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437 results for “morphological variability”
Supplementary material 2 from: Ossowska E, Guzow-Krzemińska B, Kolanowska M, Szczepańska K, Kukwa M (2019) Morphology and secondary chemistry in species recognition of Parmelia omphalodes group – evidence from molecular data with notes on the ecological niche modelling and genetic variability of photobionts. MycoKeys 61: 39-74. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.61.38175
: Data type: multimedia
Figure 2 from: Ossowska E, Guzow-Krzemińska B, Kolanowska M, Szczepańska K, Kukwa M (2019) Morphology and secondary chemistry in species recognition of Parmelia omphalodes group – evidence from molecular data with notes on the ecological niche modelling and genetic variability of photobionts. MycoKeys 61: 39-74. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.61.38175
Figure 2 Phylogenetic placement of Trebouxia photobionts from selected Parmelia spp., based on Bayesian analysis of the ITS rDNA dataset. Posterior probabilities and maximum likelihood bootstrap values are shown near the internal branches. Newly generated sequences are in bold, with collecting numbers preceding the species names. Representative Trebouxia OTUs, as described in Leavitt et al. (2015), were downloaded from Dryad database (Dryad Digital Repository, Leavitt et al. 2015). Clades with photobionts from Parmelia discordans, P. omphalodes and P. pinnatifida are highlighted.
Figure 5 from: Ossowska E, Guzow-Krzemińska B, Kolanowska M, Szczepańska K, Kukwa M (2019) Morphology and secondary chemistry in species recognition of Parmelia omphalodes group – evidence from molecular data with notes on the ecological niche modelling and genetic variability of photobionts. MycoKeys 61: 39-74. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.61.38175
Figure 5 AParmelia discordans, with marginal and laminal pseudocyphellae, laminal pseudocyphellae mostly not connected with marginal ones (S F-252494) BP. omphalodes, with marginal and laminal pseudocyphellae, laminal pseudocyphellae mostly not connected with marginal ones (S F-252845) CP. pinnatifida, with marginal pseudocyphellae (UGDA L-24298) DP. pinnatifida, with marginal and laminal pseudocyphellae, laminal pseudocyphellae starting predominantly from pseudocyphellae formed at the edge of lobes (S F-239397). Scale bars: 200 μm (A, B, D), 150 μm (C).
Figure 7 from: Ossowska E, Guzow-Krzemińska B, Kolanowska M, Szczepańska K, Kukwa M (2019) Morphology and secondary chemistry in species recognition of Parmelia omphalodes group – evidence from molecular data with notes on the ecological niche modelling and genetic variability of photobionts. MycoKeys 61: 39-74. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.61.38175
Figure 7 Distribution of suitable niches of P. discordans (A), P. omphalodes (B) and P. pinnatifida (C) in the Northern Hemisphere.
Figure 4 from: Ossowska E, Guzow-Krzemińska B, Kolanowska M, Szczepańska K, Kukwa M (2019) Morphology and secondary chemistry in species recognition of Parmelia omphalodes group – evidence from molecular data with notes on the ecological niche modelling and genetic variability of photobionts. MycoKeys 61: 39-74. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.61.38175
Figure 4 Localities of Parmelia discordans (red), P. omphalodes (blue) and P. pinnatifida (green) used in ENM analysis.
Figure 10 from: Ossowska E, Guzow-Krzemińska B, Kolanowska M, Szczepańska K, Kukwa M (2019) Morphology and secondary chemistry in species recognition of Parmelia omphalodes group – evidence from molecular data with notes on the ecological niche modelling and genetic variability of photobionts. MycoKeys 61: 39-74. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.61.38175
Figure 10 Principal components analysis (PCA) of P. discordans (red), P. omphalodes (blue) and P. pinnatifida (green), based on the bioclimatic factors from individuals.
Figure 1 from: Ossowska E, Guzow-Krzemińska B, Kolanowska M, Szczepańska K, Kukwa M (2019) Morphology and secondary chemistry in species recognition of Parmelia omphalodes group – evidence from molecular data with notes on the ecological niche modelling and genetic variability of photobionts. MycoKeys 61: 39-74. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.61.38175
Figure 1 Phylogenetic relationships of Parmelia discordans, P. omphalodes and P. pinnatifida, based on Bayesian analysis of the ITS rDNA dataset. Posterior probabilities and maximum likelihood bootstrap values are shown near the internal branches. Newly generated sequences are described with herbarium numbers following the species names. GenBank Accession numbers of sequences downloaded from GenBank follow the species names. Clades with Parmelia discordans, P. omphalodes and P. pinnatifida are highlighted.
