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3,583 results for “elevations”
Fig. 5. A in Caridina clandestina, new species, an unusual new freshwater shrimp (Crustacea: Decapoda: Atyidae) from the remote high elevation Napu Valley of Sulawesi, Indonesia
Fig. 5. A, scatterplot analysis of chelae morphology in both forms of Caridina clandestina, new species; B, chelae morphology in both forms of Caridina clandestina is not related to size of specimens.
Fig. 3. A–C, F, G, J–O in Caridina clandestina, new species, an unusual new freshwater shrimp (Crustacea: Decapoda: Atyidae) from the remote high elevation Napu Valley of Sulawesi, Indonesia
Fig. 3. A–C, F, G, J–O, Caridina clandestina, new species, paratype male filter feeding morph (CL 5.6 mm) (ZMB 30207a), Lariang River, Central Sulawesi; D, E, H, I, Caridina clandestina, new species, paratype male short chelae morph (CL 4.7 mm) (ZMB 30203b), Napu Valley, stream, tributary of Lariang River, Central Sulawesi. A, third maxilliped; B, first pereiopod; C, fingers of first pereiopod; F, second pereiopod; G, fingers of second pereiopod; J, third pereiopod; K, dactylus of third pereiopod; L, fifth pereiopod; M, dactylus of fifth pereiopod; N, endopod of male's first pleopod; O, endopod and appendix masculina on second pleopod. Scale bars: A–F, H–J, L, N, O = 1.0 mm; G, K, M = 0.5 mm.
Fig. 2. A, C–N in Caridina clandestina, new species, an unusual new freshwater shrimp (Crustacea: Decapoda: Atyidae) from the remote high elevation Napu Valley of Sulawesi, Indonesia
Fig. 2. A, C–N, Caridina clandestina, new species, paratype male filter feeding morph (CL 5.6 mm) (ZMB 30207a), Lariang River, Central Sulawesi; B, Caridina clandestina, new species, paratype male short chelae morph (CL 4.7 mm) (ZMB 30203b), Napu Valley, stream, tributary of Lariang River, Central Sulawesi. A, cephalothorax and cephalic appendages; B, rostrum; C, telson; D, distal part of telson; E, preanal carina; F, uropodal diaeresis; G, antennular peduncle; H, scaphocerite; I, distal part of mandible; J, maxillula; K, maxilla; L, first maxilliped; M, palp of first maxilliped; N, second maxilliped. Scale bars: A–C, G–I, K–N = 1.0 mm; D, E, F, J = 0.5 mm.
Fig. 6 in Caridina clandestina, new species, an unusual new freshwater shrimp (Crustacea: Decapoda: Atyidae) from the remote high elevation Napu Valley of Sulawesi, Indonesia
Fig. 6. Molecular phylogeny of all described endemic species of Caridina from Sulawesi. Topology based on BI analysis of concatenated dataset of two mitochondrial gene fragments (16S and COI). Numbers on branches are, from the top, Bayesian posterior probabilities (>0.9) and ML/MP bootstrap values (>70). An asterisk indicates nodes with full support (1/100/100). The scale bar indicates the substitution rate.
FIG. 6 in A small elevational gradient shows negative bottom-to-top bryophyte richness in a seasonally dry forest in Brazil
FIG. 6. — Bryophytes species distributions along an elevational gradient in Catimbau National Park according to life history traits: A, light requirements; B, life-forms. TABLE 3. — Spearman (Rs) correlation table between life history traits showing that light demanding and life-forms are correlated with the species richness in base and top of elevational gradient, respectively. Italic font indicates Spearman value and normal font indicates Spearman coefficient (Rs). P-value in bold are significant (p <0.05).
FIG. 3 in A small elevational gradient shows negative bottom-to-top bryophyte richness in a seasonally dry forest in Brazil
FIG. 3. — The effects of altitude decomposed into three elevational belts on bryophyte richness. Model based on the Poisson distribution and log connection method for unprocessed data. Own illustration: Fabronia ciliaris (Brid.) Brid.
FIG. 5 in A small elevational gradient shows negative bottom-to-top bryophyte richness in a seasonally dry forest in Brazil
FIG. 5. — Principal Component Analysis (PCA) based on the substrates colonized along elevational gradient in Catimbau National Park.
FIG. 1 in A small elevational gradient shows negative bottom-to-top bryophyte richness in a seasonally dry forest in Brazil
FIG. 1. — Results of the clustering with weighted average between Caatinga areas (including rocky outcrops) based on the Sørensen similarity index showing that the bryophyte flora of Catimbau NP is singular: dotted arm indicates Rocky outcrop in Bahia state; brackets in light gray indicates areas in Paraíba state and the bold arms indicate the areas in Pernambuco state; site P29, highlighted in blue shows the isolation of Catimbau NP. Bahia state is approximately 370 km from Pernambuco state and 930 km from Paraíba, in a straight line. Coefficient of Cofenetic Correlation (CCC) = 0.80. Own illustration: Fabronia ciliaris (Brid.) Brid.
