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580 results for “effort”
Data from: Who directs group movement? Leader effort vs follower preference in stickleback fish of different personality
During collective movement, bolder individuals often emerge as leaders. Here, we investigate whether this reflects a greater propensity of bold individuals to initiate movement, or a preference for shy individuals to follow a bolder leader. We set up trios of stickleback fish comprising a focal individual who was either bold or shy, and one other individual of each personality. We then recorded the movements of all individuals in and out of cover in a foraging context to determine how assiduously the focal fish followed the movements of each other partner. We found that a shy focal fish preferred to follow a leader whose personality matched its own, but we did not detect such a difference in bold fish. Despite this preference, however, the greater propensity of bold individuals to initiate movements out of cover meant that they successfully led more joint trips. Thus, when offered a choice of leaders, sticklebacks prefer to follow individuals whose personality matches their own, but bolder individuals may, nevertheless, be able to impose their leadership, even among shy followers, simply through greater effort.
Data from: Royal Darwinian demons: enforced changes in reproductive efforts do not affect the life expectancy of ant queens
One of the central tenets of life-history theory is that organisms cannot simultaneously maximize all fitness components. This results in the fundamental trade-off between reproduction and life span known from numerous animals, including humans. Social insects are a well-known exception to this rule: reproductive queens outlive nonreproductive workers. Here, we take a step forward and show that under identical social and environmental conditions the fecundity-longevity trade-off is absent also within the queen caste. A change in reproduction did not alter life expectancy, and even a strong enforced increase in reproductive efforts did not reduce residual life span. Generally, egg-laying rate and life span were positively correlated. Queens of perennial social insects thus seem to maximize at the same time two fitness parameters that are normally negatively correlated. Even though they are not immortal, they best approach a hypothetical "Darwinian demon" in the animal kingdom.
Data from: Intraspecific competition and inbreeding depression: increased competitive effort by inbred males is costly to outbred opponents
A recent theoretical model suggests that intraspecific competition is an important determinant of the severity of inbreeding depression. The reason for this is that intraspecific competition is density dependent, leading to a stronger negative effect on inbred individuals if they are weaker competitors than outbred ones. In support of this prediction, previous empirical work shows that inbred individuals are weaker competitors than outbred ones and that intraspecific competition often exacerbates inbreeding depression. Here, we report an experiment on the burying beetle Nicrophorus vespilloides, in which we recorded the outcome of competition over a small vertebrate carcass between an inbred or outbred male resident caring for a brood and a size-matched inbred or outbred male intruder. We found that inbred males were more successful as intruders in taking over a carcass from a male resident and were injured more frequently as either residents or intruders. Furthermore, inbred males gained less mass during the breeding attempt and had a shorter adult life span than outbred males. Finally, successful resident males reared a substantially smaller brood comprised of lighter larvae when the intruder was inbred than when it was outbred. Our results shows that inbred males increased their competitive effort, thus contradicting previous work suggesting that inbred males are weaker competitors. Furthermore, our results shows that inbred intruders impose a greater cost to resident males, suggesting that outbred individuals can suffer fitness costs as a result of competition with inbred ones.
Data from: Female preference for male courtship effort can drive the evolution of male mate choice
The evolution of male mate choice is constrained by costs of choice in species with a male-biased operational sex ratio. Previous theoretical studies have shown that significant benefits of male choice are required, e.g., by mating with more fecund females, in order for these costs to be offset and a male preference to spread. In a series of population genetic models we show the novel effect that male mating preference, expressed as a bias in courtship, can spread when females prefer, and thus are more likely to mate with, males who court more. We explore two female preference functions for levels of male courtship, one representing a threshold and the other a weighted female preference. The basic finding generally holds for both preference functions. However, the preference function greatly affects the spread of a male preference allele after the addition of competing males who can court more in total. Our results thus stress that a thorough understanding of the response of females to male courtship is a critical component to understanding male preference evolution in polygynous species.
