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FIGURES 24–36 in A comparison of external and internal maxilla and mandible morphology of water bugs (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Nepomorpha)

FIGURES 24–36. Shape of the mandibular file. Notonectidae: Anisopinae: 24. Anisops sardea; 25. Buenoa uhleri; Notonectinae: 26. Enithares bergrothi; 27. Notonecta glauca; 28. Nychia sappho; Pleidae: 29. Paraplea frontalis; Helotrephidae: Helotrephinae; 30. Helotrephes semiglobosus; 31. Hydrothrephes visayasinensis; Corixidae: Corixinae; 32. Agraptocorixa hyalinipennis; Diaprepocoridae; 33. Diaprepocoris zealandiae; Stenocorixinae; 34. Stenocorixa protrusa; Cymatiinae; 35. Cymatia coleoptrata; Micronectidae; 36. Micronecta quadristrigata; Rmd—right mandible, bp—blunt pegs, sph—short spines, spl—long spines, pn—plagues with nodule, no—nodules, pm—massive plates.

FIGURE 257. A in A comparison of external and internal maxilla and mandible morphology of water bugs (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Nepomorpha)

FIGURE 257. A modification of the shape of the maxillary endings in Nepomorpha (description in the text).

FIGURES 135–145 in A comparison of external and internal maxilla and mandible morphology of water bugs (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Nepomorpha)

FIGURES 135–145. The shapes of the apices of the maxillae, the shape of the mandibular file, and the shape of the rupturing device on the maxillae in the Belostomatidae: Belostomatinae; 135–136. Belostoma flumineum, 135. The left mandibular file with five spines; inner side of the left maxilla, (cl), short claws on the left maxilla at the lateral side; 136. The rupturing device (brvin, brvex)—ventral view; 137–139. Belostoma bakeri; 137. The right and left mandibular files with numbers of spines (No.1, 2, 3, 4, 5); 138. The dorsal views of the maxillae, inner row of bristles (brdin) is visible; 139. Two ventral rows of bristles (inner (brvin) and external (brvex)) on the maxillae; 140–141. Dienostoma dilatatum, 140. The left mandibular file with six spines; 141. The ventral part of the maxillae, the rupturing device (brvex) is exhibited, nodules (nol) on the lateral edge of maxilla are visible; 142–145. Appasus major, 142. The right mandibular file (Rmd) with seven spines; 143. The ventral part of the maxillae (Rmx and Lmx), the rupturing device (brvex) is visible; 144. Maxillae with visible differentiated edges, lateral edge is equipped in nodules (nol), dorsal edge has short claws (cl) (different than bristles or spines); 145. The narrow apex of the left maxilla, lobe (lo), nodules (nol) on the lateral edge of maxilla are visible.

FIGURES 227–233 in A comparison of external and internal maxilla and mandible morphology of water bugs (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Nepomorpha)

FIGURES 227–233. The shapes of the apices of the maxillae, the shape of the mandibular file, and the shape of the rupturing device on the maxillae in the Pleidae: Paraplea frontalis, 227. The shape of the mandibular files (Rmd, Lmd), ventral view; 228. The length of the maxillae and mandibles from the base; 229. The left mandibular file with twelve plaques with a nodules (pn) and seven long spines (spl); 230. The right mandibular file (the shape is the same as on the left file); 231. The inner side of the maxillae, the bristles (rupturing device) are invisible; 232. The apices of the left and right maxilla are lancet—shaped (los); 233. Ventral view, the apex of the right maxilla is lancet-shaped (los), the left apex is narrow.

FIGURES 52–68 in A comparison of external and internal maxilla and mandible morphology of water bugs (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Nepomorpha)

