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1,186 results for “defensiveness”
Figure 4 in Defensive behaviour of a moth (Crambidae: Eoophyla sp.) that mimics jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae) in tropical India
Figure 4. Archetypal features displayed on the raised wings of Eoophyla (based on Hill 2022).
Figure 1 in Defensive behaviour of a moth (Crambidae: Eoophyla sp.) that mimics jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae) in tropical India
Figure 1. Location of the study site at Simbalwara National Park in Himachal Pradesh. Satellite
FIGURE 1 in Reproductive and defensive calls of Hydrolaetare schmidti (Anura: Leptodactylidae) from the Amazonian savanna of Amapá in northern Brazil
FIGURE 1. Spectrogram and oscillogram of (A–B) distress calls and (C) advertisement call of Hydrolaetare schmidti from the Amazonian savanna of Amapá in northern Brazil. (A) Typical distress call with clear harmonic structure and (B) distress call with pulsatile structure and without clear harmonic intervals. Male vouchers: CECC 3421 (A and C) and CECC 3422 (B). Calls were produced on different time and frequency scales, because of their distinct temporal and spectral characteristics.
Trade-offs between defense and competitive traits in a planktonic predator-prey system
<p>Data repository from the paper "Trade-offs between defense and competitive traits in a planktonic predator-prey system" by Réveillon T. and Becks L. published in the journal Ecology.</p>
Defensive symbiont genotype distributions are linked to parasitoid attack networks - Dataset and scripts
<p>This R project includes data and scripts for paper - Defensive symbiont genotype distributions are linked to parasitoid attack networks</p> <p>Script for analysis:</p> <p> Run all the scripts in order, to get all analyses and results in this paper. </p> <p> Script_0_package_install_load.R: <br> Installs and loads the necessary R packages required for all subsequent scripts.<br> This R project</p> <p> Script_1_Extract_from_Table_S2.R<br> Extracts information from:<br> Table_S2.csv (located in /Rawdata/) Data_4_Aphid_sequences.fas<br> Generates 10 files for further analyses:<br> Aphid relatedness distance:<br> Aphid_phylogenetic_relatedness_16species.csv<br> Aphid_phylogenetic_relatedness_22species.csv<br> Aphid_phylogenetic_relatedness_31species.csv<br> Hamiltonella - Aphid Matrices:<br> Hamiltonella_Aphid_matrix_16species.csv<br> Hamiltonella_Aphid_matrix_22species.csv<br> Hamiltonella_Aphid_matrix_31species.csv<br> Parasitoid - Aphid Matrices:<br> Para_Aphid_matrix_16species.csv<br> Para_Aphid_matrix_22species.csv<br> Plant - Aphid Matrices:<br> Plant_Aphid_matrix_16species.csv<br> Plant_Aphid_matrix_31species.csv</p> <p><br> Script_2_BarPlot_Fig1.R: <br> Generates Fig. 1 using: <br> Data_11_Parasitoid_genus_aphid_22_species_Fig.1.csv Data_12_Plant_genus_aphid_31_species_Fig.1.csv<br> The bar order in Fig. 1 is arranged by proportion, which is not directly supported in the ggplot2 package in R. Therefore, we need manually reordered if using the first plot code; or, manually colour it using the second plot code. </p> <p><br> Script_3_MMRR_analysis.R<br> Uses 10 distance/distribution matrices of Parasitoid, Plant, Hamiltonella, and Aphid relationships to compute matrix correlations with the MMRR (Multiple Matrix Regression with Randomization) model.</p> <p><br> Script_4_Species_linkage_Fig2_FigS4.R<br> Uses 7 distribution matrices of Parasitoid, Plant, and Hamiltonella relationships with Aphids (excluding Aphid genetic distance matrices) to generate the species linkage diagrams for Fig. 2 and Fig. S4, For aesthetic purposes, unconnected sample points have been moved.