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1,423 results for “separation”
Separating direct and indirect effects of rising temperatures on biogenic volatile emissions in the Arctic
<p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are released from biogenic sources in a temperature-dependent manner. Consequently, Arctic ecosystems are expected to greatly increase their VOC emissions with ongoing climate warming, which is proceeding at twice the rate of global temperature rise. Here, we show that ongoing warming has strong, increasing effects on Arctic VOC emissions. Using a combination of statistical modelling on data from several warming experiments in the Arctic tundra and dynamic ecosystem modelling, we separate the impacts of temperature and soil moisture into direct effects and indirect effects through vegetation composition and biomass alterations. The indirect effects of warming on VOC emissions were significant, but smaller than the direct effects. Furthermore, vegetation changes also cause shifts in the chemical speciation of the emissions. Both direct and indirect effects result in large geographic differences in VOC emission responses in the warming Arctic, depending on the local vegetation cover and the climate dynamics. Our results outline complex links between local climate, vegetation, and ecosystem-atmosphere interactions, with likely local-to-regional impacts on the atmospheric composition.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
FIGURE 8 in First partial mitogenome of a new Seira Lubbock species (Collembola, Entomobryidae, Seirinae) from Cambodia reveals a possible separate lineage from the Neotropical Seirinae
FIGURE 8. Phylogeny of Seirinae resulting from Maximum likelihood analysis of amino acid variation of 13 protein-coding mitochondrial genes using a partitioned dataset. Neotropical Seirinae is highlighted in yellow. Nodal support is shown as SHaLRT support (%) / ultrafast bootstrap support (%).
FIGURE 4A–C in First partial mitogenome of a new Seira Lubbock species (Collembola, Entomobryidae, Seirinae) from Cambodia reveals a possible separate lineage from the Neotropical Seirinae
FIGURE 4A–C. Seira sanloemensis sp. nov.: dorsal chaetotaxy (left side); A, Th II–III; B, Abd I–III; C, Abd IV–V.
FIGURE 5A–F in First partial mitogenome of a new Seira Lubbock species (Collembola, Entomobryidae, Seirinae) from Cambodia reveals a possible separate lineage from the Neotropical Seirinae
FIGURE 5A–F. Seira sanloemensis sp. nov.: trunk appendages; A, trochanteral organ (posterior side); B, femur III (anterior view), arrow indicates spine-like chaetae on proximal half; C, distal tibiotarsus and empodial complex III (posterior view); D, collophore (lateral view); E, manubrium ventral chaetotaxy; F, manubrial plate (dorsal view).
- Bands of T IX separated; superior volsella slightly swollen in middle, rounded at apex...................................................................................... C. mongolkeleus (Sasa et Suzuki, 1997) (Palaearctic) in A new species of the genus Cryptotendipes Beck et Beck, 1969 (Diptera Chironomidae) from India, with a world key to the males and tentative phylogenetic relationship
- Bands of T IX separated; superior volsella slightly swollen in middle, rounded at apex...................................................................................... C. mongolkeleus (Sasa et Suzuki, 1997) (Palaearctic)
Integration of speech separation, diarization, and recognition for multi-speaker meetings: Separated LibriCSS dataset
<p><strong>Dataset</strong></p> <p>This data repository contains separated audio streams for the LibriCSS dataset using the following window-based separation methods:</p> <p>1. <em>Mask-based MVDR</em>: Takuya Yoshioka, Hakan Erdogan, Zhuo Chen, and Fil Alleva, “Multi-microphone neural speech separation for farfield multi-talker speech recognition,” ICASSP 2018.</p> <p>2. <em>Sequential neural beamforming</em>: Zhong-Qiu Wang, Hakan Erdogan, Scott Wisdom, Kevin Wilson, Desh Raj, Shinji Watanabe, Zhuo Chen, and John R. Hershey, “Sequential multi-frame neural beamforming for speech separation and enhancement,” IEEE SLT 2021.</p> <p>These audio streams were used for evaluating the diarization and ASR models in our <a href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/2011.02014.pdf">JSALT 2020 paper</a>.</p> <p>The repository contains the following archive files:</p> <ul> <li>libricss_mvdr_2stream.tar.gz</li> <li>libricss_sequential_3stream.tar.gz</li> </ul> <p><strong>Citation</strong></p> <p>If you use these separated audio streams in your research, consider citing:</p> <pre><code>@article{Raj2020IntegrationOS, title={Integration of speech separation, diarization, and recognition for multi-speaker meetings: System description, comparison, and analysis}, author={Desh Raj and Pavel Denisov and Z. Chen and H. Erdogan and Zili Huang and Mao-Kui He and Shinji Watanabe and Jun Du and T. Yoshioka and Yi Luo and N. Kanda and Jinyu Li and S. Wisdom and J. Hershey}, journal={2021 IEEE Spoken Language Technology (SLT) Workshop}, year={2021} }</code></pre> <p><br> </p>
