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Figure 2 in Geographical variations in waving display and barricade-building behaviour, and genetic population structure in the intertidal brachyuran crab Ilyoplax pusilla (de Haan, 1835)

Figure 2. Cheliped path movement in Ilyoplax pusilla: circular type and vertical type. Arrows indicate wave path.

Figure 6 in Geographical variations in waving display and barricade-building behaviour, and genetic population structure in the intertidal brachyuran crab Ilyoplax pusilla (de Haan, 1835)

Figure 6. Parsimony network of mitochondrial DNA cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) haplotypes of Ilyoplax pusilla. Haplotypes correspond to Table 5. Single solid line indicates one base. Circle size indicates number of each haplotype. Largest circle, n542; second largest, n514 or 15; third, n58; fourth, n54 or n55; fifth, n52; smallest circle, n51.

Figure 1 in Geographical variations in waving display and barricade-building behaviour, and genetic population structure in the intertidal brachyuran crab Ilyoplax pusilla (de Haan, 1835)

Figure 1. Geographic distribution of Ilyoplax pusilla in Japan (broken line) from Wada et al. (1992), and six localities studied.

Figure 4 in Geographical variations in waving display and barricade-building behaviour, and genetic population structure in the intertidal brachyuran crab Ilyoplax pusilla (de Haan, 1835)

Figure 4. Proportion of extended waves in 30 waving motions of Ilyoplax pusilla at six localities (bar indicates SD). Localities arranged according to latitude. Shared alphabetical letters indicate no significant difference (p.0.05) by Tukey's honestly significant difference test.

Figure 3 in Geographical variations in waving display and barricade-building behaviour, and genetic population structure in the intertidal brachyuran crab Ilyoplax pusilla (de Haan, 1835)

Figure 3. Maximum cheliped extension during waving movements in Ilyoplax pusilla: extended type and non-extended type.

opencc-zeroAug 2021View details →

Data used in timing is everything: Dichogamy and pollen germinability underlie variation in autonomous selfing among populations

Premise of the study: The evolution of multiple floral traits often underlies the transition from outcrossing to selfing. Such traits can influence the ability to self, and the timing at which selfing occurs, which in turn affects the costs of selfing. Species that display variation in autonomous selfing provide an opportunity to dissect the phenotypic changes that contribute to variability in the mating system. Methods: In a common garden, we measured dichogamy and herkogamy in 24 populations of the protandrous mixed-mating herb Campanula americana, and related these to autonomous fruit set (autonomy). We then measured the timing of self-pollen deposition and fruit production in populations with high and low autonomy, and determined whether pollen germinability across floral development contributes to variation in autonomy. Key Results: Populations that transitioned more rapidly to female phase displayed elevated autonomous selfing, but herkogamy was unassociated with autonomous selfing. Selfing occurred more rapidly in highly-autonomous populations due to greater self-pollen deposition early in female phase. Pollen germinability in low-autonomy populations remained constant across floral development, but in high-autonomy populations it increased after floral anthesis and was highest near the onset of female phase. Conclusions: Reduced dichogamy, elevated self-pollen deposition, and higher pollen germination late in male phase contribute to both earlier selfing and greater selfing. These traits vary among populations, likely reflecting past selection on the mating system. While delayed selfing bears fewer fitness costs, the evolution of earlier selfing may be favored if self-pollen availability decreases over floral development.

opennotspecifiedDec 2016View details →

Fig. 9. Porrorhynchus marginatus, dorsal habitus showing populational variation. A in Revision of the Southeast Asian Whirligig Beetle GenusPorrorhynchusLaporte, 1835 (Coleoptera: Gyrinidae: Gyrininae: Dineutini)

Fig. 9. Porrorhynchus marginatus, dorsal habitus showing populational variation. A) Mandalay District, Myanmar, B) Loei Province, Thailand, C) Khammouane Province, Laos, D) Đắk Lắk Province, Vietnam, E) Saraburi Province, Thailand, F) Chumphon Province, Thailand, G) Songkhla Province, Thailand, H) Pahang, Malaysia, I) Gunung Leuser, Sumatra, J) West Sumatra, Sumatra, K) Siberut Island, Sumatra, L) Manna, Sumatra, M) Java, N) Kapit District, Sarawak, Malaysia, O) East Kalimantan, Indonesia. Scale bars = 5 mm.

opencc-zeroSep 2021View details →

Seasonal variation of population and individual dietary niche in the avivorous bat, Ia io