Supplementary material 4 from: Ossowska E, Guzow-Krzemińska B, Kolanowska M, Szczepańska K, Kukwa M (2019) Morphology and secondary chemistry in species recognition of Parmelia omphalodes group – evidence from molecular data with notes on the ecological niche modelling and genetic variability of photobionts. MycoKeys 61: 39-74. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.61.38175
: Data type: multimedia
Figure 9 from: Ossowska E, Guzow-Krzemińska B, Kolanowska M, Szczepańska K, Kukwa M (2019) Morphology and secondary chemistry in species recognition of Parmelia omphalodes group – evidence from molecular data with notes on the ecological niche modelling and genetic variability of photobionts. MycoKeys 61: 39-74. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.61.38175
Figure 9 Distribution of suitable niches of P. discordans (A), P. omphalodes (B) and P. pinnatifida (C) in Eurasia.
Quantifying shell outline variability in extant and fossil Laqueus (Brachiopoda: Terebratulida): are outlines good proxies for long-looped brachidial morphology and can they help us characterize species?
<p>Extant and extinct terebratulide brachiopod species have been defined primarily on the basis of morphology. What is the fidelity of morphological species to biological species? And how can we test this fidelity with fossils? Taxonomically and phylogenetically, the most informative internal feature in the brachiopod suborder Terebratellidina is the geometrically complex long-looped brachidium, which, given their fragile nature, are not commonly preserved in the fossil record. In their absence, it is essential to test other sources of morphological data when trying to recognize and identify species. We analyzed valve outlines and brachidia in the genus <i>Laqueus</i> to explore the utility of shell shape in discriminating extant and fossil species. Using geometric morphometric methods, we quantified valve outline variability using elliptical Fourier methods and tested whether long-looped brachidial morphology correlates with shell outline shape. We then built classification models based on machine learning algorithms using outlines as shape variables to predict fossil species' identities. Our results demonstrate that valve outline shape is significantly correlated with long-looped brachidial shape and that even relatively simple outlines are sufficiently morphologically distinct to enable extant <i>Laqueus</i> species to be identified, validating current taxonomic assignments. These are encouraging results for the study and delimitation of fossil terebratulide species, and their recognition as biological species. In addition, machine learning algorithms can be successfully applied to help solve species recognition and delimitation problems in paleontology, especially when morphology can be characterized quantitatively and analyzed statistically.</p>
Data from: Morphological variability in propagules of a desert annual as a function of rainfall patterns at different temporal and spatial scales
1.Organisms living in highly variable environments have to display integrated strategies to deal with both systematic and random variation occurring at different temporal and spatial scales. Two predictions were tested by analysing geographic-scale patterns of seed size and seed retention (serotiny) in Chorizanthe rigida, a strict winter desert annual that delays seed dispersal and releases propagules after rainfall events: (a) Adaptation to systematic environmental cues occurs by means of changes in morphology, and (b) within-individual variation in seed size allows a differential response to rainfall cues: while some seeds germinate rapidly others are retained for future rainfall events. 2.We quantified morphological variation and performed germination experiments on C. rigida propagules (involucres + achenes) from six populations distributed throughout the Mojave and Sonoran deserts covering: (a) a systematic, west-to-east, winter-to-bi-seasonal (summer and winter) precipitation gradient, and (b) a winter-rain unpredictability gradient inferred from long-term climatic data. 3.The propagule retention structure (i.e., base area of the pedicel) of C. rigida individuals experiencing bi-seasonal rainfall are double the size of those that have evolved under a strict winter rainfall regime, showing that populations living in bi-seasonal environments have higher seed retention which allows them to avoid releasing seeds to a summer rainfall cue. 4.Within-individual variance of propagule size varied significantly between populations and was correlated with winter rainfall variability in each site. 5.Germination varied as a function of propagule size; smaller seeds germinated more readily than larger seeds. Increased variability in propagule size might result in a more variable germination response. 6.Under common experimental conditions germination varied significantly among sites and was negatively correlated with mean winter effective precipitation, suggesting that propagules from populations in drier sites have lower germination moisture thresholds. 7.Synthesis. C. rigida propagules have larger bases in deserts with biseasonal rainfall, which allows them to avoid seed release during summer rainfall cues, and display within-individual seed variance associated to rainfall unpredictability, a trait often interpreted as a bet-hedging strategy. Our study provides empirical evidence of an integrated strategy that allows to cope with both random and systematic rainfall variation.
