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FIG. 10 in Fossil wood from the lower Miocene of Myanmar (Natma Formation): palaeoenvironmental and biogeographic implications

FIG. 10. — Artocarpoxylon kartikcherraensis Prakash & Lalitha, MNHN.F.50187: A, Ts, sparse vessels, vasicentric parenchyma sometimes slightly aliform; B: Ts, detail of vasicentric parenchyma and vessels plugged with tyloses; C, Tls, alternate intervessel pits with lenticular appertures; D, Tls, 1-6 seriate rays with upright marginal cells; E, Tls, 1-6 seriate rays with sheath cells (black arrow) and end-to-end fusions (white arrow); F, Tls, latex tube in ray, mostly of the same size as ray cells (arrow); G, Rls, view of a latex tube in ray, recognizable as a continuous black line in radial section; H, Rls, heterocellular ray with 1-4 rows of marginal cells, sometimes appearing with upright and procumbent cells mixed due to sheath cells or end-to-end fusions. Scale bars: A, 1 mm; D, 500 µm; B, E, G-H, 200 µm; F, 100 µm; C, 50µm. Abbreviations: see Fig. 2.

FIG. 6 in Fossil wood from the lower Miocene of Myanmar (Natma Formation): palaeoenvironmental and biogeographic implications

FIG. 6. — Koompassioxylon elegans Kramer, MNHN.F.50180 (A-E, G), MNHN.F.50181 (F): A, Ts, vessel size and groups, aliform parenchyma with pointed wings and marginal parenchyma sometimes merged with small vessels (arrow); B, Ts, detail of winged-aliform parenchyma; C, Tls, non-vestured,alternate and polygonal intervessel pits; D, Tls, 2-3-seriate rays with crystalliferous parenchyma (arrow); E, Tls, detail of the chambered crystalliferous parenchyma (arrow); F: storied ray tendency, mostly 2-3-seriate rays; G, Rls, heterocellular rays with crystals in upright (sometimes subdivided) marginal cells (arrow). Scale bars: A, 1 mm; F, 500 µm; B, D-E, G, 200 µm; C, 20 µm. Abbreviations: see Fig. 2.

FIG. 5 in Fossil wood from the lower Miocene of Myanmar (Natma Formation): palaeoenvironmental and biogeographic implications

FIG. 5. — Cynometroxylon parainaequifolium Prakash, MNHN.F.50176 (A-C, E), MNHN.F.50177 (D, F), MNHN.F.50178 (G): A, Ts, vessels, parenchyma alternately banded, aliform and vasicentric, growth limits between arrows; B, Tls, 1-3 seriate rays, non-septate fibres; C, Rls, heterocellular rays with 1-2 rows of marginal cells (arrows); D, Tls, mostly 2-seriate rays with parenchyma sometimes crystalliferous (arrow); E, Tls, alternate intervessel pits; F, Ts, banded and aliform parenchyma; G: Ts, banded and aliform parenchyma. Scale bars: A, 1 mm; F-G, 500 µm; B, D, 200 µm; C, 100 µm; E, 50 µm. Abbreviations: see Fig. 2.

FIG. 3 in Fossil wood from the lower Miocene of Myanmar (Natma Formation): palaeoenvironmental and biogeographic implications

FIG. 3. — Albizinium eolebbekianum Prakash, MNHN.F.50172: A, Ts, vessels and parenchyma arrangement, marginal parenchyma band (arrow); B, Ts, lozengealiform parenchyma, sometimes confluent, fibres radialy aligned; C, Tls, alternate intervessel pits, simple perforation plates; D, Tls, 1-3-seriate rays, septa (black arrows) and crystalliferous parenchyma (white arrow); E, Tls, detail of a septate fibre; F, Rls, homocellular ray. Scale bars: A, 1 mm; B, 500 µm; D, 200 µm; C, F, 100 µm; E, 25 µm. Abbreviations: see Fig. 2.