Data from: Prioritizing land management efforts at a landscape scale: a case study using prescribed fire in Wisconsin
One challenge in the effort to conserve biodiversity is identifying where to prioritize resources for active land management. Cost-benefit analyses have been used successfully as a conservation tool to identify sites that provide the greatest conservation benefit per unit cost. Our goal was to apply cost-benefit analysis to the question of how to prioritize land management efforts, in our case the application of prescribed fire to natural landscapes in Wisconsin, USA. We quantified and mapped frequently burned communities, and prioritized management units based on a suite of indices that captured ecological benefits, management effort, and the feasibility of successful long-term management actions. Data for these indices came from LANDFIRE, Wisconsin's Wildlife Action Plan, and a nationwide Wildland Urban Interface assessment. We found that the majority of frequently burned vegetation types occurred in the southern portion of the state. However, the highest-priority areas for applying prescribed fire occurred in the central, northwest, and northeast portion of the state where frequently burned vegetation patches were larger and where identified areas of high biological importance area occurred. Although our focus was on the use of prescribed fire in Wisconsin, our methods can be adapted to prioritize other land management activities. Such prioritization is necessary to achieve the greatest possible benefits from limited funding for land management actions, and our results show that it is feasible at scales that are relevant for land management decisions.
Data from: Using areas of known occupancy to identify sources of variation in detection probability of raptors: taking time lowers replication effort for surveys
Species occurring at low density can be difficult to detect and if not properly accounted for, imperfect detection will lead to inaccurate estimates of occupancy. Understanding sources of variation in detection probability and how they can be managed is a key part of monitoring. We used sightings data of a low-density and elusive raptor (white-headed vulture Trigonoceps occipitalis) in areas of known occupancy (breeding territories) in a likelihood-based modelling approach to calculate detection probability and the factors affecting it. Because occupancy was known a priori to be 100%, we fixed the model occupancy parameter to 1.0 and focused on identifying sources of variation in detection probability. Using detection histories from 359 territory visits, we assessed nine covariates in 29 candidate models. The model with the highest support indicated that observer speed during a survey, combined with temporal covariates such as time of year and length of time within a territory, had the highest influence on the detection probability. Averaged detection probability was 0.207 (s.e. 0.033) and based on this the mean number of visits required to determine within 95% confidence that white-headed vultures are absent from a breeding area is 13 (95% CI: 9–20). Topographical and habitat covariates contributed little to the best models and had little effect on detection probability. We highlight that low detection probabilities of some species means that emphasizing habitat covariates could lead to spurious results in occupancy models that do not also incorporate temporal components. While variation in detection probability is complex and influenced by effects at both temporal and spatial scales, temporal covariates can and should be controlled as part of robust survey methods. Our results emphasize the importance of accounting for detection probability in occupancy studies, particularly during presence/absence studies for species such as raptors that are widespread and occur at low densities.
Data and Scripts for Anonymous et al. "How to optimally allocate sampling effort in experimental ecology"
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Result from How to allocate mitigation efforts between home insulation, fuel switch and fuel decarbonization? Insights from the French residential sector.
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Non-Medical Action Policy An Integrated Effort to Improve Health Services
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Data and code for "Machine learning can guide food security efforts when primary data is not available"
<p>Data and code repository for the paper "Machine learning can guide food security efforts when primary data is not available" by Giulia Martini, Alberto Bracci, Lorenzo Riches, Sejal Jaiswal, Matteo Corea, Jonathan Rivers, Arif Husain, and Elisa Omodei.</p>
Data from: White plumage color as an honest indicator: feather macrostructure links reflectance with reproductive effort and success
<p class="normal1">The structural condition of feathers may generally have a decisive role in shaping the color properties of the plumage. However, the information content of structurally mediated color differences is poorly known. This makes it particularly hard to determine the meaning of color variation in pigment-free white plumage patches. The white wing patch of the collared flycatcher (<em>Ficedula albicollis</em>) is an important sexual trait, and changes in its reflectance are partly due to macrostructural condition. We used two years of macrostructural, reflectance and breeding data from both sexes to examine whether wing patch macrostructure lends information content to actual reflectance in terms of reproductive effort and success. Macrostructure strongly predicted actual reflectance in males but only weakly in females. Furthermore, in males, feather vane width was related positively to current year reproductive effort, and negatively to previous year reproductive effort. This indicates that macrostructurally mediated reflectance attributes may inform the receiver not only of actual reproductive capacity but also of individual quality via reproductive costs.</p>
Musical materials, Effort perception experiment
<p>Perceived effort experiment, video/audio material</p> <p>File names: Seg[segment number].mov, where segment number = [1...5]</p> <p>Musical source: "Pression" by Helmut Lachenmann.</p>
Figure 6 – The top 15 in Brazilian efforts towards achieving a comprehensive extinction risk assessment for its known flora
Figure 6 – The top 15 botanical families with data deficient plant species in Brazil.