</p> <p><br> Script_5_MMRR_Fig3_FigS5.R<br> Plots the MMRR correlations using the 10 distance/distribution matrices for Parasitoid, Plant, Hamiltonella, and Aphid relationships (Fig. 3 & Fig. S5). </p> <p> Script_6_parasitoid_specialization_Fig4.R<br> Computes specialization levels using the H2 Index for:<br> Parasitoid-Aphid<br> Aphid-Hamiltonella<br> Parasitoid-Hamiltonella relationships <br> Generates Figure 4.</p> <p> Script_7_Ecologicial_indices&plots_Table1_FigS3.R<br> Uses 7 distribution matrices of Parasitoid, Plant, and Hamiltonella relationships with Aphids (excluding Aphid genetic distance matrices) to:<br> Calculate ecological indices (Richness, Shannon Index, Simpson Index).<br> Use linear models to analyze the relationships between Parasitoid/Plant-Aphid and Aphid-Hamiltonella communities. <br> Outputs results for Table 1 and Figure S3.</p> <p><br> Script_8_Bubble_plot_FigS2.R<br> This script using <br> Hamiltonella_Aphid_matrix_31species.csv <br> and two phylogeny trees <br> Data_8_Aphid_species_phylogeny.txt & <br> Data_9_Hamiltonella_phylogeny.txt<br> To create a Cophylogeny tree of Hamiltonella strains and aphid species that we identified in this study and previously known strains. (Fig. S2)</p> <p> Script_9_DADA2_pipeline.R<br> This script is the DADA2 pipeline used to processing the raw COI sequencing data into ASV (Amplicon Sequence Variant) count files. After processing, the ASV files required manual curation to link each ASV with a distinct parasitoid and aphid species name based on BLAST results. In our updated version, we have provided both the raw data (BioProject PRJNA1139364) as well as the manually curated files (Data_1 and Data_2) which includes the ASV species names. All subsequent analyses can be reproduced using the curated datasets (Data_1 and Data_2), ensuring clarity and replicability for users.<br> We have incorporated the SRA Toolkit to streamline the process. This allows users to download raw SRR sequencing files directly and convert them into FASTQ files, which can then be input into the DADA2 pipeline. The pipeline produces two ASV count files, one for each sequencing run.</p> <p> </p> <p>Raw data and inofrmation:</p> <p> Table_S2.csv<br> The Dataset from Supplementary Table S2: After manual pooling the Parasitoid/Aphid species based on the Data_1,2 and 6.<br> No: the number of this sample<br> City: The city that collected this sample<br> Location: the location of sample collection<br> Sample category: Aphid mummies or alive aphids<br> Sample code: the name of sample (self defined)<br> Collection year: when this sample was collected<br> Aphid taxa / Wasp taxa / Plant species /Hamiltonella strain: The Aphid/Parasitoid/Plant/Hamiltonella species <br> Sequencing method: Illumina or Sanger sequencing <br> Sequencing date: the date of sending this sample to sequencing<br> Data source: From this study or from Wu et al. 2022: Local adaptation to hosts and parasitoids shape Hamiltonella defensa genotypes across aphid species</p> <p> Data_1_Deep_sequencing_data_block_1.xlsx & Data_2_Deep_sequencing_data_block_2.xlsx <br> Sample: The sample name from Illumina sequencing, which can later be found on GenBank (BioProject PRJNA1139364).<br> Aphid: The detected aphid species for each sample.<br> Parasitoid: The detected parasitoid species.<br> The remaining columns contain ASV (Amplicon Sequence Variant) data derived from high-throughput barcoding sequencing.