The variation in niche breadth can affect how species respond to environmental and resource changes. However, there is still no clear understanding of how seasonal variability in food resources impacts the variation of individual dietary diversity, thereby affecting the dynamics of a population's dietary niche breadth. Optimal foraging theory (OFT) and the niche variation hypothesis (NVH) predict that when food resources are limited, the population niche breadth will widen or narrow due to increased within-individual dietary diversity and individual specialization or reduced within-individual dietary diversity, respectively. Here, we used DNA metabarcoding to examine the composition and seasonality of diets of the avivorous bat Ia io. Furthermore, we investigated how the dietary niches changed among seasons and how the population niche breadth changed when the availability of insect resources was reduced in autumn. We found that there was differentiation in dietary niches among seasons and a low degree of overlap, and the decrease of insect resource availability and the emergence of ecological opportunities of nocturnal migratory birds might drive dietary niche shifts toward birds in I. io. However, the population's dietary niche breadth did not broaden by increasing the within-individual dietary diversity or individual specialization but rather became narrower by reducing dietary diversity via predation on bird resources that served as an ecological opportunity when insect resources were scarce in autumn. Our findings were consistent with the predictions of OFT because birds as prey for bats provided extremely different resources from those of insects in size and nutritional value. Our work highlights the importance of size and quality of prey resources along with other factors (i.e., physiological, behavioral, and life-history traits) in dietary niche variation.

opencc-zeroOct 2022View details →

Code from: A theoretical framework for trait-based eco-evolutionary dynamics: population structure, intraspecific variation, and community assembly

How is trait diversity in a community apportioned between and within co-evolving species? Disruptive selection may result in either a few species with large intraspecific trait variation (ITV) or many species with different mean traits but little ITV. Similar questions arise in spatially structured communities: heterogeneous environments could result in either a few species that exhibit local adaptation or many species with different mean traits but little local adaptation. To date, theory has been well-equipped to either include ITV or to dynamically determine the number of coexisting species, but not both. Here, we devise a theoretical framework that combines these facets, and apply it to the above questions of how trait variation is apportioned within and between species in unstructured and structured populations, using two simple models of Lotka-Volterra competition. For unstructured communities, we find that as the breadth of the resource spectrum increases, ITV goes from being unimportant to crucial for characterizing the community. For spatially structured communities on two patches, we find no local adaptation, symmetric local adaptation, or asymmetric local adaptation depending on how much the patches differ. Our framework provides a general approach to incorporate ITV in models of eco-evolutionary community assembly.

opencc-by-4.0Oct 2022View details →

Population structure and genetic variation of fragmented mountain birch forests in Iceland

Data avilability for the manuscript JOH-2022-096.R2 accepted for application

opennotspecifiedDec 2022View details →

FIGURE 2 in Genetic variation among populations of, and evidence of deep divergence within, the Rio Grande Chirping Frog, Eleutherodactylus campi (Anura Eleutherodactylidae)

FIGURE 2. Phylogenetic tree based on Bayesian analysis of mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene sequences. Numbers above nodes are ML Bootstrap (before the slash) and Bayesian Posterior probability (after the slash) values. Numbers below branch nodes correspond to mean divergence date estimates in millions of years. Node bars indicate 95% HPD associated with divergence dates whereas the scale bars indicate time in million years.

opennotspecifiedDec 2022View details →

FIGURE 1 in Genetic variation among populations of, and evidence of deep divergence within, the Rio Grande Chirping Frog, Eleutherodactylus campi (Anura Eleutherodactylidae)

FIGURE 1. Eleutherodactylus campi in life, found under a palm log at the edge of a parking lot (Image by Jake M. Scott)."

opencc-zeroMar 2023View details →

Data for: Genomic variation across Chinook salmon populations reveals effects of a duplication on migration alleles and supports fine scale structure