Data from: Environmental determinism, and not interspecific competition, drive morphological variability in Australasian warblers (Acanthizidae)
Interspecific competition is thought to play a key role in determining the coexistence of closely related species within adaptive radiations. Competition for ecological resources can lead to different outcomes from character displacement to, ultimately, competitive exclusion. Accordingly, divergent natural selection should disfavor those species that are the most similar to their competitor in resource use, thereby increasing morphological disparity. Here we examined ecomorphological variability within an Australo-Papuan bird radiation, the Acanthizidae, which include both allopatric and sympatric complexes. In addition, we investigated whether morphological similarities between species are related to environmental factors at fine- (foraging niche) and/or large-scale (climate). Contrary to that predicted by the competition hypothesis, we did not find a significant correlation between the morphological similarities found between species and their degree of range overlap. Comparative modelling based on both a priori and data-driven identification of selective regimes suggested that foraging niche is a poor predictor of morphological variability in acanthizids. By contrast, our results indicate that climatic conditions were an important factor in the formation of morphological variation. We found a significant negative correlation between species scores for PC1 (positively associated to tarsus length and tail length) and both temperature and precipitation, whereas PC2 (positively associated to bill length and wing length) correlated positively with precipitation. In addition, we found that species inhabiting the same region are closer to each other in morphospace than to species outside that region regardless of genus to which they belong or its foraging strategy. Our results indicate that the conservative body form of acanthizids is one that can work under a wide variety of environments (an all-purpose morphology) and the observed interspecific similarity is probably driven by the common response to environment.
Data from: Imperfect morphological convergence: variable changes in cranial structures underlie transitions to durophagy in moray eels
Convergence is central to the study of evolution because it demonstrates the power of natural selection to deterministically shape phenotypic diversity. However, the conditions under which a common morphology repeatedly evolves may be restrictive. Many factors—such as differing genetic and environmental backgrounds and many-to-one mapping of form to function—contribute to variability in responses to selection. Nevertheless, lineages may evolve similar, even if not identical, forms given a shared selective regime, providing opportunities to examine the relative importance of natural selection, constraint and contingency. Here, we show that following 10 transitions to durophagy in moray eels (Muraenidae), cranial morphology repeatedly evolved toward a novel region of morphological space indicative of enhanced feeding performance on hard prey. Disparity among the resulting 15 durophagous species, however, is greater than disparity among ancestors that fed on large evasive prey, contradicting the pattern expected under convergence. This elevated disparity is a consequence of lineage-specific responses to durophagy, in which independent transitions vary in the suites of traits exhibiting the largest changes. Our results reveal a pattern of imperfect convergence, which suggests shared selection may actually promote diversification because lineages often differ in their phenotypic responses to similar selective demands.
Data from: Three-dimensional morphological variability of recent rhynchonellide brachiopod crura
Crura, the calcareous support structures of the lophophore in rhynchonellide brachiopods, have historically been used to justify higher-level rhynchonellide classification and reveal major evolutionary lineages within rhynchonellides. Seventeen crural types have been described and categorized into four groups based on variation in overall structure and cross-sectional shape, but not evaluated in a quantitative or comprehensive manner. Heterochrony has been hypothesized to play a role in the evolutionary transitions among some types, but the structural, developmental, and phylogenetic context for testing these hypotheses has not yet been established. In this study, we use three-dimensional geometric morphometric techniques to quantify morphological disparity among all six crural morphs in Recent adult rhynchonellides, with the goal of delineating more objective criteria for identifying and comparing crural morphs, ultimately to test hypotheses explaining morphological transformations in ontogeny and phylogeny. We imaged the crura of seven Recent rhynchonellide species, using X-ray computed microtomography. We used landmarks and semi-landmarks to define the dimensions and curvature of the crura and the surrounding hinge area. Procrustes-standardized landmark coordinates were analyzed using a principal component analysis to test the discreteness of the individual crural morphs and named groups of morphs, and to identify features that vary most among the crural configurations. Our results demonstrate that microCT imaging techniques provide novel ways to investigate the morphology of small features that may be otherwise impossible to quantify using more conventional imaging techniques. Although we predicted overlap among crural morphs in the 3-D shape space, the principal component analyses suggest that five of the six crural morphs differ distinctly from one another. Some but not all previously designated crural groups appear to exhibit morphological cohesion. This study establishes a quantitative morphological foundation necessary to begin an investigation of the phylogenetic significance of ontogenetic changes in crura, which will allow hypotheses of heterochrony to be tested.
