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F I G U R E 1 in Echinorhinus brucus (Bonnaterre, 1788) in the Caribbean Sea: A recurrent visitor, or are the artisanal fisheries exploiting deeper waters?

F I G U R E 1 Confirmed georeferenced records (indicated by black dots) and fishing polygon boundaries (represented by dashed black lines) for the bramble shark Echinorhinus brucus (Bonnaterre, 1788) across the western Atlantic (a). A detailed view of the Caribbean Sea region is provided, highlighting the capture locations of bramble sharks, including our specimen (marked by a black star) (b). Key phenotypic diagnostic characteristics are depicted, showcasing the absence of an anal fin, two closely positioned unpinned dorsal fins near the caudal region, and a flat head and snout (c). An image of the specimen's open mouth, revealing its teeth (d). Additionally, a close-up photograph of an extracted tooth (e). Notations for countries: Colombia (Col), the Dominican Republic (D.R.), Mexico (Mex), Nicaragua (Nic), and Venezuela (Ven).

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2023View details →

F I G U R E 3 in Environmental correlates of adaptive diversification in postglacial freshwater fishes

F I G U R E 3 Visual representation of trends in ecomorph number based on bathymetric traits. (a) Lake surface area (km2). Data from Bolnick and Lau (2008), Gordeeva et al. (2015), Lucek et al. (2016), Öhlund et al. (2020), Siwertsson et al. (2010), and Vamosi (2003). (b) Lake maximum depth (m). Data from Gordeeva et al. (2015), Landry et al. (2007), Öhlund et al. (2020), and Siwertsson et al. (2010). Box plots indicate median and interquartile range. Note that the y-axes in graphs consist of untransformed data but are plotted on logarithmic scales due to the large range in reported values for these variables. Graphs plotted in R using the ggplot2 package (Wickham, 2016).

F I G U R E 1 Map displaying the 14 in Migration patterns and navigation cues of Atlantic salmon post-smolts migrating from 12 rivers through the coastal zones around the Irish Sea

F I G U R E 1 Map displaying the 14 capture sites in 12 rivers where Atlantic salmon smolts (n = 1008) were captured for tagging in England, Scotland, Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland for this study. In addition, 60 hatchery origin smolts were tagged and released in the River Burrishoole. The coastal region each river belongs to is referenced in brackets next to the river name. Where Region one (1) refers to the Solway Firth (Rivers Derwent, Nith, Bladnoch); Region two (2) refers to the Clyde Estuary (Rivers Endrick and Gryffe); Region three (3) refers to the Bush Coastal region (rivers Bann, Bush, Carey and Glendun); Region four (4), refers to Lough Foyle (rivers Roe and Faughan); Region five (5), refers to Clew Bay (River Burrishoole). Tagged fish release sites are represented by stars, and acoustic receivers (n = 183) are represented by gray dots. Marine monitoring lines (A and B) in the Irish Sea are labeled in alphabetical order from south to north. Twenty-two acoustic receivers were initially deployed at monitoring line A. One hundred and eight acoustic receivers were deployed at monitoring line B and are labeled in numerical order from the furthest west receiver (R1) on the monitoring line to the furthest east (R108). Refer to Figure S2 for the locations of acoustic receivers that were not retrieved from marine monitoring line A (n = 2) and B (n = 9).

F I G U R E 2 in Global warming is projected to lead to increased freshwater growth potential and changes in pace of life in Atlantic salmon Salmo salar

F I G U R E 2 The four-step model workflow for quantitatively estimating length-at-age and life history of juvenile Atlantic salmon in response to climate change. Step 1 describes the collation of necessary data and construction of the water temperature model. Step 2 details the data preparation and construction of the length-at-age model for juvenile Atlantic salmon. Step 3 shows the coupling of the ISIMIP phase 3B projections to the water temperature model, and the subsequent coupling with the length-at-age model. Step 4 shows the post-processing of length-at-age projections to estimate smoltification probability and proportion of 1-, 2- and 3-year-old smolts. Shapes are according to ISO 5807 standard.

F I G U R E A 1 Oocytes. Figure A1 in Reproductive biology of the electric lanternfish Electrona risso (Myctophidae) and the bigscale fishes Melamphaes polylepis and Scopelogadus mizolepis (Melamphaidae)

F I G U R E A 1 Oocytes. Figure A1: Oocytes of female Electrona risso per reproductive phase (see Table 1), photographed with reflected light. Photography by K. Wieben.