Data from: Reciprocal transplants reveal asymmetric local adaptation of Himalayan Rhododendron approaching elevational range limit
<p>As plant species expand their upper limit of distribution under current warming, some retain both traditional climate space and biotic environment while others encounter novel conditions. The latter is the case for <em>Rhododendron campanulatum</em>,a woody shrub that grows both above and below treeline at our study site in the Eastern Himalaya where a very conspicuous, stable treeline was defined by a nearly contiguous canopy of tall <em>Abies spectabilis</em> trees, many of them over a century old. Prior work showed that treeline had remained static in this region while<em> R. campanulatum</em> expanded its elevational range limit. We tested local adaptation of<em> R. campanulatum</em> by performing reciprocal transplants between the species' current elevational range limit (4023masl) and just above treeline (3876 masl). Contrary to expectation, the coldest temperatures of late winter and early-mid spring were experienced by plants at the lower elevation: <em>R. campanulatum</em> at species' limit (upper site) were covered by snow for a longer period (40 more days) and escaped the coldest temperatures suffered by conspecifics at treeline (lower site). The harsher spring conditions at treeline likely explains why leaves were smaller at treeline (15.3 cm<sup>2</sup>) than at species-limit (21.3 cm<sup>2</sup>). Contrary to results from equivalent studies in other regions, survival was reduced more by downslope than by upslope movement, again potentially due to extreme cold temperatures observed at treeline in spring. Upslope transplantation had no effect on mortality, but mortality of species-limit saplings transplanted downslope was three times higher than that of residents at both sites. A general expectation is that locals should survive better than foreign transplants, but survival of locals and immigrants at our species-limit site was identical. However, those species-limit saplings that survive the transplant to treeline grew faster than both locals at treeline and the transplants at species-limit. Overall, we found asymmetric adaptation: compared to treeline saplings, those at species-limit (147 m above treeline) were more tolerant of extremes in the growing season but less tolerant of extremes in winter and early-mid spring, displaying local adaptation in a more complex manner than simply home advantage, and complicating predictions about impacts of future regional climate change.</p>
FIG. 4 in A small elevational gradient shows negative bottom-to-top bryophyte richness in a seasonally dry forest in Brazil
FIG. 4. — Venn diagram showing the low percentage of similarity between the belts levels based on the Sørensen-Dice index, total number of species per belt, and the amount of species shared between each belt.
FIG. 2 in A small elevational gradient shows negative bottom-to-top bryophyte richness in a seasonally dry forest in Brazil
FIG. 2. — Elevational distribution and representativeness of bryophyte families in the Catimbau National Park. The width of the bars denotes the number of species per family. The elevation is measured in meters.
Drone orthomosaic and digital elevation model of the Atanikerluk archaeological site in NW Greenland
<p>This dataset consists of a digital elevation model (DEM) and an orthomosaic of the Atanikerluk archaeological site (NKAH 1724), located on the Nuussuaq Peninsula in NW Greenland near the settlement of Saqqaq. The DEM and orthomosaic were produced from 612 aerial images that were acquired by a DJI Phantom 3 drone. The images were processed using Agisoft Metashape Professional (version 1.7.1) following protocols established by the United States Geological Survey (USGS) for drone surveys of coastal regions (Over et al., 2021). Five ground control points were distributed throughout the survey area. The drone survey of the Atanikerluk site was conducted as part of the Vaigat Iceberg-Microbial Oil Degradation and Archaeological Heritage Investigation (VIMOA) project, which was funded by the Danish Centre for Marine Research and supported by the Arctic Research Centre at Aarhus University, in affiliation with the National Museum of Denmark, the Greenland Institute of Natural Resources, and The Greenland National Museum and Archives in Nuuk. Proper archaeological permits for the survey were obtained in advance from the Greenland National Museum and Archives in Nuuk. Walsh et al. (2020) provide an overview of the archaeological surveys conducted during the VIMOA project.</p> <p>Over et al. (2021) Processing Coastal Imagery With Agisoft Metashape Professional Edition, Version 1.6—Structure From Motion Workflow Documentation. USGS Open File Report 2021-1039. doi:10.3133/ofr20211039. <a href="https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/ofr20211039">https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/ofr20211039</a></p> <p>Walsh et al. (2020) The VIMOA project and archaeological heritage in the Nuussuaq Peninsula of north-west Greenland. Antiquity 94:e6 doi:10.15184/aqy.2019.230</p>
Reforestation of high elevation pines: Direct seeding success depends on seed source and sowing environment