Distribution of ecotypic variation in natural populations is influenced by neutral and adaptive evolutionary forces that are challenging to disentangle without understanding of genomic architecture for phenotypic traits. This study provides a high-resolution portrait of genomic variation in Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) with emphasis on a region of major effect for ecotypic variation in migration timing. With a filtered dataset of ~13 million SNPs from low coverage whole genome resequencing of 53 populations (3,566 barcoded individuals), we contrasted patterns of genomic variation within and among major lineages and examined the extent of a selective sweep at a major effect region underlying migration timing (GREB1L/ROCK1). Allele frequency variation in GREB1L/ROCK1 was highly correlated with mean migration timing for early- and late-run populations within each of the lineages (r2 between 0.58–0.95; P < 0.001). However, the extent of selection within the genomic region controlling migration timing was much narrower in one lineage (interior stream-type) compared to the other two major lineages which corresponded to the breadth of phenotypic variation in migration timing observed among lineages. Evidence of a duplicated block within GREB1L/ROCK1 may be responsible for reduced recombination in this portion of the genome and contributes to phenotypic variation within and across lineages. Lastly, SNP positions across GREB1L/ROCK1 were assessed for their utility in discriminating migration timing among lineages, and we recommend multiple markers nearest the duplication to provide highest accuracy in conservation applications such as those that aim to protect early migrating Chinook salmon. These results highlight the need to investigate variation throughout the genome and the effects of structural variants on ecologically relevant phenotypic variation in natural species.

Fig. 4 in An analysis of variations in morphological characteristics, essential oil content, and genetic sequencing among and within major Iranian Juniper (Juniperus spp.) populations

Fig. 4. (A) A map of Iran showing the relative geographic location of each habitat, (B) Representative of DNA fragments generated by the UBC807 primer in the nine juniper populations. The left-most (L) column corresponds to the biological ruler (Ladder) and the right-most column () is a negative control., (C) Dendrogram obtained from five ISSR primers using UPGMA method by Dice similarity coefficient for 27 juniper genotypes (D) Principal Component Analysis based on Dice matrix for 27 juniper genotypes.

Fig. 2 in An analysis of variations in morphological characteristics, essential oil content, and genetic sequencing among and within major Iranian Juniper (Juniperus spp.) populations

Fig. 2. (A): Cluster analysis using an average of 40 compounds identified in the 27 individuals from across the Juniperus genus. (B): Cluster analysis dendrogram of juniper populations evaluated based on 13 morphological characters using SPSS 0.16 and Average Linkage method (Within Group). The abbreviations of the labels are given in Table S6.

Fig. 1 in An analysis of variations in morphological characteristics, essential oil content, and genetic sequencing among and within major Iranian Juniper (Juniperus spp.) populations

Fig. 1. Typical representative GC-MS chromatograms of EOs collected from (A1): J. excelsa of Torbat-Heydaryeh (JET1), (A2): J. sabina of Ramsar (JSR) and (A3): J. communis of Tooskestan (JCT), (B1): Analysis of EO percentage among the studied populations (B2,3): Mean comparison of top 10 EO constituents.

Fig. 3 in An analysis of variations in morphological characteristics, essential oil content, and genetic sequencing among and within major Iranian Juniper (Juniperus spp.) populations

Fig. 3. Mean comparison of morphological characteristics in 9 juniper populations. (Cwe: Cone weight, CL: Cone length, CD: Cone length, SN: Seed number of cone, SL: Seed length, Swi: Seed width, Swe: Cone weight, NL: Needle length, Nwi: Needle width, NLP5: Number of leaves per 5-mm section of ultimate lateral branchlet, RCL/D: Ratio of cone length to diameter, RCD/SN: Ratio of cone diameter to seed number, RSL/Wi: Ratio of seed length to width.)

opennotspecifiedSep 2023View details →

FIGURES 70–72 in Wing pattern variation and DNA barcodes defy taxonomic splitting in the New Zealand Pimelea Looper Notoreas perornata (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Geometridae: Larentiinae): the importance of populations as conservation units

FIGURES 70–72. Notoreas perornata, genitalia of selected populations (population code in brackets): 70. male genital capsule; 71. phallus; 72. female genitalia. 70, 71. Wairau Bar MB (2c), NZAC slide Notoreas 65; 72. Karioitahi Beach AK (1a), NZAC slide Notoreas 60.

opennotspecifiedSep 2023View details →

FIGURES 73–76 in Wing pattern variation and DNA barcodes defy taxonomic splitting in the New Zealand Pimelea Looper Notoreas perornata (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Geometridae: Larentiinae): the importance of populations as conservation units

FIGURES 73–76. Notoreas perornata, female genitalia of selected populations (population code in brackets). 73. Pureora Lodge TO (1b), NZAC slide Notoreas 5; 74. Castlepoint WA (1e), NZAC slide Notoreas 71; 75. Te Humenga Pt WA (2a), NZAC slide Notoreas 9; 76. Cape Farewell NN (2b), NZAC slide Notoreas 51.