Figures 7-13 from: Hopkins T, Roininen H, van Noort S, Broad GR, Kaunisto K, Sääksjärvi IE (2019) Extensive sampling and thorough taxonomic assessment of Afrotropical Rhyssinae (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae) reveals two new species and demonstrates the limitations of previous sampling efforts. ZooKeys 878: 33-71. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.878.37845
Figures 7-13 Epirhyssa ghesquierei female (http://mus.utu.fi/ZMUT.5853), a species found in Uganda. 7 Habitus 8 face and clypeus 9 frons 10 hypostomal flange 11 mesopleuron dorsal margin 12 apical horn of metasoma 13 tergites 1–7. Scale bars: 0.5 mm (8–13), 1 mm (7).
Figures 68-71 from: Hopkins T, Roininen H, van Noort S, Broad GR, Kaunisto K, Sääksjärvi IE (2019) Extensive sampling and thorough taxonomic assessment of Afrotropical Rhyssinae (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae) reveals two new species and demonstrates the limitations of previous sampling efforts. ZooKeys 878: 33-71. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.878.37845
Figures 68-71 Epirhyssa villemantae female (holotype). This species was not found in Uganda. 68 Habitus 69 hypostomal flange 70 mesopleuron dorsal margin 71 apical horn of metasoma. Figure 68 is from van Noort (2019).
Figures 72-75 from: Hopkins T, Roininen H, van Noort S, Broad GR, Kaunisto K, Sääksjärvi IE (2019) Extensive sampling and thorough taxonomic assessment of Afrotropical Rhyssinae (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae) reveals two new species and demonstrates the limitations of previous sampling efforts. ZooKeys 878: 33-71. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.878.37845
Figures 72-75 Megarhyssa babaulti female (holotype). This species was not found in Uganda. 72 Habitus 73 mesopleuron dorsal margin 74 hypostomal flange 75 apical horn of metasoma. Figure 72 is from van Noort (2019), 73–75 courtesy of MNHN (Agnièle Touret-Alby).
Figures 64-67 from: Hopkins T, Roininen H, van Noort S, Broad GR, Kaunisto K, Sääksjärvi IE (2019) Extensive sampling and thorough taxonomic assessment of Afrotropical Rhyssinae (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae) reveals two new species and demonstrates the limitations of previous sampling efforts. ZooKeys 878: 33-71. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.878.37845
Figures 64-67 Epirhyssa gavinbroadi female (holotype). We treat this species as a synonym of E. uelensis in this work. 64 Habitus 65 hypostomal flange 66 mesopleuron dorsal margin 67 apical horn of metasoma. Figure 64 is from van Noort (2019).
Figures 57-63 from: Hopkins T, Roininen H, van Noort S, Broad GR, Kaunisto K, Sääksjärvi IE (2019) Extensive sampling and thorough taxonomic assessment of Afrotropical Rhyssinae (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae) reveals two new species and demonstrates the limitations of previous sampling efforts. ZooKeys 878: 33-71. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.878.37845
Figures 57-63 Epirhyssa uelensis female (http://mus.utu.fi/ZMUT.2520), a species found in Uganda. 57 Habitus 58 face and clypeus 59 frons 60 hypostomal flange 61 mesopleuron dorsal margin 62 apical horn of metasoma 63 tergites 1–7. Scale bars: 0.5 mm (58–63), 1 mm (57).
Figures 50-56 from: Hopkins T, Roininen H, van Noort S, Broad GR, Kaunisto K, Sääksjärvi IE (2019) Extensive sampling and thorough taxonomic assessment of Afrotropical Rhyssinae (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae) reveals two new species and demonstrates the limitations of previous sampling efforts. ZooKeys 878: 33-71. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.878.37845
Figures 50-56 Epirhyssa tombeaodiba female (http://mus.utu.fi/ZMUT.5663, 52: http://mus.utu.fi/ZMUT.3234), a species found in Uganda. 50 Habitus 51 face and clypeus 52 frons 53 hypostomal flange 54 mesopleuron dorsal margin 55 apical horn of metasoma 56 tergites 1–7. Scale bars: 0.5 mm (51–56), 1 mm (50).
Figures 46-49 from: Hopkins T, Roininen H, van Noort S, Broad GR, Kaunisto K, Sääksjärvi IE (2019) Extensive sampling and thorough taxonomic assessment of Afrotropical Rhyssinae (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae) reveals two new species and demonstrates the limitations of previous sampling efforts. ZooKeys 878: 33-71. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.878.37845
Figures 46-49 Epirhyssa shaka female (holotype). This species was not found in Uganda. 46 Habitus 47 hypostomal flange 48 mesopleuron dorsal margin 49 apical horn of metasoma. Figure 46 is from van Noort (2019).
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