<br> Data1 and Data_2 are the manually curated versions of the BioProject PRJNA1139364 with added species names for each ASV. </p> <p> Data_3_Parasitoid sequences.fas & <br> Data_4_Aphid sequences.fas & <br> Data_5_Hamiltonella sequences.fas,<br> FASTA files for:<br> Parasitoid species<br> Aphid species<br> Hamiltonella strains<br> These sequences were used for phylogenetic reconstruction and subsequent analyses.</p> <p> Data_6_Parasitoid_Aphid_pooled_table.xlsx <br> Contains the OTU (Operational Taxonomic Unit) manual pooling results for Parasitoid and Aphid species based on 99% (4 base pair) sequence similarity:<br> Parasitoid pooling together group & Aphid pooling together group: Original names from Illumina sequencing.<br> Original name: Representative sequences for each group.<br> Pooled species name: Final species names used in all analyses.<br> Pooled sequences: Final representative sequences used in all analyses.<br> The result of manual pooling see the Table_S2.csv</p> <p> Data_7_Parasitoid_species_phylogeny.txt & Data_8_Aphid_species_phylogeny.txt & Data_9_Hamiltonella_phylogeny.txt <br> Phylogenetic trees for:<br> Parasitoid species<br> Aphid species<br> Hamiltonella strains<br> These trees were generated using the PhyML tool on the ATGC Montpellier platform, original fasta file was Data_3, 4 & 5.</p> <p> Data_10_aphid_host_info.csv <br> Provides aphid host information for generating Figure 2 and Figure S4:<br> Aphid: Names of aphid species included in this study.<br> Host: Host categories:<br> 1: Herb aphids<br> 2: Grass aphids<br> 3: Tree aphids<br> Host_category: Detailed descriptions of host categories.</p> <p> Data_11_Parasitoid_genus_aphid_22_species_Fig.1.csv & Data_12_Plant_genus_aphid_31_species_Fig.1.csv <br> Reduced matrices used for Figure 1, created by merging data from:<br> OTUs associated with the same parasitoid species.<br> Plant species belonging to the same genus.</p> <p> 7 Distribution Matrices (from Script_1_Extract_from_Table_S2.R)<br> Hamiltonella-Aphid Matrices:<br> Hamiltonella_Aphid_matrix_16species.csv<br> Hamiltonella_Aphid_matrix_22species.csv<br> Hamiltonella_Aphid_matrix_31species.csv<br> Parasitoid-Aphid Matrices:<br> Para_Aphid_matrix_16species.csv<br> Para_Aphid_matrix_22species.csv<br> Plant-Aphid Matrices:<br> Plant_Aphid_matrix_16species.csv<br> Plant_Aphid_matrix_31species.csv<br> Structure:<br> Rows represent aphid species.<br> Columns represent Hamiltonella strains, parasitoid species, or host plant species linked to each aphid species.<br> Usage: These matrices were used to generate Figures 2, 3, 4, Figures S2, S3, S4, S5, and for MMRR tests, ecological indices, and H2 index calculations.</p> <p> 3 Aphid phylogenetic relatedness matrices derived from Script_1_Extract_from_Table_S2.R<br> Aphid_phylogenetic_relatedness_16species.csv<br> Aphid_phylogenetic_relatedness_22species.csv<br> Aphid_phylogenetic_relatedness_31species.csv<br> These matrices provide phylogenetic distance information, showing pairwise genetic distances between the 31 aphid species included in this study.</p> <p> SraRunTable.csv<br> The BioProject (PRJNA1139364) information downloaded directly from Genbank. </p>
Drought-induced reductions in plant defenses
Extrafloral nectaries (EFNs) are anti-herbivory defense-related glands. We measured morphological and anatomical EFN traits in Pityrocarpa moniliformis trees along a rainfall gradient in Caatinga dry forest. We observed a reduction in structural EFN traits as rainfall decreased. We conclude that this reduction is a cost-saving strategy, probably mediated by ants.