F I G U R E 1 in Evidence of successful recruitment of non-native pink salmon Oncorhynchus gorbuscha in Iceland

F I G U R E 1 Distribution of pink salmon Oncorhynchus gorbuscha in Iceland. (a) Location of rivers in Iceland with reported catches of adult O. gorbuscha in 2000, 2005, and annually from 2015 according to Bárðarson et al. (2022), and (b) locations of fishing surveys in 2022 to catch smolts of O. gorbuscha in three rivers of southwest Iceland

F I G U R E 5 in Reproductive biology of the electric lanternfish Electrona risso (Myctophidae) and the bigscale fishes Melamphaes polylepis and Scopelogadus mizolepis (Melamphaidae)

F I G U R E 5 Maturity ogives (solid lines) for females of (a) Electrona risso, (b) Melamphaes polylepis, and (c) Scopelogadus mizolepis. Vertical slashes are single observations, and open circles illustrate the proportions of mature individuals per 2-mm size class. Dotted lines are 95% C.I., and dashed lines and filled black dots indicate the length at which 50% of the individuals are mature (L). R2 values are 50 McFadden's R2.

F I G U R E 6 in Reproductive biology of the electric lanternfish Electrona risso (Myctophidae) and the bigscale fishes Melamphaes polylepis and Scopelogadus mizolepis (Melamphaidae)

F I G U R E 6 Gonado-somatic index of females of (a) Electrona risso, (b) Melamphaes polylepis, and (c) Scopelogadus mizolepis, per reproductive phase. I, immature; II, early developing; III, developing; IV, spawning capable; V, actively spawning (see also Table 1). All neighboring values differ significantly (p <0.05).

F I G U R E 4 in Reproductive biology of the electric lanternfish Electrona risso (Myctophidae) and the bigscale fishes Melamphaes polylepis and Scopelogadus mizolepis (Melamphaidae)

F I G U R E 4 Melamphaes polylepis ovarian development. Reproductive phases based on Table 1. Macroscopic development in female gonads (left panels) and histological cross-sections of ovaries (right panels). CA, cortical alveoli oocyte; GVBD, germinal vesicle (nucleus) breakdown oocyte; nu, nucleus; PG, primary growth oocyte; POF, postovulatory follicle; Vtg1–3, primary to tertiary vitellogenic oocyte; yg, yolk granules; yv, yolk vesicle. Photography by A. Knorrn.

F I G U R E 2 in Biological information on a rare pelagic fish, black ruff Centrolophus niger, caught in Icelandic waters: Distribution, feeding, and otoliths

F I G U R E 2 Location of sampling stations of the Icelandic component of the International Ecosystem Summer Survey of the Nordic Seas 2009–2021. Stations where black ruff Centrolophus niger (Gmelin, 1789) were caught are shown in Black. The main surface currents in the Northeast Atlantic are shown in the final panel; the cold East Greenland current (green) and the warm Atlantic current (red) (Blindheim & Østerhus, 2005).

F I G U R E 3 in Reproductive biology of the electric lanternfish Electrona risso (Myctophidae) and the bigscale fishes Melamphaes polylepis and Scopelogadus mizolepis (Melamphaidae)

F I G U R E 3 Electrona risso ovarian development. Reproductive phases based on Table 1. Macroscopic development in female gonads (left panels) and histological cross-sections of ovaries (right panels). A, atresia; CA, cortical alveoli oocyte; GVBD, germinal vesicle (nucleus) breakdown oocyte; GVM, germinal vesicle migration oocyte; HYD, hydrated oocyte; PG, primary growth oocyte; Vtg1–3, primary to tertiary vitellogenic oocyte; yg, yolk granules; yv, yolk vesicle. Photography by K. Wieben.

F I G U R E 1 in Reproductive biology of the electric lanternfish Electrona risso (Myctophidae) and the bigscale fishes Melamphaes polylepis and Scopelogadus mizolepis (Melamphaidae)

F I G U R E 1 Mesopelagic net sampling stations (circles) and locations where (a) Electrona risso, (b) Melamphaes polylepis, and (c) Scopelogadus mizolepis were caught (black circles) in the eastern Central Atlantic during the 383rd cruise of the FFS Walther Herwig III in March and April 2015. Land mass is shown in light gray and ocean in dark gray.

F I G U R E 5 in Heterochrony and the evolution of the longjaw mudsucker (Gobiidae, Teleostei)

F I G U R E 5 Hypothesized phylogeny and inferred patterns of heterochrony between Eucylcogobius and Gillichthys.