Data from: Signatures of natural selection between life cycle stages separated by metamorphosis in European eel
Background: Species showing complex life cycles provide excellent opportunities to study the genetic associations between life cycle stages, as selective pressures may differ before and after metamorphosis. The European eel presents a complex life cycle with two metamorphoses, a first metamorphosis from larvae into glass eels (juvenile stage) and a second metamorphosis into silver eels (adult stage). We tested the hypothesis that different genes and gene pathways will be under selection at different life stages when comparing the genetic associations between glass eels and silver eels. Results: We used two sets of markers to test for selection: first, we genotyped individuals using a panel of 80 coding-gene single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) developed in American eel; second, we investigated selection at the genome level using a total of 153,423 RAD-sequencing generated SNPs widely distributed across the genome. Using the RAD approach, outlier tests identified a total of 2413 (1.57 %) potentially selected SNPs. Functional annotation analysis identified signal transduction pathways as the most over-represented group of genes, including MAPK/Erk signalling, calcium signalling and GnRH (gonadotropin-releasing hormone) signalling. Many of the over-represented pathways were related to growth, while others could result from the different conditions that eels inhabit during their life cycle. Conclusions: The observation of different genes and gene pathways under selection when comparing glass eels vs. silver eels supports the adaptive decoupling hypothesis for the benefits of metamorphosis. Partitioning the life cycle into discrete morphological phases may be overall beneficial since it allows the different life stages to respond independently to their unique selection pressures. This might translate into a more effective use of food and niche resources and/or performance of phase-specific tasks (e.g. feeding in the case of glass eels, migrating and reproducing in the case of silver eels).
Data from: Distribution of the invasive Caprella mutica Schurin, 1935 and native Caprella linearis (Linnaeus, 1767) on artificial hard substrates in the North Sea: separation by habitat
Studying offshore natural and artificial hard substrates in the southern North Sea (51ºN–57ºN/1ºW–9ºE), the invasive introduced Japanese skeleton shrimp Caprella mutica Schurin, 1935 was found to co-exist with the native Caprella linearis (Linnaeus, 1767) only on near-shore locations that had an intertidal zone (e.g., wind farm foundations). In contrast, on far offshore and strictly subtidal locations, such as shipwrecks and rocky reefs, only C. linearis was found. Based on these exploratory observations, we hypothesised that artificial structures that are only subtidal are inhabited exclusively by C. linearis, and never by C. mutica. To test this hypothesis and understand factors driving each species' habitat preferences, habitat suitability models were constructed using generalised additive models, based on samples collected in 2013–2015 from offshore gas platforms, buoys, shipwrecks, and rocky reefs and combined with data from other published and unpublished surveys (2001–2014). The models showed that the presence of C. mutica is explained by the availability of intertidal and floating hard substrates, suspended particulate matter density (SPM), mean annual sea surface temperature, salinity, and current velocity. The C. linearis model included subtidal hard substrates, SPM, salinity, temperature, and current velocity. The modelled distributions showed a significant difference, demonstrating that C. linearis' habitat preference does not fully overlap with that of C. mutica. Thus, the native and alien Caprella species are likely to be able to co-exist in the North Sea.
Data from: Heterospecific courtship, minority effects and niche separation between cryptic butterfly species.