Figure 5 from: Cho K, Park C, Böttger-Schnack R (2021) Taxonomy of three species of the genus Spinoncaea (Copepoda, Oncaeidae) in the North Pacific Ocean with focus on morphological variability. ZooKeys 1043: 147-191. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1043.64438
Figure 5 Spinoncaea ivlevi (Shmeleva, 1966), male (northwestern equatorial Pacific) A habitus, dorsal (caudal seta V on left side missing) B maxilliped, posterior C maxilliped, anterior, syncoxa missing D urosome, dorsal (caudal seta IV on left side and seta V on right side missing, seta VII on left side omitted) E urosome, lateral F urosome, ventral (caudal seta IV on left side and seta V on right side missing, seta IV on right side and seta V on left side omitted) G antennule. Scale bars in μm.
Figure 8 from: Cho K, Park C, Böttger-Schnack R (2021) Taxonomy of three species of the genus Spinoncaea (Copepoda, Oncaeidae) in the North Pacific Ocean with focus on morphological variability. ZooKeys 1043: 147-191. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1043.64438
Figure 8 Spinoncaea tenuis Böttger-Schnack, 2003, female (northeastern equatorial Pacific) A habitus, dorsal (outer basal seta and exopodal seta of P5 on right side damaged, caudal seta V on left side missing) B habitus, lateral C urosome, dorsal (outer basal seta and exopodal seta of P5 on right side missing, caudal seta V on left side missing) D urosome, lateral, midventral spinous processes and ventrolateral lobe arrowed E urosome, ventral, midventral spinous processes and ventrolateral lobes arrowed (caudal setae IV and VI on left side omitted and seta V missing). Scale bars in μm.
Figure 2 from: Cho K, Park C, Böttger-Schnack R (2021) Taxonomy of three species of the genus Spinoncaea (Copepoda, Oncaeidae) in the North Pacific Ocean with focus on morphological variability. ZooKeys 1043: 147-191. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1043.64438
Figure 2 Spinoncaea ivlevi (Shmeleva, 1966), female, robust form (northwestern equatorial Pacific) A habitus, dorsal (caudal seta V on right side missing) B habitus, lateral C urosome, dorsal, setae on caudal rami are numbered using Roman numerals (seta V on right side missing) D urosome, lateral (seta V on right side missing) E urosome, ventral F leg 5, lateral G caudal setae IV–VI shown separately. Scale bars in μm.
Figure 17 from: Cho K, Park C, Böttger-Schnack R (2021) Taxonomy of three species of the genus Spinoncaea (Copepoda, Oncaeidae) in the North Pacific Ocean with focus on morphological variability. ZooKeys 1043: 147-191. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1043.64438
Figure 17 Maximum-likelihood tree from 12S sequences of two Spinoncaea species from the Pacific (WP, EP) and species of a clade including Monothula and the ivlevi-tregoubovi lineage as defined by Böttger-Schnack and Huys (2001). Sequences of compared species were obtained from GenBank as analysed by Böttger-Schnack and Machida (2011) and for the outgroup Neocalanus flemingeri by Machida and Tsuda (2010). Bootstrap values from 1000 replications.
Figure 16 from: Cho K, Park C, Böttger-Schnack R (2021) Taxonomy of three species of the genus Spinoncaea (Copepoda, Oncaeidae) in the North Pacific Ocean with focus on morphological variability. ZooKeys 1043: 147-191. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1043.64438
Figure 16 Spinoncaea ivlevi (Shmeleva, 1966), female, robust form (northwestern equatorial Pacific) A labrum, anterior, white arrow indicating setules (in square), black arrows indicating three marginal teeth (in circle) B maxillule, inset showing enlarged second element on outer lobe C intercoxal sclerite on P1, black arrows indicating ornamentation with long, fine setule, inset showing enlarged setules D posterior part of genital double-somite and postgenital somites showing undulate hyaline frill. Spinoncaea ivlevi (Shmeleva, 1966), male (northwestern equatorial Pacific) E caudal ramus seta II, inset showing enlarged seta II ornamented with a single long spinule.
Figure 14 from: Cho K, Park C, Böttger-Schnack R (2021) Taxonomy of three species of the genus Spinoncaea (Copepoda, Oncaeidae) in the North Pacific Ocean with focus on morphological variability. ZooKeys 1043: 147-191. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1043.64438
Figure 14 Spinoncaea humesi Böttger-Schnack, 2003, female (northeastern equatorial Pacific) AP1, anterior BP2, posterior CP3, anterior DP4, posterior, basal seta of another specimen figured separately. Scale bars in μm.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.