Strong genotype-by-genotype interactions between aphid-defensive symbionts and parasitoids persist across different biotic environments
<p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>The dynamics of coevolution between hosts and parasites are influenced by their genetic interactions. Highly specific interactions, where the outcome of an infection depends on the precise combination of host and parasite genotypes (G × G interactions), have the potential to maintain genetic variation by inducing negative frequency-dependent selection. The importance of this effect also rests on whether such interactions are consistent across different environments or modified by environmental variation (G × G × E interaction). In the black bean aphid, <i>Aphis fabae</i>, resistance to its parasitoid <i>Lysiphlebus fabarum</i> is largely determined by the possession of a heritable bacterial endosymbiont, <i>Hamiltonella defensa</i>, with strong G × G interactions between <i>H. defensa</i> and <i>L. fabarum</i>. A key environmental factor in this system is the host plant on which the aphid feeds. Here, we exposed genetically identical aphids harbouring three different strains of <i>H. defensa</i> to three asexual genotypes of <i>L. fabarum </i>and measured parasitism success on three common host plants of <i>A. fabae</i>, namely <i>Vicia faba</i>, <i>Chenopodium album</i> and <i>Beta vulgaris</i>. As expected, we observed the pervasive G × G interaction between <i>H. defensa</i> and <i>L. fabarum</i>, but despite strong main effects of the host plants on average rates of parasitism, this interaction was not altered significantly by the host plant environment (no G × G × E interaction). The symbiont-conferred specificity of resistance is thus likely to mediate the coevolution of <i>A. fabae </i>and <i>L. fabarum</i>, even when played out across diverse host plants of the aphid.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
Profiling of mature stage human breastmilk cells identifies host-defense lactocyte sub-populations
<p>Breastmilk is chock-full of nutrients, immunological factors, and cells that aid infant development. Maternal cells are the least studied breastmilk component, and their unique properties are difficult to identify using traditional techniques. Here, we characterized the cells in mature stage breastmilk from healthy donors at the protein, gene, and transcriptome levels. Holistic analysis of flow cytometry, qPCR, and single cell RNA sequencing data identified the predominant cell population as epithelial with smaller populations of macrophages and T cells. Two percent of epithelial cells expressed four stem cell markers: SOX2, TRA-1-60, NANOG, and SSEA4. Furthermore, milk contained six distinct epithelial lactocyte sub-populations, including three previously unidentified sub-populations programmed towards host-defense and intestinal development. Pseudotime analysis delineated the differentiation pathways of epithelial progenitors. Together, these data define healthy human maternal breastmilk cells and provide a basis for their application in maternal and infant medicine.</p>
Predator community and resource use jointly modulate the inducible defense response in body height of crucian carp
<p>Phenotypic plasticity can be expressed as changes in body shape in response to environmental variability. Crucian carp (<i>Carassius carassius</i>), a widespread cyprinid, displays remarkable plasticity in body morphology and increases body depth when exposed to cues from predators, suggesting the triggering of an anti-predator defense mechanism. However, these morphological changes could also be related to resource use and foraging behavior, as an indirect effect of predator presence. In order to determine whether phenotypic plasticity in crucian carp is driven by a direct or indirect response to predation threat, we compared twelve fish communities inhabiting small lakes in southeast Norway grouped by four categories of predation regimes: no predator fish, or brown trout (<i>Salmo trutta</i>), perch (<i>Perca fluviatilis</i>) or pike (<i>Esox lucius</i>) as main piscivores. We predicted the body shape of crucian carp to be associated with the species composition of predator communities, and that the presence of efficient piscivores results in a deeper body shape. We use stable isotope analyses to test if this variation in body shape was related to a shift in individual resource use – i.e., littoral rather than pelagic resource use would favor the development of a specific body shape - or other environmental characteristics. The results showed that increasingly efficient predator communities induced progressively deeper body shape, larger body size and lower population densities. Predator maximum gape size and individual trophic position were the best variables explaining crucian carp variation in body depth among predation categories, while littoral resource use did not have a clear effect. The gradient in predation pressure also corresponded to a shift in lake productivity. These results indicate that crucian carp have a fine-tuned morphological defense mechanism against predation risk, triggered by the combined effect of predator presence and resource availability.</p>
