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Fig. 7 in PHYLOGENETIC SYSTEMATICS OF DART-POISON FROGS AND THEIR RELATIVES (AMPHIBIA: ATHESPHATANURA: DENDROBATIDAE)

Fig. 7. Hypothesized phylogeny of dendrobatids, redrawn from Vences et al. (2000: 37, fig. 1), based on neighbor-joining analysis of 16S DNA sequences aligned manually and excluding highly variable regions. Numbers are bootstrap frequencies (unlabeled nodes present in fewer than 50% of replicates).

Fig. 3 in PHYLOGENETIC SYSTEMATICS OF DART-POISON FROGS AND THEIR RELATIVES (AMPHIBIA: ATHESPHATANURA: DENDROBATIDAE)

Fig. 3. Hypothesized phylogeny of Mannophryne, redrawn from La Marca (1995: 70, fig. 11). Synapomorphies are: A1, narrow collar, uniformly colored; B1, tadpoles with small papillae (presumably B1 on the cladogram is B0 from the text on p. 53); B2, tadpoles with large papillae (B2 is undefined in the text on p. 53; presumably it refers to B1); C1, uniformly colored dorsum; A2, wide collar without conspicuous pale markings; D1, posteroventral dark band present; A3, wide collar with pale flecks or spots; E1, bright throat coloration reduced, melanophores on anterior part of throat; A4, wide collar with large pale dots.

Fig. 2 in PHYLOGENETIC SYSTEMATICS OF DART-POISON FROGS AND THEIR RELATIVES (AMPHIBIA: ATHESPHATANURA: DENDROBATIDAE)

Fig. 2. Hypothesized phylogeny of dendrobatids, redrawn from Myers et al. (1991: 29, fig. 20). All evidence is shown on the cladogram. In this scenario, Aromobates nocturnus is postulated to be the sister species of all other dendrobatids. All of the unquestioned synapomorphies listed for Dendrobatidae apply only to A. nocturnus and are unknown in any other dendrobatid.

Fig. 8 in PHYLOGENETIC SYSTEMATICS OF DART-POISON FROGS AND THEIR RELATIVES (AMPHIBIA: ATHESPHATANURA: DENDROBATIDAE)

Fig. 8. Hypothesized phylogeny of dendrobatids, redrawn from Widmer et al. (2000: 561, fig. 2), based on parsimony analysis of cytochrome b sequences aligned with Clustal W (Thompson et al., 1994) (parameters not specified). Numbers are parsimony/maximum likelihood/neighbor-joining bootstrap frequencies.

Fig. 4 in PHYLOGENETIC SYSTEMATICS OF DART-POISON FROGS AND THEIR RELATIVES (AMPHIBIA: ATHESPHATANURA: DENDROBATIDAE)

Fig. 4. Hypothesized phylogeny of dendrobatids, redrawn from Kaplan (1997: 373, fig. 3). Numbered synapomorphies are: (1) tympanum posterodorsally tilted under anterior edge of massive superficial slip of m. depressor mandibulae, (2) mercaptanlike defensive odor, (3) diurnal activity, (4) riparian–terrestrial habitat preference, (5) smaller size (,50 mm SVL), (6) m. adductor mandibulae externus superficialis absent (''s'' pattern), (7) neopalatines absent, (8) finger three of males swollen, and (9) lipophilic alkaloids present.

Fig. 19 in PHYLOGENETIC SYSTEMATICS OF DART-POISON FROGS AND THEIR RELATIVES (AMPHIBIA: ATHESPHATANURA: DENDROBATIDAE)

Fig. 19. Examples of variation in dendrobatid maxillary teeth. A, B: lateral (A) and lingual (B) views of pictus (UMMZ 184099). Note that the teeth do not protrude beyond the edge of the maxilla. C: lateral view of riveroi (AMNH 134144). D: lateral view of subpunctatus (UMMZ 221159). E: lateral view of undulatus (AMNH 159142). F: lateral view of molinarii (UMMZ 176207). G: lateral view of dunni (UMMZ 167131). H: lateral view of nocturnus (AMNH 129940).

Fig. 11 in PHYLOGENETIC SYSTEMATICS OF DART-POISON FROGS AND THEIR RELATIVES (AMPHIBIA: ATHESPHATANURA: DENDROBATIDAE)

Fig. 11. Hypothesized phylogeny of dendrobatids, redrawn from Santos et al. (2003: 12794, fig. 1), based on unweighted parsimony analysis of the mitochondrial transcription unit H1 (ca. 2,400 bp), aligned with ClustalX (Thompson et al., 1997) ''under various parameters … and finally adjusted by eye to produce a parsimonious alignment'' whereby ''informative sites were minimized'' (Santos et al., 2003:

Fig. 6 in PHYLOGENETIC SYSTEMATICS OF DART-POISON FROGS AND THEIR RELATIVES (AMPHIBIA: ATHESPHATANURA: DENDROBATIDAE)

Fig. 6. Hypothesized phylogeny of dendrobatids, redrawn from Clough and Summers (2000: 342, fig. 1), based on parsimony analysis of 12S, 16S, and cytochrome b DNA sequences aligned with Clustal W (Thompson et al., 1994) (parameters not specified) and modified by eye and excluding ambiguously aligned regions. Numbers are bootstrap frequencies (unlabeled nodes present in fewer than 50% of replicates).