Species interacting in varied ecological conditions often evolve in different directions in different local populations. The butterflies of the cryptic Leptidea complex are sympatrically distributed in different combinations across their Eurasian range. Interestingly, the same species is a habitat generalist in some regions and a habitat specialist in others, where a sibling species has the habitat generalist role. Previous studies suggest that this geographically variable niche divergence is generated by local processes in different contact zones. By varying the absolute and relative densities of Leptidea sinapis and Leptidea juvernica in large outdoor cages, we show that female mating success is unaffected by conspecific density, but strongly negatively affected by the density of the other species. Whereas 80% of the females mated when a conspecific couple was alone in a cage, less than 10% mated when the single couple shared the cage with five pairs of the other species. The heterospecific courtships can thus affect the population fitness, and for the species in the local minority, the suitability of a habitat is likely to depend on the presence or absence of the locally interacting species. If the local relative abundance of the different species depends on the colonization order, priority effects might determine the ecological roles of interacting species in this system.
Data from: Epigenetic and genetic variation among three separate introductions of the house sparrow (Passer domesticus) into Australia
Invasive populations are often associated with low levels of genetic diversity due to population bottlenecks at the initial stages of invasion. Despite this, the ability of invasive species to adapt rapidly in response to novel environments is well documented. Epigenetic mechanisms have recently been proposed to facilitate the success of invasive species by compensating for reduced levels of genetic variation. Here, we use MS-AFLP and microsatellite analyses to compare levels of epigenetic and genetic diversity and differentiation across 15 sites in the introduced Australian house sparrow population. We find patterns of epigenetic and genetic differentiation that are consistent with historical descriptions of three distinct, introductions events. However unlike genetic differentiation, epigenetic differentiation was higher among sample sites than among invasion clusters, suggesting that patterns of epigenetic variation are more strongly influenced by local environmental stimuli or sequential founder events than the initial diversity in the introduction population. Interestingly, we fail to detect correlations between pairwise site comparisons of epigenetic and genetic differentiation, suggesting that some of the observed epigenetic variation has arisen independently of genetic variation. We also fail to detect the potentially compensatory relationship between epigenetic and genetic diversity that has been detected in a more recent house sparrow invasion in Africa. We discuss the potential for this relationship to be obscured by recovered genetic diversity in more established populations, and highlight the importance of incorporating introduction history into population-wide epigenetic analyses.
Separable gain control of ongoing and evoked activity in the visual cortex by serotonergic input
<p>Controlling gain of cortical activity is essential to modulate weights between internal ongoing communication and external sensory drive. Here, we show that serotonergic input has separable suppressive effects on the gain of ongoing and evoked visual activity. We combined optogenetic stimulation of the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) with wide-field calcium imaging, extracellular recordings, and iontophoresis of serotonin (5-HT) receptor antagonists in the mouse primary visual cortex. 5-HT1A receptors promote divisive suppression of spontaneous activity, while 5-HT2A receptors act divisively on visual response gain and account for normalization of population responses over a range of visual contrasts in awake and anesthetized states. Thus, 5-HT input provides balanced but distinct suppressive effects on ongoing and evoked activity components across neuronal populations. Imbalanced 5-HT1A/2A activation, either through receptorspecific drug intake, genetically predisposed irregular 5-HT receptor density, or change in sensory bombardment may enhance internal broadcasts and reduce sensory drive and vice versa.</p>
Data from: Separating sources of density-dependent and density-independent establishment limitation in invading species
Successful colonization by invasive species depends on both the ability to disperse seeds to a site and an ability to establish once seeds have arrived. While seed and establishment limitation are known to jointly influence colonization, decomposing establishment limitation into density-dependent and density-independent components has remained challenging. Here, we couple theoretical models of recruitment with a multispecies invasion experiment conducted within a natural gradient of soil moisture and productivity to assess how variation in establishment limitation shapes outcomes for invasion. Recruitment was affected by both density-dependent and density-independent sources of establishment limitation in three of four species. Soil moisture stress and productivity both increased density-independent mortality in one species, whereas density-dependent mortality increased in locations with favourable soil moisture. Synthesis. Successful establishment of invading species can be limited by both density-dependent and density-independent mechanisms. In particular, the strength of density-independent limitation may depend on natural gradients in abiotic factors. The varying strengths of establishment limitation suggest that patterns of invasion are likely to be uneven both in space and in time. Understanding how intraspecific competitive constraints and density-independent limitation vary with abiotic gradients can assist with predicting when invasions are likely to occur, information that can be harnessed in the development of better methods for control.
