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FIGURES 26–30. Male genitalia. Fig. 26 in Taxonomic review of the genus Hydria H , 1822 (Lepidoptera, Geometridae, Larentiinae) in the Middle East, with description of three new species and one new subspecies

FIGURES 26–30. Male genitalia. Fig. 26: Hydria cervinalis cervinalis (Germany, Kaiserstuhl, Badberg, g. prep. 2326/2020 H. Rajaei); Fig. 27: Hydria cervinalis taurica subsp. n., Paratype, (Turkey, prov. Antalya, Civizli W Seydisehir, g. prep. DS- 122/2012); Fig. 28: Hydria gernoti sp. n., Paratype, (Turkey, Nigde, Ala Dagi, g. prep. DS 99/2012); Fig. 29: Hydria schachti sp. n. Paratype (Turkey, Ispir, g. prep. DS-112/2012); Fig. 30, Hydria (cf.) sp. n., paratype (Azerbaijan, Talysh, Zuvand, g. prep. DS-05/2012); a = genitalia capsule; b = aedeagus.

FIGURES 3–15. Wing pattern. Figs 3–8 in Taxonomic review of the genus Hydria H , 1822 (Lepidoptera, Geometridae, Larentiinae) in the Middle East, with description of three new species and one new subspecies

FIGURES 3–15. Wing pattern. Figs 3–8: Hydria cervinalis cervinalis: Fig. 3, ♂, Germany, Sachsen-Anhalt, Mansfeld; Fig. 4, ♂, Ungarn, prov. Vesprérn, Zsofiapuszta; Fig. 5, ♂, Germany, Ug. Freyburg Zscheiplitz, Schafberg; Fig. 6, ♂, Germany, Umg. Jena; Figs 7 and 8, ♂, Germany, Sachsen-Anhalt, Mansfeld; Figs 9–10: H. cervinalis taurica ssp. n., Turkey, prov. Antalya, Civizli W Seydisehir, Fig. 9, Holotype ♂, (g. prep. DS-120/2012); Fig. 10, Paratype ♀, (g. prep. DS-121/2012); Figs 11–12: H. gernoti sp. n., Turkey, prov. Nigde, Ala Dagi: Fig. 11, Holotype ♂; Fig. 12, Paratype ♀; Figs 13–15: H. schachti sp. n.: Fig. 13, Holotype ♂, Turkey, prov. Erzurum, Meschit Daglari; Fig. 14, Paratype ♀, Turkey, prov. Erzurum, Meschit Daglari; Fig. 15, Paratype ♂, Turkey, prov. Erzurum, Karadeniz Daglari, Korga Dari. a = upperside; b = underside.

FIGURES 31–34. Male genitalia. Fig. 31 in Taxonomic review of the genus Hydria H , 1822 (Lepidoptera, Geometridae, Larentiinae) in the Middle East, with description of three new species and one new subspecies

FIGURES 31–34. Male genitalia. Fig. 31: Hydria gaudarica (Spain, Albarracin, g. prep. DS-108/2012); Fig. 32: Hydria hyrcana (Iran, Schakuh, g. prep. 1556 H. Rajaei); Fig. 33: Hydria montivagata montivagata (Switzerland, Zermatt, g. prep. 2328/2020 H. Rajaei); Fig. 34, Hydria loebeli sp. n., Patatype (Turkey, prov. Erzurum, Umg. Ispir, g. prep. 2321/2020 H. Rajaei). a = genitalia capsule; b = aedeagus; c = juxta.

FIGURES 63–70 in Taxonomic review of the genus Hydria H , 1822 (Lepidoptera, Geometridae, Larentiinae) in the Middle East, with description of three new species and one new subspecies

FIGURES 63–70. Photos of habitat, larva and adult specimens. Fig. 63. Hydria cervinalis cervinalis (ScoPoLI, 1763) female, Germany, Sachsen-Anhalt, Lutherstadt Eisleben, Hüneburg (photo DIRK STaDIE); Fig. 64. Habitat of Hydria cervinalis cervinalis (see above): westward facing warm slope with a forest steppe-like mosaic of vegetation with Prunus spinosa, Rhamnus cathartica, Crataegus monogyna, Berberis communis and others. At this locality the Hydria-species is associated with Perizoma hydrata (TREITScHKE, 1829), Triphosa dubitata (LInnaEUS, 1758) and Hadena filograna (ESPER, 1788) (photo DIRK STaDIE); Fig. 65. Hydria cervinalis simplonica WacKERZaPP, 1890 female, Switzerland, Wallis, Zermatt-Balmen, ex larva (photo HEInER ZIEGLER); Fig. 66. Larva of Hydria cervinalis simplonica hiding in a silken web between the leaves of Berberis communis, Switzerland, Wallis, Zermatt-Balmen, ex larva (photo HEInER ZIEGLER); Fig. 67. Larva of Hydria cervinalis simplonica, locality see above, ex larva (photo HEInER ZIEGLER); Fig. 68. Habitat of Hydria cervinalis simplonica, warm, rocky escarpment on lime stone, rich in different bushes, Switzerland, Wallis, Rhone valley near Leuk, Feschelbach, 650m (photo HEInER ZIEGLER); Fig. 69. Habitat of Hydria cervinalis simplonica, dry and rather open pine forest in the understorey Berberis communis, Switzerland, Wallis, Rhone valley, Leuk, Pfynwald, 550–580m (photo HEInER ZIEGLER); Fig. 70. Hydria gudarica, L5 larva, Spain Sierra de Guillimona (photo. DIRK STaDIE).