Fig. 12 in PHYLOGENETIC SYSTEMATICS OF DART-POISON FROGS AND THEIR RELATIVES (AMPHIBIA: ATHESPHATANURA: DENDROBATIDAE)

Fig. 12. Hypothesized phylogeny of Dendrobates, redrawn from Symula et al. (2003: 459, fig. 3), based on maximum likelihood (under the GTR + C model) analysis of cytochrome b and cytochrome oxidase I DNA sequences aligned with ClustalX (Thompson et al., 1997) (parameters not specified). Maximum likelihood branch lengths shown above branches, parsimony bootstrap frequencies shown below branches (frequencies.75% shown).

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2021View details →

Fig. 1 in The highly variable release call of the missing Northern Darwin's Frog, Rhinoderma rufum

Fig. 1. Spectrograms and oscillograms of multi-note release calls emitted by males of Rhinoderma rufum. Two representative calls are shown, one having mainly harmonic structure (A, individual 1 in Table 1) and another having mainly chaotic structure (B, individual 2 in Table 1). Sample rate: 44.1 kHz, frequency bandwidth: 20 Hz. The oscillograms and spectrograms were obtained using the package Seewave (Sueur et al. 2018).

Fig. 3 in Alien populations of painted frogs, genus Discoglossus, on the southeastern coast of France: two examples of anthropogenic introduction

Fig. 3. Maximum Likelihood tree of Discoglossus based on a 258 bp fragment of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene. Numbers at nodes are bootstrap values (500 pseudoreplicates) in percent. After the locality, sample numbers are given, including GenBank accession numbers in parentheses for those sequences taken from GenBank. "Z" marks sequences from the work of Zangari et al. (2006). Samples from the two newly discovered introduced populations are highlighted in bold, red font.

Fig. 2 in Alien populations of painted frogs, genus Discoglossus, on the southeastern coast of France: two examples of anthropogenic introduction

Fig. 2. (A) Adult male Discoglossus sardus from Marseille, 31 May 2018. (B) Discoglossus sardus habitat in the city of Marseille. (C) Adult Discoglossus pictus from Grimaud, 7 November 2018. (D) Discoglossus pictus habitat in Grimaud. The white arrow indicates the position of a ditch filled with water, where three individuals were observed. Photos by Mathieu Policain (A–B), Julien Renet (C), and Google Map/Street View (D).

Fig. 3 in Forensic bioacoustics? The advertisement calls of two locally extinct frogs from Colombia

Fig. 3. Full-scale audiospectrogram (top) and oscillogram (bottom) of the advertisement call of Gastrotheca guentheri. The note duration (nd), dominant frequency (df), and fundamental frequency (ff) are indicated.

Fig. 1 in Alien populations of painted frogs, genus Discoglossus, on the southeastern coast of France: two examples of anthropogenic introduction

Fig. 1. (A) Map of the ranges of D. sardus (orange: native population range) and D. pictus (purple: original distribution range; pink: introduced population range). (B) Enlarged view of the area with the newly introduced populations of the two species in southern France (orange star: D. sardus in Marseille; pink square: D. pictus in Grimaud), which is indicated by the black rectangle in (A).

Fig. 1 in Forensic bioacoustics? The advertisement calls of two locally extinct frogs from Colombia

Fig. 1. Geographic location (A) and general view (B) of Reserva Natural La Planada (Department of Nariño, Colombia; (C) Paruwrobates andinus and (D) Gastrotheca guentheri from Reserva Natural La Planada, Colombia. Photos by I. De la Riva (B) and P.A. Burrowes (C–D).

Fig. 2 in Forensic bioacoustics? The advertisement calls of two locally extinct frogs from Colombia

Fig. 2. Full-scale oscillogram (top), and expanded oscillogram and its audiospectrogram (bottom) of the advertisement call of Paruwrobates andinus. Call groups (A, B, and C), inter-call group interval (ci), and background noise (bn) are represented in the full-scale oscillogram. The note duration (nd), inter note interval (ni), dominant frequency (df), and fundamental frequency (ff) are indicated in the expanded box.

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2019View details →

Fig. 3 in Feeding habits of the threatened aquatic Andean frog Telmatobius rubigo (Anura: Telmatobiidae)

Fig. 3. Relationship between Snout-Vent Length (SVL) of Telmatobius rubigo and log-transformed mean volume of the consumed prey. The white triangle represents the indeterminate individual, grey squares represent female individuals, and black circles represent male individuals. The red line represents the linear fit estimated by the regression analysis considering all individuals.

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2019View details →

Fig. 2 in Feeding habits of the threatened aquatic Andean frog Telmatobius rubigo (Anura: Telmatobiidae)

Fig. 2. Coverage-based rarefaction (solid line) and extrapolation (dotted line) curves for prey sample completeness (Hill numbers of order q = 0) of the analyzed stomachs of Telmatobius rubigo. The 95% confidence interval boundaries (gray lines) were calculated based on 200 bootstrap replicates.

opencc-by-4.0Oct 2020View details →

Fig. 1 in Cannibalism in the High Andean Titicaca Water Frog, Telmatobius culeus Garman, 1875

Fig. 1. Individuals of Telmatobius culeus eating smaller conspecific frogs: (a) wild male eating a juvenile, (b) female captive frog eating a male adult frog, (c) male captive frog eating a female adult frog. Photos by Arturo Muñoz (a), Patricia Mendoza (b), and Adriana Aguila (c).