FIG. 4 in Fossil wood from the lower Miocene of Myanmar (Natma Formation): palaeoenvironmental and biogeographic implications

FIG. 4. — Cynometroxylon holdeniae (Gupta) Prakash & Bande, MNHN.F.50174 (A, D-G), MNHN.F.50173 (B, C): A, Ts, banded parenchyma and vessel arrangement; B, Ts, detail of the wounded part of the wood with irregular pattern of parenchyma, vessels are absent; C, Ts, wounded part (white segment) in between the normal wood; D, Ts, detail of banded parenchyma 2-11 cells wide bands; E, Tls, heterocellular and mostly 2-seriate rays; F, Tls, minute alternate intervessel pits; G, Rls, heterocellular rays with 1-2 rows of marginal ray cells. Scale bars: A, C, 1 mm; B, D, E, G 200 µm, F, 50 µm. Abbreviations: see Fig. 2.

FIG. 17 in Fossil wood from the lower Miocene of Myanmar (Natma Formation): palaeoenvironmental and biogeographic implications

FIG. 17. — Shoreoxylon sp. 1, MNHN.F.50194: A, Ts, vessels often grouped, sometimes in clusters (white arrows), abundant parenchyma, aliform to aliformconfluent, short lines and diffuse secretory canals (black arrows); B, C, Tls, 1-5-seriate rays, tyloses (arrow); D, Ts, zoom in on secretory canals in short lines and vessels in clusters with vasicentric tracheids or small vessels; E, Rls, weakly heterocellular rays with one row of larger procumbent cells (white arrow) or square to upright cells (black arrow); F, Tls, vasicentric tracheid (black arrow) and vasicentric parenchyma (white arrow); G, Ts synthetic drawing of the transverse section (only a few vessels and rays are displayed); secretory canals are displayed as red dots, very few are preserved. Scale bars: A, 1 mm; B, F, 200 µm; C, E, 500 µm; D, 250 µm; G, 1 cm. Abbreviations: see Fig. 2.

FIG. 19 in Fossil wood from the lower Miocene of Myanmar (Natma Formation): palaeoenvironmental and biogeographic implications

FIG. 19. — Burseroxylon sp., MNHN.F.50196 (C), MNHN.F.50197 (A, B, D-E, G, H), MNHN.F.50198 (F, I, J): A, D, Ts, vessels with tyloses (white arrow) and thin sheath of vasicentric parenchyma (black arrow); B, Tls, (1)-4-seriate rays, septate fibres (arrow); C, Rls, heterocellular rays with upright marginal cells; E, Rls, simple vessel-ray pits, oval in shape; F, Rls, heterocellular rays with upright marginal cells, some of them are enlarged and contain a single crystal (arrow); G, Rls, crystals in upright marginal cells (white arrow), maybe also in procumbent cells sometimes (black arrow); H, I, Ts, traumatic canals (arrows); J, Tls, tangential view of undifferentiated tissue surrounding a traumatic canal. Scale bars: A, 1 mm; B-D, F-H, J, 200 µm; E, 50 µm; I, 500 µm. Abbreviations: see Fig. 2.

FIG. 1. — A in Fossil wood from the lower Miocene of Myanmar (Natma Formation): palaeoenvironmental and biogeographic implications

FIG. 1. — A, Simplified map of Myanmar showing the location of the field sites. Location of the fossil site is indicated with a green star (*). Abbreviations: Cb, Chindwin Basin; Mb, Minbu Basin; WPA, Wuntho-Popa Arc (volcanic arc of central Myanmar); B, stratigraphy of the Chindwin Basin, after Westerweel et al. (2020). The Natma Formation is indicated with a green star (*).

FIG. 18 in Fossil wood from the lower Miocene of Myanmar (Natma Formation): palaeoenvironmental and biogeographic implications