Data from: Dynamics in brain activation and behaviour in acute and repeated social defensive behaviour
<p>In nature, confrontations between conspecifics are recurrent and related, in general, due to the lack of resources such as food and territory. Adequate defences against a conspecific aggressor are essential for the individual's survival and the group integrity. However, repeated social defeat is a significant stressor promoting several behavioural changes including social defence per se. What would be the neural basis of these behavioural changes? To build new hypotheses about this, we here investigate the effects of repeated social stress on the neural circuitry underlying motivated social defence behaviour in male mice. We observed that animals re-exposed to the aggressor three times spent more time in passive defence during the last exposure than in the first one. These animals also show less activation of the amygdalar and hypothalamic nuclei related to the processing of conspecific cues. In turn, we found no changes in the activation of the hypothalamic dorsal pre-mammillary nucleus (PMD) that is essential for passive defence. Therefore, our data suggest that the balance between the activity of circuits related to conspecific processing and the PMD determines the pattern of social defence behaviour. Changes in this balance may be the basis of the adaptations in social defence after repeated social defeat.</p>
Sequestration of defenses against predators drives specialized host plant associations in preadapted milkweed bugs (Heteroptera: Lygaeinae)
<p class="CxSpFirst">Host plant specialization across herbivorous insects varies dramatically, but while the molecular mechanisms of host-plant adaptations are increasingly known, we often lack a comprehensive understanding of the selective forces that favor specialization. The milkweed bugs (Heteroptera: Lygaeinae) are engaged in ancestrally specialized associations with plants of the Apocynaceae from which they commonly sequester cardiac glycosides for defense, facilitated by resistant Na<sup>+</sup>/K<sup>+</sup>-ATPases and adaptations for transport, storage and discharge of toxins. Here, we show that three Lygaeinae species independently colonized four novel non-apocynaceous hosts that convergently produce cardiac glycosides. A fourth species shifted to a new source of toxins by tolerating and sequestering alkaloids from meadow saffron (<i>Colchicum autumnale</i>, Colchicaceae). Across three milkweed bug species tested, feeding on seeds containing toxins did not improve growth or speed of development, and even impaired growth and development in two species, but sequestration mediated protection of milkweed bugs against two natural predators: lacewing larvae and passerine birds. We conclude that physiological preadaptations and convergent phytochemistry facilitated novel specialized host associations. Since toxic seeds did not improve but either impaired growth or at most had neutral effects, selection by predators on sequestration of defenses, rather than the exploitation of additional profitable dietary resources, can lead to obligatory specialized host associations in otherwise generalist insects.</p>
Data from: A shift from phenol to silica-based leaf defenses during long-term soil and ecosystem development
<p>The resource availability hypothesis predicts that plants adapted to infertile soils have high levels of anti-herbivore leaf defenses. This hypothesis has been mostly explored for secondary metabolites such as phenolics, while it remains underexplored for silica-based defenses. We determined leaf concentrations of total phenols and silicon (Si) in plants growing along the 2-million-year Jurien Bay chronosequence, exhibiting an extreme gradient of soil fertility. We found that nitrogen (N) limitation on young soils led to a greater expression of phenol-based defenses, whereas old, phosphorus (P)-impoverished soils favored silica-based defenses. Both defense types were negatively correlated at the community and individual species level. Our results suggest a tradeoff among these two leaf defense strategies based on the strength and type of nutrient limitation, thereby opening up new perspectives for the resource availability hypothesis and plant defense research. This study also highlights the importance of silica-based defenses under low P supply.</p>
Data from: Evidence for tissue-specific defense-offense interactions between milkweed and its community of specialized herbivores