FIGURES 78–84 in Taxonomic review of the genus Hydria H , 1822 (Lepidoptera, Geometridae, Larentiinae) in the Middle East, with description of three new species and one new subspecies

FIGURES 78–84. Photos of habitat, larva and adult specimens. Fig. 78. Hydria montivagata andalusica, Spain Sierra Nevada (reared) (photo. DIRK STaDIE); Fig. 79. L5-larva of Hydria montivagata andalusica, Spain Sierra Nevada ex larva (photo DIRK STaDIE); Fig. 80. Habitat of Hydria relicta, a vegetation with a steppic character near the timber line, in fore ground xeromontane steppe with Protea-species and several Ericaceae (montane Fynbos elements) in the background trees of Hagenia abyssinica and Juniperus procera at Rutundu fishing lodge (Mount Kenya) at 3,100m (photo PHILIPP STaDIE, RaLF FIEbIG); Figs 81–83. Habitat of Hydria relicta, area around Rutundu fishing lodge (montane Fynbos elements) Mount Kenya (photo PHILIPP STaDIE, RaLF FIEbIG); Fig. 84. Host plant Berberis holstii of Hydria relicta near Rutundu fishing lodge at Mount Kenya (photo Dirk Stadie).

FIGURES 48–62 in Taxonomic review of the genus Hydria H , 1822 (Lepidoptera, Geometridae, Larentiinae) in the Middle East, with description of three new species and one new subspecies

FIGURES 48–62. Hair-scales on the underside of the hindwings. Fig. 48–50: Hydria cervinalis cervinalis; Fig. 51: Hydria cervinalis simplonica; Fig. 52: Hydria cervinalis taurica ssp. n.; Fig. 53–54: Hydria gernoti sp. n.; Fig. 55–56: Hydria schachti sp. n.; Fig. 57: Hydria (cf.) sp. n.; Fig. 58: Hydria gudarica; Fig. 59: Hydria hyrcana; Fig. 60: Hydria montivagata andalusica; Fig. 61–62: Hydria loebeli sp. n.

FIGURES 71–77 in Taxonomic review of the genus Hydria H , 1822 (Lepidoptera, Geometridae, Larentiinae) in the Middle East, with description of three new species and one new subspecies

FIGURES 71–77. Photos of habitat and adult specimens. Fig. 71. Col Du Zad, province Khenifra, Morocco. The locality is a habitat of Hydria gudarica (DUFaY, 1983) at 2,135m. The habitat is an open Cedar forest mixed with dry, species-rich meadows (photo. noRbERT PöLL); Fig. 72. Turkey, Middle Taurus, Civizli, type locality of Hydria cervinalis taurica ssp. n. during the flight period of the adults in mid-May. The forests in the background are dominated by Quercus cerris and Juniperus excelsa. At forest clearings Berberis species and wild Pyrus trees are present (photo DIRK STaDIE); Fig. 73. Hydria gernoti sp.n. male PT, Turkey, Province Nigde, Als dagi, Sulucaova vic., 2,100m, ex ovo (photo DIRK STaDIE); Figs 74–75. Type locality of Hydria gernoti sp. n. in the Ala dagi mountains at 2,300m in mid-May. In foreground right some leafless bushes of Berberis (photo DIRK STaDIE, RaLF FIEbIG); Figs 76–77. Habitat of Hydria loebeli sp. n. and H. gernoti sp. n., small river valley near Göreme, Central Turkey (photo DIRK STaDIE, RaLF FIEbIG).

MAP 1 in Taxonomic review of the genus Hydria H , 1822 (Lepidoptera, Geometridae, Larentiinae) in the Middle East, with description of three new species and one new subspecies

MAP 1. Distribution map of the genus Hydria in the Middle East: H. cervinalis taurica ssp. n.; H. gernoti sp. n.; H. schachti sp. n. and H. (cf.) sp. n.