FIG. 18. — Shoreoxylon sp. 2, MNHN.F.50195: A, Ts, vessel arrangement, often solitary, sometimes in groups and clusters, with one parenchyma band (arrow); B, Ts, mostly vasicentric to slightly aliform parenchyma as well as some diffuse parenchyma (arrow); C, E, Tls, 1-5-seriate rays; D, Ts, long tangential line of secretory canals embedded in parenchyma band (arrow); F, Rls, heterocellular ray with one line of upright marginal cells (arrow); G, Ts, synthetic drawing of the transversal section (only some vessels and rays are displayed) with bands of parenchyma as grey lines and secretory canals as red dots, arranged in long tangential lines; doubtful canals are displayed as orange dots; H, Rls, crystals in possibly chambered parenchyma cells (arrow); I, tyloses in vessels (black arrow) and vasicentric tracheids (white arrow) J, Tls, alternate, vestured (arrow) intervessel pits; K, simple vessel-ray pits with reduced borders and ovoid shape (arrow). Scale bars: G, 1 cm; A, D-E, 500 µm; B-C, F, 200 µm; H-I, 100 µm; K, 50 µm; J, 20 µm. Abbreviations: see Fig. 2.

FIG. 15 in Fossil wood from the lower Miocene of Myanmar (Natma Formation): palaeoenvironmental and biogeographic implications

FIG. 15. — Shoreoxylon cf. deomaliense Prakash & Awasthi, MNHN.F.50192: A, Ts, mostly solitary vessels and long tangential line of secretory canals embedded in parenchyma bands (arrow); B, Ts, zoom in on solitary vessels, mostly aliform parenchyma as well as some diffuse parenchyma (arrow); C, D, Tls, long 1-6-seriate rays with end-to-end fusion (arrow); E, Rls, crystals in chambered parenchyma cells; F, Tls, vasicentric tracheids (black arrow) and tylose in vessel (white arrow); G, Rls, heterocellular ray with upright marginal cells; H, Ts, synthetic drawing of the transversal section (with only some vessels and rays displayed); visible bands of parenchyma are shown as grey lines and secretory canals as red dots (orange when their identification is less clear), arranged mostly in long tangential lines; I, Ts, zoom in on secretory canals embedded in parenchyma; J, Ts, thin-to-thick walled fibres; K, Ts, diffuse parenchyma (arrows). Scale bars: H, 1 cm; A, 1 mm; B, D, I, 250 µm; C, G, 200 µm; F, K, 100 µm; E, J, 50 µm. Abbreviations: see Fig. 2.

FIG. 7 in Fossil wood from the lower Miocene of Myanmar (Natma Formation): palaeoenvironmental and biogeographic implications

FIG. 7. — cf. Koompassioxylon, MNHN.F.50182: A, Ts, mostly solitary vessels with aliform and aliform-confluent parenchyma, sometimes forming anastomosed shapes; B, Ts, interpretation of (A) of the parenchyma pattern (dotted) showing mostly confluent parenchyma, aliform parenchyma, but no regular bands; C, Ts, detail of aliform parenchyma and one vessel with tyloses (although rare, arrow); D, Tls, storied tendency of rays (arrows); E, Tls, 1-3 seriate heterocellular rays, sometimes with some rays with alternating uniseriate and mutliseriate portions (arrows); F, Tls, detail of a 2-seriate ray bordered by a strand of parenchyma made of at least eight cells (each marked by arrow); G, Rls, non-vestured (arrows), alternate, polygonal intervessel pits; H, Rls, heterocellular rays, sometimes with upright marginal cells (black arrow) and crystalliferous parenchyma, with more than 11 crystals per strand (white arrow); I, Rls, vessel-ray pits with distinct border (arrows) of the same size and shape as intervessel-pits; J, Tls, detail of crystals in chambered (arrows) parenchyma cells. Scale bars: A, B, 1 mm; D, 500 µm; C, E, F, H, 200 µm; G, I, J, 20 µm. Abbreviations: see Fig. 2.

Text-fig. 4. Extant Fraxinus fruits and other groups with similar fruits. a: Ventilago leiocarpa BENTH. (KUN 06190258); b: Liriodendron chinense (HEMSL.) SARG. (KUN 0040571); c: Plenckia populnea REISSEK (K 000537359); d: Fraxinus nigra MARSHALL (KUN 0937878); e: F. anomala TORR. ex S.WATSON (RSA 0064862); f: F. gooddingii LITTLE (USFS 0030124); g: F. platypoda OLIV. (KUN 0027753); h: F. malacophylla HEMSL. (K 000901679); i: F. chinensis ROXB. (KUN 0027530). Scale bar = 1 cm. in Fraxinus L. (Oleaceae) Fruits From The Early Oligocene Of Southwest China And Their Biogeographic Implications

