically distort the original data and the new dataset can be used to study the characteristics and distribution of the precipitation and clouds systems.</p>
Critical PO2 as a diagnostic biomarker for the effects of low-oxygen modified and controlled atmospheres on phytosanitary irradiation treatments in the Cabbage Looper Trichoplusia ni (Hübner)
<p>BACKGROUND: Phytosanitary irradiation is a sustainable alternative to chemical fumigants for disinfesting fresh commodities from insect pests. However, irradiating insects in modified atmospheres with very low oxygen (<1 kPa O2) has repeatedly been shown to increase radioprotective response. Thus, there is a concern that modified atmosphere packaging could reduce the efficacy of phytosanitary irradiation. One hurdle slowing the widespread application of phytosanitary irradiation is a lack of knowledge about how moderate levels of hypoxia relevant to modified atmosphere packaging of most fresh commodities (3-10 kPa O2) may affect phytosanitary irradiation treatments. Therefore, we hypothesize that critical PO2 (Pcrit), the level of oxygen at which an insect's metabolism becomes impaired, can be used as a diagnostic biomarker to predict the induction of a radioprotective response. RESULTS: Using the cabbage looper Trichoplusia ni (Hübner), we show that there is a substantial increase in radiation resistance when larvae are irradiated in atmospheres more hypoxic than their Pcrit (3.3 kPa O2). These data are consistent with our hypothesis that Pcrit could be used as a diagnostic biomarker for what levels of hypoxia may induce radioprotective effects that could impact phytosanitary irradiation treatments. CONCLUSION: We propose that the relationship between Pcrit and radioprotective effects could allow us to build a framework for predicting the effects of low-oxygen atmospheres on the efficacy of phytosanitary irradiation. However, more widespread studies across pest species are still needed to test the generality of this idea.</p>
Simulating gas giant exoplanet atmospheres with Exo-FMS: Comparing semi-grey, picket fence and correlated-k radiative-transfer schemes.
<p>NetCDF dataset for paper titled: Simulating gas giant exoplanet atmospheres with Exo-FMS: Comparing semi-grey, picket fence and correlated-k radiative-transfer schemes.</p> <p> </p> <p>Contains:</p> <p>1. Heng benchmark GCM data</p> <p>2. Rauscher benchmark GCM data</p> <p>3. HD209 model using semi-grey RT</p> <p>4. HD 209 model using non-grey picket fence RT</p> <p>5. HD 209 model using corr-k RT scheme</p>
Data from: Upper atmosphere heating from ocean-generated acoustic wave energy
Colliding sea surface waves generate the ocean microbarom, an acoustic signal that may transmit significant energy to the upper atmosphere. Previous estimates of acoustic energy flux from the ocean microbarom and mountain/wind interactions are on the order of 0.01 to 1 mW/m2, heating the thermosphere by tens of degrees Kelvin per day. We captured up going ocean microbarom waves with a balloon borne infrasound microphone; the maximum acoustic energy flux was approximately 0.05 mW/m2. This is about half the average value reported in previous ground-based microbarom observations spanning eight years. The acoustic flux from the microbarom episode described here may have heated the thermosphere by several degrees Kelvin per day while the source persisted. We suggest that ocean wave models could be used to parameterize acoustically-generated heating of the upper atmosphere based on sea state.