FIGURE 40 in A review of the flying fish genus Cypselurus (Beloniformes: Exocoetidae). Part 2. Revision of the subgenus Poecilocypselurus Bruun, 1935 with descriptions of three new species and five new subspecies and reinstatement of Exocoetus apus Valenciennes and E. neglectus Bleeker

FIGURE 40. Pelvic fins of Cypselurus sp. (poecilopterus?): (A)—37 mm SL, IORAS 04054, 13°37'N 86°53'E; (B)—48 mm SL, IORAS 04054, same place; (C)—54.5 mm SL, IORAS 04059, ~3°47'S 144°45'E; (D)—64 mm SL, IORAS 04054, 13°37'N 86°53'E; (E)—64.5 mm SL, IORAS 04058, 8°18'N 120°25'E; (F)—77.5 mm SL, IORAS 04056, 8°18'N 120°25'E.

FIGURE 39 in A review of the flying fish genus Cypselurus (Beloniformes: Exocoetidae). Part 2. Revision of the subgenus Poecilocypselurus Bruun, 1935 with descriptions of three new species and five new subspecies and reinstatement of Exocoetus apus Valenciennes and E. neglectus Bleeker

FIGURE 39. Pectoral fins of Cypselurus sp. (poecilopterus?): (A)—43 mm SL, IORAS 04054, 13°37'N 86°53'E; (B)—51 mm SL, IORAS 04054, same place; (C)—53 mm SL, IORAS 04053, 13°37'N 86°53'E; (D)—54 mm SL, IORAS 04054, 13°37'N 86°53'E; (E)—64.5 mm SL, IORAS 04058, 8°18'N 120°25'E; (F)—77.5 mm SL, IORAS 04056, 8°18'N 120°25'E.

FIGURE 35 in A review of the flying fish genus Cypselurus (Beloniformes: Exocoetidae). Part 2. Revision of the subgenus Poecilocypselurus Bruun, 1935 with descriptions of three new species and five new subspecies and reinstatement of Exocoetus apus Valenciennes and E. neglectus Bleeker

FIGURE 35. Pelvic fins of Cypselurus nossibe: (A)—47 mm SL, IORAS 04052, 6°58'S 39°40'E; (B)—117,5 mm SL, IORAS 04048, 5°11'S 52°09'E; (C)—124.5 mm SL, IORAS 04049, 8°51'S 41°52'E; (D)—165 mm SL, IORAS 04051, 12°28'S 48°29'E; (E)—172 mm SL, ZMMU 24454 (holotype), Nossi-Be I., Madagascar; (F)—183 mm SL, USNM 294610 (paratype), Kenya, Shimoni.

FIGURE 37 in A review of the flying fish genus Cypselurus (Beloniformes: Exocoetidae). Part 2. Revision of the subgenus Poecilocypselurus Bruun, 1935 with descriptions of three new species and five new subspecies and reinstatement of Exocoetus apus Valenciennes and E. neglectus Bleeker

FIGURE 37. Cypselurus sp. (poecilopterus?): (A)—31 mm SL, IORAS 04053, 13°37'N 86°53'E; (B)—37 mm SL, IORAS 04054, same place; (C)—48 mm SL, IORAS 04057, 24°34'S 108°20'E; (D)—54.5 mm SL, IORAS 04059, ~3°47'S 144°45'E; (E)—64.5 mm SL, IORAS 04058, 8°18'N 120°25'E; (F)—77.5 mm SL, IORAS 04056, 8°18'N 120°25'E.

FIGURE 38 in A review of the flying fish genus Cypselurus (Beloniformes: Exocoetidae). Part 2. Revision of the subgenus Poecilocypselurus Bruun, 1935 with descriptions of three new species and five new subspecies and reinstatement of Exocoetus apus Valenciennes and E. neglectus Bleeker

FIGURE 38. Size variation of morphometric characters (in % SL) in Cypselurus sp. (poecilopterus?) (+), C. oligolepis (□), C. clariangulatus (♦), C. izumii (x), C. neglectus (○), C. starksi (◊) and C. nossibe (▲): (A)—least depth of caudal peduncle (h); (B)—greatest head depth (Hc); (C)—pectoral fin length (lP); (D)—dorsal fin height (HD); (E)—anal fin height (HA); (F)—eye length divided by snout length (index o/ao).

FIGURE 36 in A review of the flying fish genus Cypselurus (Beloniformes: Exocoetidae). Part 2. Revision of the subgenus Poecilocypselurus Bruun, 1935 with descriptions of three new species and five new subspecies and reinstatement of Exocoetus apus Valenciennes and E. neglectus Bleeker

FIGURE 36. Juvenile of Cypselurus nossibe (16.5 mm SL, SOSC uncat., 13°24'47"S 48°18'07"E): (A)—side view; (B)— close up of chin barbel.