Text-fig. 4. Extant Fraxinus fruits and other groups with similar fruits. a: Ventilago leiocarpa BENTH. (KUN 06190258); b: Liriodendron chinense (HEMSL.) SARG. (KUN 0040571); c: Plenckia populnea REISSEK (K 000537359); d: Fraxinus nigra MARSHALL (KUN 0937878); e: F. anomala TORR. ex S.WATSON (RSA 0064862); f: F. gooddingii LITTLE (USFS 0030124); g: F. platypoda OLIV. (KUN 0027753); h: F. malacophylla HEMSL. (K 000901679); i: F. chinensis ROXB. (KUN 0027530). Scale bar = 1 cm.

Text-fig. 5. Extant Fraxinus fruits photographed by digital camera and X-ray microscopy. a: F. excelsior L. (Sect. Fraxinus); b: F. xanthoxyloides WALL. (Sect. Sciadanthus); c: F. malacophylla HEMSL. (Sect. Ornus). Red arrow refers to the air sac above seed, scale bars = 1 cm. in Fraxinus L. (Oleaceae) Fruits From The Early Oligocene Of Southwest China And Their Biogeographic Implications

Text-fig. 5. Extant Fraxinus fruits photographed by digital camera and X-ray microscopy. a: F. excelsior L. (Sect. Fraxinus); b: F. xanthoxyloides WALL. (Sect. Sciadanthus); c: F. malacophylla HEMSL. (Sect. Ornus). Red arrow refers to the air sac above seed, scale bars = 1 cm.

Text-fig. 3. Fossil fruits of Fraxinus: photos and drawings. a–e: F. zlatkoi MENG-XIOA WU et J.HUANG sp. nov., a–c – the holotype image and its line drawing (XTBG-PC-LH3-0341), d, e – paratype image and its line drawing (XTBGPC-LH3-1138); f–k: Fraxinus cf. honshuensis TANAI et ONOE, f–h – XTBG-PC-LH2-0111, i–k – XTBG-PC-LH1-0578; l, m: enlargement of (b) and its line drawing; n, o: enlargement of (g) and its line drawing. Arrows in (i) and (n) refer to the calyxes. Scale bars = 5 mm for a–k, scale bars = 1 mm for i–o. in Fraxinus L. (Oleaceae) Fruits From The Early Oligocene Of Southwest China And Their Biogeographic Implications

Text-fig. 3. Fossil fruits of Fraxinus: photos and drawings. a–e: F. zlatkoi MENG-XIOA WU et J.HUANG sp. nov., a–c – the holotype image and its line drawing (XTBG-PC-LH3-0341), d, e – paratype image and its line drawing (XTBGPC-LH3-1138); f–k: Fraxinus cf. honshuensis TANAI et ONOE, f–h – XTBG-PC-LH2-0111, i–k – XTBG-PC-LH1-0578; l, m: enlargement of (b) and its line drawing; n, o: enlargement of (g) and its line drawing. Arrows in (i) and (n) refer to the calyxes. Scale bars = 5 mm for a–k, scale bars = 1 mm for i–o.

Text-fig. 6. Stratigraphic and phylogenetic placement inferred for fossil Fraxinus fruits. Only Fraxinus fossil fruits identified on the section level are included. The black color represents selected fossil fruits from published literature (excluding some Eocene North American occurrences not assigned to section), the red color represents the fossil fruits from the Lühe flora, Yunnan, Southwest China. The phylogenetic relationships are based on Hinsinger et al. (2013). in Fraxinus L. (Oleaceae) Fruits From The Early Oligocene Of Southwest China And Their Biogeographic Implications

Text-fig. 6. Stratigraphic and phylogenetic placement inferred for fossil Fraxinus fruits. Only Fraxinus fossil fruits identified on the section level are included. The black color represents selected fossil fruits from published literature (excluding some Eocene North American occurrences not assigned to section), the red color represents the fossil fruits from the Lühe flora, Yunnan, Southwest China. The phylogenetic relationships are based on Hinsinger et al. (2013).