<p>Input data used to generate the results for the manuscript under publication. It contains: 1) the residual enzymatic activity (absorbance) of 3 cardenolide-tolerant insects and the non tolerant fruit fly to 5 tissue extracts from Asclepias curassavica (roots, leaves, flower buds, seeds and latex); 2) The dilution level required to inhibit the enzymes by 50% (IC50); 3) The amount of tissue used to prepare the extracts for the enzymatic assay, as well as their cardenolide concentration to standardize the IC50 estimates by tissue mass and plant defense concentration; 4) The dataset of the chemical characterization by HPLC of the different plant parts of Asclepias curassavica; 5) The latex data used to estimate dry/wet mass ratio to correct for our latex samples.</p>
Data from: Rapid evolution of latitudinal clines in growth and defense of an invasive weed
<p>Re-estabishment of heritable latitudinal clines in growth-related traits has been recognized as evidence for adaptive evolution in invasive plants. However, less is known about latitudinal clines in defense and joint clinal evolution of growth and defense in invasive plants.</p> <p>We planted 14 native Argentinean populations and 14 introduced Chinese populations of <i>Aternanthera philoxeroides</i> in repicate common gardens in China. We investigated the latitudinal clines of traits related to growth and defense, and plasticity of these traits in relation to experiment site and soil nitrogen.</p> <p>We found that chemical defense decreased with latitude in native populations but increased with latitude in introduced populations. For growth rate, latitudinal clines were positive in introduced populations but nonexistent in native populations. There were also parallel positive latitudinal clines in total/shoot biomass and specific leaf area. Experiment site affected the occurrence or magnitude of latitudinal clines in growth rate, branch intensity and triterpenoid saponins concentration. Introduced populations were more plastic to experiment site and soil nitrogen than native populations.</p> <p>We provide evidence for rapid evolution of clines in growth and defense in an invasive plant. Altered herbivory gradients and trade-off between growth and defense may explain non-parallel clines between the native and introduced ranges</p>
Localized carry-over effects of pond drying on survival, growth, and pathogen defenses in amphibians
<p><span>Climate change is increasing variability in precipitation patterns in many parts of the globe. Unpredictable changes in water availability can be particularly challenging for organisms that rely on precipitation-fed water sources for completing their life cycle, such as many amphibian species. Although developmental plasticity can mitigate the impacts of changing environments for some species, this strategy can come at a cost to other fitness-linked traits, such as immune function. We investigated localized variation in the capacity to respond to pond drying and evaluated whether developmental responses induced carry-over effects in disease susceptibility in three leopard frog species (<em>Rana </em>[<em>Lithobates</em>]<em> pipiens</em> and <em>R. sphenocephala</em>; two populations each, and one population of <em>R. chiricahuensis</em>). Using mesocosms located near the site of collection (<15 km away) in five regions spanning a latitudinal gradient, we raised tadpoles under simulated fast-drying, slow-drying, or constant water levels. After metamorphosis, we characterized several aspects of the skin microbiome, immune function, and response to exposure to the fungal pathogen <em>Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis</em> (<em>Bd</em>). Note that for <em>R. chiricahuensis,</em> the only carry-over effect measured was response to <em>Bd</em> exposure, for which we observed no effects of pond drying. We found that developmental plasticity in response to drying was rare, except in the southernmost population of <em>R. sphenocephala</em>. In this location, tadpoles responded by accelerating development, and frogs with shorter larval periods developed more severe infections following <em>Bd</em> exposure<em> </em>post-metamorphosis, suggesting a trade-off between surviving pond drying and pathogen defense investment. In the three other locations, a lack of accelerated metamorphosis in drying treatments was accompanied by increased mortality, decreased anti-<em>Bd</em> function of the microbiome, and/or greater <em>Bd</em> infection after exposure. Overall, results suggest that faster drying conditions will likely have negative impacts on amphibians with long larval periods, both directly and indirectly via carry-over effects. Because effects of drying exposure were not uniform within a species, our findings suggest local responses may not be generalizable to other regions of the range. These multifaceted effects of climate change on pathogen defenses are increasingly relevant as emerging infectious diseases threaten global biodiversity.</span></p>