<p>Forest persistence in regions impacted by increasing water and temperature stress will depend upon species' ability to either rapidly adjust to novel conditions or migrate to track ecological niches. Predicted, rapid climate change is likely to outpace the adaptive and migratory capacity of long-lived isolated tree species, and reforestation may be critical to species' persistence. Facilitating persistence both within and beyond a species' range requires identification of seed lots best adapted to the current and future conditions predicted with rapid climate change. We evaluate variation in emergent seedling performance that leads to differential survival among species and populations for three high-elevation five-needle pines. We paired a fully reciprocal field common garden experiment with a greenhouse common garden study to a) quantify variation in seedling emergence and functional traits, b) ask how functional traits affect performance under different establishment conditions, and c) evaluate whether trait and performance variation demonstrates local adaptation and plasticity. Among study species – limber, Great Basin bristlecone, and whitebark pines – we found divergence in emergence and functional traits, though soil moisture was the strongest driver of seedling emergence and abundance across all species. Generalist limber pine had a clear emergence advantage as well as traits associated with drought adaptation, while edaphic specialist bristlecone pine was characterized by low emergence yet high early survival once established. Despite evidence for edaphic specialization, soil characteristics alone did not explain bristlecone success. Across species, trait-environment relationships provided some evidence for local adaptation in drought-adapted traits, but we found no evidence of local adaptation in emergence or survival at this early life stage. For managers looking to promote persistence, sourcing seed from drier environments is likely to impart greater drought resistance into reforestation efforts through strategies such as greater root investment, increasing the probability of early seedling survival. This research demonstrates, through a rigorous reciprocal transplant experimental design, that it may be possible to select climate- and soil-appropriate seed sources for reforestation. However, planting success will ultimately rely on a suitable establishment environment, requiring careful consideration of interannual climate variability for management interventions in these climate- and disturbance-impacted tree species.</p>
Comprehensive Set of Structural Comparisons of Transport Domains from Elevator Transporters
<p>This upload is a supplementary dataset for the following preprint: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1101/2023.06.14.544989">N. Trebesch and E. Tajkhorshid. "Structure Reveals Homology in Elevator Transporters." <em>bioRxiv</em>. (2023). DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.14.544989.</a> Please see the preprint for the methods, analysis, and discussion associated with this dataset.</p>
Elevational differences in migration phenology of Lazuli Buntings do not support selection-based hypotheses for protandry
<p>Documenting and understanding sex-specific variation in migratory phenology is important for predicting avian population dynamics. In spring, males often arrive on the breeding grounds before females (protandry), though whether these patterns result from fitness benefits versus sex-specific constraints on arrival timing remains poorly understood. Sex-specific variation in the timing of fall migration is less well-documented than in spring, in part because documenting fall departures is often limited by cryptic behaviors, lower vocalization rates, and shifting territory boundaries during this time of year. We used two years of high-resolution encounter data from radio-frequency identification (RFID)-equipped bird feeders to monitor the daily presence of male and female Lazuli Buntings (<em>Passerina</em> <em>amoena</em>) throughout the breeding season at a high and a low elevation site in Cache County, Utah, USA. These encounter data were used to estimate daily arrival and departure probabilities and to investigate possible differences in migration timing in relation to sex and elevation. At low elevation, male arrival (n=15) preceded female arrival (n=16) by approximately one week, consistent with previous research that has documented protandry in other migratory songbirds. At high elevation, however, no significant differences were found between male (n=19) and female arrival (n=6). In fall, we found little difference in departure dates between elevation or sex, or between years. Our observations are most consistent with constraint-based hypotheses explaining protandry, possibly relating to sex-specific constraints operating during the non-breeding period. We additionally emphasize the need for quantifying uncertainty in phenological estimates and importance of addressing potential differences across demographic groups. </p>
Blood variation implicates respiratory limits on elevational ranges of Andean birds
<p><span>The extent to which species ranges reflect intrinsic physiological tolerances is a major, unsolved question in evolutionary ecology. To date, consensus has been hindered by the limited tractability of experimental approaches across most of the tree of life. Here, we apply a macrophysiological approach to understand how hematological traits related to oxygen transport shape elevational ranges in a tropical biodiversity hotspot. Along Andean elevational gradients, we measured traits that affect blood oxygen-carrying capacity—total and cellular hemoglobin concentration and hematocrit—for 2,355 individuals of 136 bird species. We used these data to evaluate the influence of hematological traits on elevational ranges. First, we asked whether the sensitivity of hematological traits to elevation is predictive of elevational range breadth. Second, we asked whether variance in hematological traits changed as a function of distance to the nearest elevational range limit. We found that the correlation between hematological sensitivity and elevational range breadth was slightly positive, consistent with a facilitative role for sensitivity in elevational range expansion. We further found reduced local variation in hematological traits near elevational range limits and at high elevations, patterns consistent with intensified natural selection, reduced effective population size, or compensatory changes in other cardiorespiratory traits. Our findings suggest that constraints on hematological sensitivity and local genetic adaptation to oxygen availability promote the evolution of the narrow elevational ranges that underpin tropical montane biodiversity.</span></p>