FIGURE 34 in A review of the flying fish genus Cypselurus (Beloniformes: Exocoetidae). Part 2. Revision of the subgenus Poecilocypselurus Bruun, 1935 with descriptions of three new species and five new subspecies and reinstatement of Exocoetus apus Valenciennes and E. neglectus Bleeker

FIGURE 34. Pectoral fins of Cypselurus nossibe: (A)—47 mm SL, IORAS 04052, 6°58'S 39°40'E; (B)—63 mm SL, IORAS 04050, 5°37'S 39°54'E; (C)—115 mm SL, IORAS 04049, 8°51'S 41°52'E; (D)—117,5 mm SL, IORAS 04048, 5°11'S 52°09'E; (E)—172 mm SL, ZMMU 24454 (holotype), Nossi-Be I., Madagascar; (F)—183 mm SL, USNM 294610 (paratype), Shimoni, Kenya.

FIGURE 32 in A review of the flying fish genus Cypselurus (Beloniformes: Exocoetidae). Part 2. Revision of the subgenus Poecilocypselurus Bruun, 1935 with descriptions of three new species and five new subspecies and reinstatement of Exocoetus apus Valenciennes and E. neglectus Bleeker

FIGURE 32. Pelvic fins of Cypselurus neglectus shcherbachevi: (A)—81 mm SL (fixed with Bouin solution), IORAS 04041, 6°04'N 98°29'E; (B)—105 mm SL, IORAS 04033, 9°36'N 90°53'E; (C)—138 mm SL, IORAS 04031 (paratype), 6°33'N 82°18'E.

FIGURE 30 in A review of the flying fish genus Cypselurus (Beloniformes: Exocoetidae). Part 2. Revision of the subgenus Poecilocypselurus Bruun, 1935 with descriptions of three new species and five new subspecies and reinstatement of Exocoetus apus Valenciennes and E. neglectus Bleeker

FIGURE 30. Cypselurus neglectus shcherbachevi: (A)—33 mm SL, ZMUC uncat., 6°06'N 96°00'E; (B)—48 mm SL, IORAS 04032, 5°00'N 90°52'E; (C)—78 mm SL, same place; (D)—105 mm SL, IORAS 04033, 9°36'N 90°53'E; (E)—122.5 mm SL, IORAS 04034, 13°37'N 86°53'E; (F)—138 mm SL, IORAS 04031 (paratype), 6°33'N 82°18'E.

FIGURE 31 in A review of the flying fish genus Cypselurus (Beloniformes: Exocoetidae). Part 2. Revision of the subgenus Poecilocypselurus Bruun, 1935 with descriptions of three new species and five new subspecies and reinstatement of Exocoetus apus Valenciennes and E. neglectus Bleeker

FIGURE 31. Pectoral fins of Cypselurus neglectus shcherbachevi: (A)—47 mm SL, IORAS 04046, ~2°25'S 107°36'E; (B)— 80 mm SL, IORAS 04034, 13°37'N 86°53'E; (C)—105 mm SL, IORAS 04033, 9°36'N 90°53'E; (D)—122.5 mm SL, IORAS 04034, 13°37'N 86°53'E.

FIGURE 33 in A review of the flying fish genus Cypselurus (Beloniformes: Exocoetidae). Part 2. Revision of the subgenus Poecilocypselurus Bruun, 1935 with descriptions of three new species and five new subspecies and reinstatement of Exocoetus apus Valenciennes and E. neglectus Bleeker

FIGURE 33. Cypselurus nossibe: (A)—47 mm SL, IORAS 04052, 6°58'S 39°40'E; (B)—same specimen, close-up of chin barbel; (C) –63 mm SL, IORAS 04050, 5°37'S 39°54'E; (D)—115 mm SL, IORAS 04049, 8°51'S 41°52'E; (E)—124.5 mm SL, IORAS 04049, same place; (F)—172 mm SL, ZMMU 24454 (holotype), Nossi-Be I., Madagascar; (G)—same specimen, close-up of head.

FIGURE 29 in A review of the flying fish genus Cypselurus (Beloniformes: Exocoetidae). Part 2. Revision of the subgenus Poecilocypselurus Bruun, 1935 with descriptions of three new species and five new subspecies and reinstatement of Exocoetus apus Valenciennes and E. neglectus Bleeker

FIGURE 29. Holotype of Cypselurus neglectus shcherbachevi (123 mm SL, ZMMU 24453, 14°11'N 82°53'E): (A)—side view; (B)—pectoral fin; (C)—pelvic fin.