Data from: Defensible-space treatment of <114,000 ha 40 m from high-risk buildings near wildland vegetation could reduce loss in WUI wildfire disasters across Colorado's 27 million ha
<p><strong>Context </strong> </p> <p>WUI wildfire disasters are increasing, as fires are pushed by strong winds and drier fuels across landscapes and into communities. Possible disasters make maintaining and restoring landscape-scale fire in fire-adapted ecosystems difficult. Rapid action is needed to reduce building loss in WUI wildfire disasters. </p> <p><strong>Objectives </strong> </p> <p>In a Colorado case study, I used distance-based empirical modeling to refine potential risk of building loss in WUI wildfire disasters to focus risk-reduction efforts.</p> <p><strong>Methods</strong> </p> <p>New empirical modeling showed 95% of USA building loss in WUI wildfire disasters was within 100 m of wildland vegetation. I used modeling to estimate and map potential relative risk of a WUI wildfire disaster for each of 2,185,953 buildings in Colorado.</p> <p><strong>Results </strong> </p> <p>High-risk buildings were 241,375 or 11% of total buildings. However, the 20-40 m essential defensible space around these buildings covered only 46,767- 114,084 ha. Area within 100 m of wildland vegetation, containing these buildings, covered 475,840 ha or 1.8% of Colorado's 27 million ha. About 95% of at-risk land within 100 m of wildland vegetation is not federally owned, and WUI wildfire disasters are mostly from fires started on private land.</p> <p><strong>Conclusions</strong> </p> <p>Treating ≤114,084 ha of defensible space could leave the 27 million ha of Colorado with lower WUI wildfire disaster-risk to buildings. High risk of building loss is rarely a federal land-management problem. If the goal is rapid reduction of building loss in WUI wildfire disasters, focus resources on defensible space 20-40 m from WUI buildings within 100 m of wildland vegetation.</p>
Data from: Metabolomic profiling reveals shifts in defenses of an invasive plant
<p><strong>Abstract</strong>. The Shifting Defense Hypothesis predicts that introduced exotic plants evolve increased defenses against generalist herbivores and decreased defenses against specialists that are often absent in the introduced range. This hypothesis has received mixed evidence, and there is limited insight in its chemical basis from targeted analysis. Here, we provide an untargeted metabolomic analysis of native and invasive Purple Loosestrife populations and we experimentally test if admixture between introduced populations provides a basis for rapid defense chemistry evolution. Invasive populations showed improved growth and generalist herbivore resistance, but lower resistance to a specialist weevil. Metabolomic profiling revealed large shifts in chemistry between native and invasive populations, including differences in alkaloids and flavonoids. Experimental admixture increased chemical diversity and plant growth in the native populations, indicating its potential to fuel rapid evolution, but admixture did not affect generalist and specialist herbivory. Our comprehensive untargeted metabolomics results provide strong support for the Shifting Defense Hypothesis.</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>Data sets description:</strong></p> <p> </p> <ul> <li>Metabolite data: <strong>LCMS_pos.xlsx</strong> and <strong>LCMS_neg.xlsx</strong></li> </ul> <p>Metabolites were extracted from the 3rd to 4th pairs of leaves (from top to bottom) of experimental <em>Lythrum salicaria</em> plants, which originated from three regions in Europe and three regions in North America, and were analyzed by LC-MS. Electrospray ionization was carried in in positive mode (LCMS_pos.xlsx) and in negative mode (LCMS_neg.xlsx). The LC-MS profiles were analyzed by software SIMCA v13.0, and the number of metabolites and their unique compounds were also classified and analyzed. The data sets show retention times and mass-over-charge ratios (in rows) organized by individual plant samples (in columns). Plant samples were analyzed in four batches (two each for positive and negative mode), and are labeled by their population of origin and cross type:</p> <p>IALS: Iowa – Little South Storm Lake</p> <p>IML: Idaho – Middleton</p> <p>NJS1: New Jersey – Site 1</p> <p>NW: Netherlands – Wageningen</p> <p>PG: Potsdam – Geltow</p> <p>TR: Tübingen – Reusten</p> <p>Intra: sample from intra-population cross</p> <p>Pop: sample from cross between populations from the same region</p> <p>Reg: sample from cross between populations from different regions</p> <p> </p> <ul> <li>Herbivory and plant trait data: <strong>Phenotypes.xlsx</strong></li> </ul> <p>The plant height, main stem width, generalist and specialist feeding results of <em>L. salicaria</em> plants used in the experiments. Data are from individual plants, which are characterized by origin (North America or Europe), Region (three regions per origin), Sample site (three sites per region) and cross type (experimental plant derived from either ‘intrapop’ cross (cross within sample site) or ‘interregion’ cross (cross between sample sites from different regions)).</p> <p>Height: plant height in cm</p> <p>Diameter: main stem diameter in mm</p> <p>Specialist: number of holes eaten on the tested leaf</p> <p>Generalist: total leaf surface area consumed by herboivores (cm2)</p>