FIGURES 52–68. The shapes of the apices of the maxillae and the shape of the rupturing device on the maxillae: Gelastocorinae; 52. Gelastocoris oculatus, dorsal view, the apices of the maxillae are straight, rows of bristles (brdex) on the dorsal side; 53. G. oculatus, ventral view, the bristles (brvex, brvin) form a ventral rupturing device; Nerthrinae; 54. Nerthra nepaeformis, dorsal view of the right maxilla, the bristles are directed towards the inside of the maxillae, 55. N. nepaeformis, dorsal view, the apex of the right maxilla is straight; Aphelocheiridae: 56. Aphelocheirus aestivalis, dorsal view, the apices of the maxillae adpressed, the shape of the apices almost straight, the rupturing device (brdin) is slightly visible; 57. A. aestivalis, lateral view, the apex of the left maxilla is curved, the rupturing device (brvex) is visible when the maxillae are open; Naucoridae: Cheirochelinae; 58. Cheirochela feana, dorsal view, the apex of the left maxilla is wide but the right one is straight; 59. Ch. feana, ventral view, the rupturing device (brvex) is exhibited; 60. Gestroiella limnocoroides, dorsal view; the right maxilla is equipped with rows of bristles (brdex, brvex), the right apex of the maxilla is straight, the left apex is wide with a small lobe (lo); 61. Coptocatus oblongulus, ventral view; the rupturing device (brvex, brdex, brdin) is visible; Cryphocricinae; 62. Ambrysus occidentalis, dorsal view; the apex of the left maxilla is lancet-shaped (los), the row of bristles on the right maxilla (brvex) is present; 63. A. occidentalis, inner view, the proximal part of the right maxilla has spines on the inner edges restricting the food canal (FC), the connection system upper (gru) and lower (grl) beteewn maxillae, (sc) salivary canal; 64. Cryphocricos hungerfordi, the apex of the left maxilla is lancet-shaped and the rupturing device distinctly visible; Limnocorinae; 65. Limnocoris lutzi; the rupturing device on the right maxilla on the dorsal and ventral side is visible (brdex, brvex); Laccocorinae; 66. Heleocoris humeralis; dorsal view, the apex of the left maxilla is lancet-shaped; 67. H. humeralis; inner view of the right maxilla; the rupturing device is slightly visible; 68. Laccocoris hoogstraali, inner view of the right and left maxillae; the rupturing device (brdex, brvex) is visible on the maxillae.

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F in The morphological differentiation of two horseshoe crab species, Tachypleus tridentatus and Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda (Xiphosura), in Hong Kong with a regional Asian comparison

F. 3. (A) Size–weight distributions of Tachypleus tridentatus males (&) and females (%) in Hong Kong. (B) Size–weight distribution of Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda males ($) and females (#) in Hong Kong.

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F in The morphological differentiation of two horseshoe crab species, Tachypleus tridentatus and Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda (Xiphosura), in Hong Kong with a regional Asian comparison

F. 2. Various body parts of the horseshoe crabs measured to the nearest millimetre. a=length of prosoma; b=length of opisthosoma; c=length of telson; d=maximum width of prosoma; e=distance between the two compound eyes; f =maximum width of opisthosoma; g=width of telson; S1–S6=length of first to sixth opisthosomal, marginal spines.

FIGURES 10–17. Taxigramma spp., external morphology. 10, 12, 14, 16 in Revision of Taxigramma pseudaperta Séguy, 1941 and comparisons with sympatric T. multipunctata (Rondani, 1859) (Diptera: Sarcophagidae)

FIGURES 10–17. Taxigramma spp., external morphology. 10, 12, 14, 16. Taxigramma pseudaperta Séguy, 1941. 11, 13, 15, 17. Taxigramma multipunctata (Rondani, 1859). 10, 11. Parafacial plate and fronto-orbital plate, female. 12, 13. Distal half of left wing, female. 14, 15. Costal vein, vestiture anterior to subcosta, male. 16, 17. Parafacial plate and fronto-orbital plate, male.

Figure 9 in Genetic and morphological studies of species status for poorly known endemic Trochulus phorochaetius (Bourguignat, 1864) (Gastropoda: Pulmonata: Hygromiidae), and its comparison with closely related taxa

Figure 9. The Bayesian tree for COI gene sequences assigned to Trochulus. Two sequences of Trochulus lubomirskii (= Trichia lubomirskii = Plicuteria lubomirskii) and one Petasina bielzi were also included as the out-group. Labels for Trochulus hispidus, Trochulus plebeius, and Trochulus phorochaetius were coloured in red, blue, and green, respectively. Additional acronyms beside the species name or an ampersand symbol '&' indicate 100% sequence identity for the joined names. Numbers at nodes, in the order shown, correspond to posterior probabilities estimated in MrBayes (MB), as well as bootstrap support values calculated in TreeFinder (TF), and PAUP using the weighted least squares (LS) method. Values of the posterior probabilities and bootstrap percentages lower than 0.50 and 50%, respectively, were omitted or indicated by a dash '-'.

Figure 5 in Genetic and morphological studies of species status for poorly known endemic Trochulus phorochaetius (Bourguignat, 1864) (Gastropoda: Pulmonata: Hygromiidae), and its comparison with closely related taxa

Figure 5. Variation of the ratio of the umbilicus minor to its major diameter (u/U) in Trochulus phorochaetius and Trochulus plebeius. Numbers over the box plots indicate mean values. Letters 'a' and 'b' indicate significant differences determined by the Kruskal–Wallis test (P <0.001). Abbreviations are as defined in Table 1.