F I G U R E 2 in Heterochrony and the evolution of the longjaw mudsucker (Gobiidae, Teleostei)

F I G U R E 2 Scatter plot of principal component 1 score (representative of body size) for all three species against (a) log-transformed total jaw length and (b) log-transformed free maxilla length. Linear trendline shown as lines matching the colors for each species. Sex is shown with different shapes for each species.

F I G U R E 3 in Heterochrony and the evolution of the longjaw mudsucker (Gobiidae, Teleostei)

F I G U R E 3 Scatter plot of principal component 1 score (representative of body size) for mature and juvenile (a) Gillichthys mirabilis against log-transformed total jaw length, (b) G. mirabilis against log-transformed free maxilla length, (c) Gillichthys seta against log-transformed total jaw length, (d) G. seta against log-transformed free maxilla length, (e) Eucyclogobius newberryi against log-transformed total jaw length, and (f) E. newberryi against log-transformed free maxilla length. Linear trendlines shown with corresponding equations matching the colors for each sex.

F I G U R E 3 in Migration patterns and navigation cues of Atlantic salmon post-smolts migrating from 12 rivers through the coastal zones around the Irish Sea

F I G U R E 3 The binomial General Linear Model (GLM) model showing the effect of minimum migration distance (Distance [km]) from the exit of smolts natal river/estuary to monitoring line B on the probability of migration success (measured as minimum migration success) of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) post-smolt through the Irish Sea. The shaded region is the 95% confidence interval of the final model.

F I G U R E 4 in Heterochrony and the evolution of the longjaw mudsucker (Gobiidae, Teleostei)

F I G U R E 4 Scatterplot of principal components 1 and 2 from a principal component analysis of sexually mature Gillichthys mirabilis, Gillichthys seta, and Eucyclogobius newberryi (morphometric data adjusted using allometric- Burnaby transformation). Ellipses represent 95% confidence intervals.

F I G U R E 1 in Heterochrony and the evolution of the longjaw mudsucker (Gobiidae, Teleostei)

F I G U R E 1 Photos of a preserved Gillichthys mirabilis (a) unlabeled and (b) with labeled landmarks used in geometric morphometric analysis (in blue): (1) anterior tip of nasal bone, (2) first dorsal-fin spine insertion, (3) insertion of first element of second dorsal fin, (4) upper tip of dorsal hypural plate, (5) lower tip of ventral hypural plate, (6) first anal-fin spine insertion, and (7) pelvic-fin spine base. Additional measurements used in geometric morphometric analysis (in green): (1) head length from snout to farthest posterior point of the operculum, (2) head length from snout to dorsal operculum insertion, (3) total upper jaw length, (4) free maxilla length or the posterior portion of the maxilla that is not attached to the head, (5) maximum maxilla depth, and (6) body depth at the origin of the anal fin.

F I G U R E 7 Total length v in Biological information on a rare pelagic fish, black ruff Centrolophus niger, caught in Icelandic waters: Distribution, feeding, and otoliths

F I G U R E 7 Total length v. (a) frozen weight, (b) fork length, (c) and standard length and frozen weight v. (d) thawed weight for black ruff Centrolophus niger (Gmelin, 1789). (a) Nonlinear and (b–d) linear regression models are shown (a–d) as well as x = y line (d).

F I G U R E 2 in Scaling of fast-start performance and its thermal dependence in mummichog Fundulus heteroclitus

F I G U R E 2 Representative kinematics for fast-starts in small (41 mm SL) and large (66 mm SL) adult mummichogs controlling for temperature. The top panel shows frames from high-speed videos at 10 ms intervals. To facilitate interpretation, original videos have been cropped to the same spatial dimensions and rotated to standardize starting orientation and escape direction (but note that digitization used unmodified videos). The graph in the bottom panel shows the angular displacement of the head (triangles) and the linear displacement of the fish center of mass (circles) for the trials depicted in the video frames, which were maximum performance trials for the small (filled shapes) and large (open shapes) fish tested at their acclimation temperature (24 C). The curve for head rotation was truncated at its maximum value to highlight the difference in time to form the initial C-bend. The curve for linear displacement continued until the end of stage 2 of the fast-start. Whereas small fish had higher rotation rates and executed the fast-start in less time, small and large fish moved their bodies over similar distances given equal amounts of time.