Data from: Root inoculation with beneficial soil microbes enhances indirect plant defenses induced by insect feeding and egg deposition
<p>Plants can respond to insect egg deposition by emitting oviposition-induced plant volatiles (OIPVs) recruiting parasitoids. The recruitment of carnivore insects in response to egg deposition is considered an indirect defense strategy that is widespread in the plant kingdom. In recent years, there has been increasing evidence showing that microbial colonization can influence the strength of plant responses to insect herbivory, yet no information is available on how beneficial microbes modulate indirect defenses induced by insect egg deposition. In this work, we evaluated the effects of inoculation with the beneficial soil fungus <em>Trichoderma harzianum</em> strain T22 on a tritrophic system consisting of tomato, the southern green stink bug <em>Nezara viridula</em> and its associated egg parasitoid <em>Trissolcus basalis</em>. We used Y-tube olfactometer assays to evaluate the behavioral responses of the parasitoids to OIPVs emitted by plants colonized with beneficial soil microbes. We also used gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to investigate how root inoculation with <em>T. harzianum</em> T22 affects the chemical composition of induced plant volatiles. 3. In olfactometer assays, we found that root inoculation with <em>T.</em> <em>harzianum</em> T22 enhanced the attraction of the egg parasitoid towards tomato plants induced by <em>N. viridula</em> feeding and oviposition activities. In particular, the egg parasitoid preferred OIPVs emitted by tomato plants previously inoculated with <em>T. harzianum</em> T22 over OIPVs emitted by non-inoculated plants. Furthermore, chemical analysis showed that root inoculation with <em>T. harzianum</em> T22 resulted in changes in the composition of OIPVs, which was consistent with the behavioral observations. Among the compounds that strongly contribute to the chemical differences between OIPVs from non-inoculated and inoculated plants, chemical analysis identified green leaf volatiles ((Z)-3-hepten-1-ol, (E,E)-2,4-hexadienal), along with terpenoids (terpinen 4-ol, α-tujene and δ-elemene). 4. Taken together our results indicate that beneficial soil microbes enhance indirect plant defenses induced by feeding and oviposition, broadening our understanding of plant responses to insect eggs. Our results underscore the importance of taking into account the role of microorganisms to fully comprehend the intricate interactions among plants, herbivore eggs and their associated egg parasitoids.</p>
Myeloid ATG7 Functions as a Sentinel for Pulmonary Defense Against Infection with Nontuberculous Mycobacteria
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Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria modulate induced corn defense against Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
<p>Common cutworm, <em>Spodoptera litura</em> is an important pest of corn causing significant crop yield loss. Synthetic insecticides have mostly been used to combat this pest, raising human and environmental health concerns. Plant-growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) could compensate for or augment the harmful effects of agrochemicals. Herein, we aimed to assess whether PGPR-induced defenses in corn plants impact the host-plant selection behavior of <em>S. litura</em>. Headspace volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were analyzed using Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Larvae-fed inoculated corn exhibited lower weights and RGR than non-inoculated plants. Under choice experiments, PGPR-treated plants significantly reduced percentage leaf damage area and oviposition rate compared to untreated plants. VOC ratio emission varied significantly between control and PGPR treatments, which, in part, explains feeding and oviposition deterrence in PGPR-treated plants. The results demonstrate that PGPR inoculation can enhance corn resistance to <em>S. litura</em>, making it a promising candidate for crop protection strategies.</p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.