Figure 2. A in Genetic and morphological studies of species status for poorly known endemic Trochulus phorochaetius (Bourguignat, 1864) (Gastropoda: Pulmonata: Hygromiidae), and its comparison with closely related taxa

Figure 2. A, Trochulus phorochaetius specimen from Sassenage; B, Trochulus plebeius specimen from Échallon; C, T. plebeius specimen from Coiserette; D, Trochulus hispidus specimen from Schramberg. Scale bar: 5 mm.

Figure 4 in Genetic and morphological studies of species status for poorly known endemic Trochulus phorochaetius (Bourguignat, 1864) (Gastropoda: Pulmonata: Hygromiidae), and its comparison with closely related taxa

Figure 4. Canonical discriminant analysis based on shell measurements of Trochulus hispidus, Trochulus plebeius, Trochulus phorochaetius, and the Coiserette specimens. Wilks' lambda = 0.0229, F30,664 = 58.009, P <0.00001.

Figure 8 in Genetic and morphological studies of species status for poorly known endemic Trochulus phorochaetius (Bourguignat, 1864) (Gastropoda: Pulmonata: Hygromiidae), and its comparison with closely related taxa

Figure 8. Canonical discriminant analysis based on genital measurements of Trochulus hispidus, Trochulus plebeius, Trochulus phorochaetius, and the Coiserette specimens. Wilks' lambda = 0.10933, F21,115 = 6.3833, P <0.00001.

Figure 1 in Genetic and morphological studies of species status for poorly known endemic Trochulus phorochaetius (Bourguignat, 1864) (Gastropoda: Pulmonata: Hygromiidae), and its comparison with closely related taxa

Figure 1. Geographical locations of the populations sampled (*) in France (A), Poland (B), Great Britain (C), and Germany (D); , main cities. See Table 1 for abbreviations.

Figure 7 in Genetic and morphological studies of species status for poorly known endemic Trochulus phorochaetius (Bourguignat, 1864) (Gastropoda: Pulmonata: Hygromiidae), and its comparison with closely related taxa

Figure 7. Correspondence analysis of qualitative data in Tochulus taxa and the Coiserette specimens.

Figure 3 in Genetic and morphological studies of species status for poorly known endemic Trochulus phorochaetius (Bourguignat, 1864) (Gastropoda: Pulmonata: Hygromiidae), and its comparison with closely related taxa

Figure 3. Shell traits: A, internal rib (ir) in Trochulus plebeius specimen from Zieleniec; B, band (b) in Trochulus hispidus specimen from Échallon; C, short hairs in T. plebeius specimen from Coiserette; D, long hairs in Trochulus phorochaetius specimen from Le Pont du Lac; E, very long hairs in Trochulus villosulus specimen from Wojtkowa, south-east Poland; F, very long hairs in Trochulus villosus specimen from Fützen, south Germany; G, short hairs in T. hispidus specimen from Buchenbach. Scale bars: A, B, 2.5 mm; C–G, 1 mm.

Figure 1 in Enigmatic affinity in the brain morphology between plotopterids and penguins, with a comprehensive comparison among water birds

Figure 1. Fossil skulls of plotopterid: A, Hatatsu specimen (KMNH VP 200,007); B, Touno specimen (KMNH VP 200,008); C, Ainoshima specimen (KMNH VP 200,009). Scale bar: 20 mm.

Figure 5 in Enigmatic affinity in the brain morphology between plotopterids and penguins, with a comprehensive comparison among water birds

Figure 5. Virtual endocasts of procellariiform and sphenisciform birds in dorsal aspect (not to scale, for comparison). Abbreviations: cb, cerebellum; fl, floccular lobe; mcv, middle cerebral vein; ob, olfactory bulb; os, occipital sinus; se, sagittal eminence.

Figure 3 in Enigmatic affinity in the brain morphology between plotopterids and penguins, with a comprehensive comparison among water birds

Figure 3. Virtual endocasts of procellariiform and sphenisciform birds in rostral aspect (not to scale, for comparison). Abbreviations: cca, cranial carotid artery; e, eminence; ob, olfactory bulb; pb, pituitary body; se, sagittal eminence; II–V, cranial nerves II–V.

Figure 14 in Enigmatic affinity in the brain morphology between plotopterids and penguins, with a comprehensive comparison among water birds

Figure 14. The three-dimensional brain landmarks used for shape analysis as shown for the dorsal (upper) and lateral (lower) views of the Spheniscus humboldti brain (description in Table 2).