DATASET: Replication-competent HIV-1 in human alveolar macrophages and monocytes despite nucleotide pools with elevated dUTP
<p>Complete data set to support content of the study: Cui, et al (2022) <strong>Replication-competent HIV-1 in human alveolar macrophages and monocytes despite nucleotide pools with elevated dUTP</strong></p>
Surface elevation change of the Amundsen Sea Embayment 1992-2019
<p>This dataset consists of grids of dh/dt computed over 3-year periods as well as annual grids of average dh and their corresponding uncertainties covering the period 1992 to 2019 using satellite radar altimetry data from ERS-1/2, ENVISAT and CryoSat-2 over the Amundsen Sea Embayment. This dataset has been prepared for the publication 'Amundsen Sea Embayment ice-sheet mass-loss predictions to 2050 calibrated using observations of velocity and elevation change' by Bevan et al. (2023, accepted), <em>Journal of Glaciology.</em></p> <p>The methods used for the derivation of this dataset are described in Shepherd et al, Trends in Antarctic ice sheet elevation and mass, 2019, GRL vol 46 issue 14 pp 8174-8183, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL082182">https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL082182</a>. </p>
Diadromy drives elevated rates of trait evolution and ecomorphological convergence in Clupeiformes (herring, shad, and anchovies)
<p>Migration can have a profound influence on rates and patterns of phenotypic evolution. Diadromy is the migration between marine and freshwater habitats for feeding and reproduction that can require individuals to travel tens to thousands of kilometers. The high energetic demands of diadromy are predicted to select for ecomorphological traits that maximize swimming and locomotor efficiency. Intraspecific studies have shown repeated instances of divergence among diadromous and non-diadromous populations in locomotor and foraging traits, which suggests that at a macroevolutionary scale, diadromous lineages may experience convergent evolution onto one or multiple adaptive optima. We tested for differences in rates and patterns of phenotypic evolution among diadromous and non-diadromous lineages in Clupeiformes, a clade that has evolved diadromy more than 10 times. Our results show that diadromous clupeiforms show convergent evolution for some locomotor traits, and faster rates of evolution, which we propose are adaptive responses to the locomotor demands of migration. We also find evidence that diadromous lineages show convergence into multiple regions of multivariate traitspace and suggest these respective traitspaces are associated with differences in migration and trophic ecology. However, not all locomotor traits and no trophic traits show evidence of convergence or elevated rates of evolution associated with diadromy. Our results show that long-distance migration influences the tempo and patterns of phenotypic evolution at macroevolutionary scales, but there is not a single diadromous syndrome. </p>
Data from: Factors affecting the nesting success of Swainson's thrush (Catharus ustulatus) along an elevational gradient
<p>Montane birds face several ecological challenges during the breeding season, including nest predators, competition for territory, and food availability. The continuing effects of climate change are causing shifts in these plant and animal communities, as well as changes in abiotic factors such as increased temperature and precipitation effects, adding additional stressors that could affect nest survival, putting their populations at risk. The Swainson's thrush (<em>Catharus ustulatus</em>) is migratory songbird which is moderately common and breeds along a wide elevation gradient within this system (200-1,250m). Populations of Swainson's thrush were once declining, though recent research shows their ranges to be shifting downwards, potentially as the result of increased precipitation and temperature at higher elevations. Although lower elevations might be more favorable in terms of climactic conditions, nest predation is higher at lower elevations in other systems. Thus, this species might be faced with the opposing pressures of adverse climactic conditions at higher elevations and increased predation at lower elevations. Nest survival is a fundamental process to population size, and therefore, is important in evaluating how montane breeding birds are adjusting to the changing climate. We monitored nests of Swainson's thrush along an elevation gradient in the White Mountain National Forest in New Hampshire in 2016, 2018, 2019 and 2021 at two sites: Mt. Jefferson (500-1,250m) and Bartlett Experimental Forest (200-300m). We found a significant negative effect of rain intensity (millimeters per hour per day) as well as a negative interaction effect of elevation with minimum daily temperature and average daily temperature, on the daily survival rate of Swainson's thrush. Our results provide evidence that nesting survival of montane breeding birds could be at risk as heavier precipitation events become more frequent and intense, a likely outcome due to the changing climate within the White Mountains and other montane ecosystems, putting other passerine species at risk in this system. </p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.