Text-fig. 1. Location of the study site. a: the location of Lühe Town, Yunnan, SW China; b: fossil bearing section, white arrow indicates the fossil collection stratum; c: geological map of fossil site. in Fraxinus L. (Oleaceae) Fruits From The Early Oligocene Of Southwest China And Their Biogeographic Implications

Text-fig. 1. Location of the study site. a: the location of Lühe Town, Yunnan, SW China; b: fossil bearing section, white arrow indicates the fossil collection stratum; c: geological map of fossil site.

Text-fig. 8. SEM (a, b) and SRXTM (c, d) images of fruit associated with Miranthus elegans and Miranthus kvacekii; Mira locality, Portugal. a: Apical view of capsular fruit with five, partly open valves revealing the enclosed reticulate seeds (arrows). b: Detail of fruit wall showing an enclosed seed (arrow). c: Transverse section (orthoslice xy1200) of fruit showing central column (cc) of placenta and numerous angular and bitegmic seeds; note that the outer integument (black arrow) is thicker than inner integument (white arrow). d: Longitudinal section (orthoslice yz1239) of fruit showing perigynous attachment of calyx, central column (cc) of the placenta and sections through seeds. Specimen, Mira 99-S156331 (a–d). Scale bars = 600 µm (a, c, d), 200 µm (b). in Early Flowers Of Primuloid Ericales From The Late Cretaceous Of Portugal And Their Ecological And Phytogeographic Implications

Text-fig. 8. SEM (a, b) and SRXTM (c, d) images of fruit associated with Miranthus elegans and Miranthus kvacekii; Mira locality, Portugal. a: Apical view of capsular fruit with five, partly open valves revealing the enclosed reticulate seeds (arrows). b: Detail of fruit wall showing an enclosed seed (arrow). c: Transverse section (orthoslice xy1200) of fruit showing central column (cc) of placenta and numerous angular and bitegmic seeds; note that the outer integument (black arrow) is thicker than inner integument (white arrow). d: Longitudinal section (orthoslice yz1239) of fruit showing perigynous attachment of calyx, central column (cc) of the placenta and sections through seeds. Specimen, Mira 99-S156331 (a–d). Scale bars = 600 µm (a, c, d), 200 µm (b).

Text-fig. 3. SRXTM images of Miranthus elegans gen. et sp. nov.; Mira locality, Portugal. a, b: Volume renderings of flower bud in two different lateral views showing long pedicel, distinct calyx (ca) with almost equiaxial epidermal cells and corolla (co) with nearly smooth surface. c–e: Transverse sections (c, orthoslice xy1500; d, orthoslice xy1760; e, orthoslice xy1850) through flower bud at levels below the anthers showing stamen filaments (yellow) opposite the corolla lobes (co) and smaller staminodes (orange) in Early Flowers Of Primuloid Ericales From The Late Cretaceous Of Portugal And Their Ecological And Phytogeographic Implications

Text-fig. 3. SRXTM images of Miranthus elegans gen. et sp. nov.; Mira locality, Portugal. a, b: Volume renderings of flower bud in two different lateral views showing long pedicel, distinct calyx (ca) with almost equiaxial epidermal cells and corolla (co) with nearly smooth surface. c–e: Transverse sections (c, orthoslice xy1500; d, orthoslice xy1760; e, orthoslice xy1850) through flower bud at levels below the anthers showing stamen filaments (yellow) opposite the corolla lobes (co) and smaller staminodes (orange)