Denitrification rates in lake sediments of mountains affected by high atmospheric nitrogen deposition
<p>During the last decades, atmospheric nitrogen loading in mountain ranges of the Northern Hemisphere has increased substantially, resulting in high nitrate concentrations in many lakes. Yet, how increased nitrogen has affected denitrification, a key process for nitrogen removal, is poorly understood. We measured actual and potential (nitrate and carbon amended) denitrification rates in sediments of several lake types and habitats in the Pyrenees during the ice-free season. Actual denitrification rates ranged from 0 to 9 μmol N<sub>2</sub>O m<sup>−2</sup> h<sup>−1</sup> (mean, 1.5 ± 1.6 SD), whereas potential rates were about 10-times higher. The highest actual rates occurred in warmer sediments with more nitrate available in the overlying water. Consequently, littoral habitats showed, on average, 3-fold higher rates than the deep zone. The highest denitrification potentials were found in more productive lakes located at relatively low altitude and small catchments, with warmer sediments, high relative abundance of denitrification nitrite reductase genes, and sulphate-rich waters. We conclude that increased nitrogen deposition has resulted in elevated denitrification rates, but not sufficiently to compensate for the atmospheric nitrogen loading in most of the highly oligotrophic lakes. However, there is potential for high rates, especially in the more productive lakes and landscape features largely govern this.</p>
Data from: Elevated atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide reduce monarch tolerance and increase parasite virulence by altering the medicinal properties of milkweeds
Hosts combat their parasites using mechanisms of resistance and tolerance, which together determine parasite virulence. Environmental factors, including diet, mediate the impact of parasites on hosts, with diet providing nutritional and medicinal properties. Here, we present the first evidence that ongoing environmental change decreases host tolerance and increases parasite virulence through a loss of dietary medicinal quality. Monarch butterflies use dietary toxins (cardenolides) to reduce the deleterious impacts of a protozoan parasite. We fed monarch larvae foliage from four milkweed species grown under either elevated or ambient CO2, and measured changes in resistance, tolerance, and virulence. The most high-cardenolide milkweed species lost its medicinal properties under elevated CO2; monarch tolerance to infection decreased, and parasite virulence increased. Declines in medicinal quality were associated with declines in foliar concentrations of lipophilic cardenolides. Our results emphasize that global environmental change may influence parasite-host interactions through changes in the medicinal properties of plants.
Data and plotting scripts used in "High level implementation of geometric multigrid solvers for finite element problems: applications in atmospheric modelling"
<p>Raw performance data and plotting scripts used to generate the figures in the paper "High level implementation of geometric multigrid solvers for finite element problems: applications in atmospheric modelling"</p>
Data and plotting scripts used in "High level implementation of geometric multigrid solvers for finite element problems: applications in atmospheric modelling"
<p>Raw performance data and plotting scripts used to generate the figures in the paper "High level implementation of geometric multigrid solvers for finite element problems: applications in atmospheric modelling"</p> <p>A previous version of this dataset (corresponding to an earlier revision of the paper) is available as https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.50533.</p>
Chemical characterization of atmospheric ions at the High-Alpine station Jungfraujoch (Switzerland)
<p>The ion composition at high-altitude (3454 m a.s.l.) was measured with an Atmospheric<br> Pressure interface Time of Flight mass spectrometer (APi-TOF) during a period of nine<br> months, from August 2013 to April 2014. The negative mass spectra were dominated by the<br> ions of sulfuric, nitric, malonic and methanesulfonic acid (MSA) as well as SO5- . The most<br> prominent positive ion peaks were from amines. The other cations were mainly organic compounds<br> clustered with a nitrogen-containing ion, which could be either NH4+ or an aminium.<br> Occasionally the positive spectra were characterized by groups of compounds each differing<br> by a methylene group. In the negative spectrum, sulfuric acid was always observed during<br> clear sky conditions following the diurnal cycle of sun irradiation. On many occasions we<br> also saw a high signal of sulfuric acid during night time when clusters up to the tetramer<br> were observed. A plausible reason for these events could be evaporation from particles at low<br> relative humidity. A remarkably strong correlation between the signals of SO5- and CH3SO3-<br> was observed for the full measurement period. The presence of these two ions during both<br> the day and the night suggests a non-photochemical channel of formation which is possibly<br> linked to halogen chemistry. Halogenated species, especially Br– and IO3- , were frequently<br> observed in air masses that originated mainly from the Atlantic Ocean and occasionally from<br> continental areas based on back trajectory analyses. We found I2O5 clustered with an ion, a<br> species that was proposed from laboratory and modelling studies. All halogenated ions exhibited<br> an unexpected diurnal behaviour with low values during day time. New particle formation<br> (NPF) events were observed and characterized by 1) highly oxygenated molecules (HOMs) and<br> low sulfuric acid or 2) ammonia-sulfuric acid clusters. We present characteristic spectra for<br> each of these two event types based on 26 nucleation episodes. The mass spectrum of the<br> ammonia-sulfuric acid nucleation event compares very well with laboratory measurements<br> reported from the CLOUD chamber. A source receptor analysis indicates that new particle<br> formation events at the Jungfraujoch take place within a restricted period of time of 24-48<br> hours after air masses have had contact with boundary layer. This time frame appears to be<br> crucial to reach an optimal oxidation state and concentration of organic molecules necessary<br> to facilitate nucleation.</p>
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These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.