Text-fig. 5. SRXTM images of Miranthus elegans gen. et sp. nov.; Mira locality, Portugal. a, b: Transverse sections of flower (a, orthoslice xy0665 close to the apex of placenta; b, orthoslice xy0800 in middle part of placenta) showing remains of calyx with distinct bundles (arrows), ovary wall (ow) and numerous ovules (ov) on the central mushroom-shaped globose placenta (pl) with central column (cc). c: Transverse section of flower (orthoslice xy0620) through perianth and ovary (ow) at a level above the placenta showing ovules (ov) and cellular preservation of the sepal bundles (arrows shown for one sepal); note abaxial surface of sepals with thick-walled epidermal cells, thick cuticle, and fine pointed verrucae. d: Longitudinal section of flower (orthoslice xz0500) showing perigynous position of calyx and semi-inferior ovary (ow, ovary wall) with a central placenta (pl), central column (cc) and numerous ovules (ov); note spiny verrucae on abaxial surface of calyx lobes. Specimens, Mira 100-S153145 (a, b), Mira 100-S170155 (c, d, holotype). Scale bars = 600 µm (a–d). in Early Flowers Of Primuloid Ericales From The Late Cretaceous Of Portugal And Their Ecological And Phytogeographic Implications

Text-fig. 5. SRXTM images of Miranthus elegans gen. et sp. nov.; Mira locality, Portugal. a, b: Transverse sections of flower (a, orthoslice xy0665 close to the apex of placenta; b, orthoslice xy0800 in middle part of placenta) showing remains of calyx with distinct bundles (arrows), ovary wall (ow) and numerous ovules (ov) on the central mushroom-shaped globose placenta (pl) with central column (cc). c: Transverse section of flower (orthoslice xy0620) through perianth and ovary (ow) at a level above the placenta showing ovules (ov) and cellular preservation of the sepal bundles (arrows shown for one sepal); note abaxial surface of sepals with thick-walled epidermal cells, thick cuticle, and fine pointed verrucae. d: Longitudinal section of flower (orthoslice xz0500) showing perigynous position of calyx and semi-inferior ovary (ow, ovary wall) with a central placenta (pl), central column (cc) and numerous ovules (ov); note spiny verrucae on abaxial surface of calyx lobes. Specimens, Mira 100-S153145 (a, b), Mira 100-S170155 (c, d, holotype). Scale bars = 600 µm (a–d).

Text-fig. 7. SEM (a) and SRXTM (b–e) images of Miranthus kvacekii sp. nov.; Mira locality, Portugal. a: Lateral view of flower bud showing corolla lobes extending beyond calyx; note surface of pedicel, calyx and corolla with small equiaxial epidermal cells and indumentum of densely spaced, short stiff trichomes. b, c: Longitudinal sections through floral bud in two directions perpendicular to each other (a, orthoslice yz1024; b, orthoslice xz0950) showing corolla (co), calyx (ca), stamens (st) and semi-inferior ovary with thin ovary wall (ow) and central mushroom-shaped globose placenta (pl) bearing numerous ovules (ov). d, e: Transverse sections through floral bud above placenta (d, orthoslice xy0915; e, orthoslice xy1095) showing calyx (ca), corolla (co), ovary wall (ow) and ovules (ov); yellow outlines indicate the positions of anthers (d) and filaments (e); orange outlines indicate the position of three of the possible staminodes. Specimen, Mira 100-S170157 (a–e, holotype). Scale bars = 600 µm (a–c), 300 µm (d, e). in Early Flowers Of Primuloid Ericales From The Late Cretaceous Of Portugal And Their Ecological And Phytogeographic Implications

Text-fig. 7. SEM (a) and SRXTM (b–e) images of Miranthus kvacekii sp. nov.; Mira locality, Portugal. a: Lateral view of flower bud showing corolla lobes extending beyond calyx; note surface of pedicel, calyx and corolla with small equiaxial epidermal cells and indumentum of densely spaced, short stiff trichomes. b, c: Longitudinal sections through floral bud in two directions perpendicular to each other (a, orthoslice yz1024; b, orthoslice xz0950) showing corolla (co), calyx (ca), stamens (st) and semi-inferior ovary with thin ovary wall (ow) and central mushroom-shaped globose placenta (pl) bearing numerous ovules (ov). d, e: Transverse sections through floral bud above placenta (d, orthoslice xy0915; e, orthoslice xy1095) showing calyx (ca), corolla (co), ovary wall (ow) and ovules (ov); yellow outlines indicate the positions of anthers (d) and filaments (e); orange outlines indicate the position of three of the possible staminodes. Specimen, Mira 100-S170157 (a–e, holotype). Scale bars = 600 µm (a–c), 300 µm (d, e).