Data from: Bryozoan genera Fenestrulina and Microporella no longer confamilial; multi-gene phylogeny supports separation
Bryozoans are a moderately diverse, mostly marine phylum with a fossil record extending to the early Ordovician. Compared to other phyla, little is known about their phylogenetic relationships at both lower and higher taxonomic levels. Hence, an effort is being made to elucidate the phylogenetic relationships among bryozoans. Here, we present newly sequenced nuclear and mitochondrial genes for 21 cheilostome bryozoans and compile these with existing orthologous molecular data. Using these data, we focus on reconstructing the phylogenetic relationships of Fenestrulina and Microporella, two species-rich genera. They are currently placed in a globally distributed family, Microporellidae, defined by having a semicircular primary orifice and a proximal ascopore, although there are indirect inferences in the morphological literature that suggest they might not be confamilial. Our six-gene phylogenetic analysis reveals that the genera Fenestrulina and Microporella are each monophyletic, with the sister clade to Microporella comprising non-microporellids. These genera thus have a polyphyletic relationship and should not be placed in the same family. Our result supports the reinstatement of the family Fenestrulinidae Jullien, 1888 for Fenestrulina and genera with comparable frontal shield and ooecial morphologies. Our well-supported phylogeny based on independent molecular data lends credit to existing phylogenetic hypotheses based on morphological observations but does not conform to the current classification of these particular bryozoans. This illustrates the general need for a rethink of bryozoan higher-level systematics, ideally based on both morphological and molecular data.
Data from: Genetic divergence between two phenotypically distinct bottlenose dolphin ecotypes suggests separate evolutionary trajectories
Due to their worldwide distribution and occupancy of different types of environments, bottlenose dolphins display considerable morphological variation. Despite limited understanding about the taxonomic identity of such forms and connectivity among them at global scale, coastal (or inshore) and offshore (or oceanic) ecotypes have been widely recognized in several ocean regions. In the Southwest Atlantic Ocean (SWA), however, there are scarce records of bottlenose dolphins differing in external morphology according to habitat preferences that resemble the coastal-offshore pattern observed elsewhere. The main aim of this study was to analyze the genetic variability, and test for population structure between coastal (n = 127) and offshore (n = 45) bottlenose dolphins sampled in the SWA to assess whether their external morphological distinction is consistent with genetic differentiation. We used a combination of mtDNA control region sequences and microsatellite genotypes to infer population structure and levels of genetic diversity. Our results from both molecular marker types were congruent and revealed strong levels of structuring (microsatellites FST = 0.385, p < .001; mtDNA FST = 0.183, p < .001; ΦST = 0.385, p < .001) and much lower genetic diversity in the coastal than the offshore ecotype, supporting patterns found in previous studies elsewhere. Despite the opportunity for gene flow in potential "contact zones", we found minimal current and historical connectivity between ecotypes, suggesting they are following discrete evolutionary trajectories. Based on our molecular findings, which seem to be consistent with morphological differentiations recently described for bottlenose dolphins in our study area, we recommend recognizing the offshore bottlenose dolphin ecotype as an additional Evolutionarily Significant Unit (ESU) in the SWA. Implications of these results for the conservation of bottlenose dolphins in SWA are also discussed.
Data from: Genomic islands of speciation separate cichlid ecomorphs in an East African crater lake
The genomic causes and effects of divergent ecological selection during speciation are still poorly understood. Here we report the discovery and detailed characterization of early-stage adaptive divergence of two cichlid fish ecomorphs in a small (700 meters in diameter) isolated crater lake in Tanzania. The ecomorphs differ in depth preference, male breeding color, body shape, diet, and trophic morphology. With whole-genome sequences of 146 fish, we identified 98 clearly demarcated genomic "islands" of high differentiation and demonstrated the association of genotypes across these islands with divergent mate preferences. The islands contain candidate adaptive genes enriched for functions in sensory perception (including rhodopsin and other twilight-vision–associated genes), hormone signaling, and morphogenesis. Our study suggests mechanisms and genomic regions that may play a role in the closely related mega-radiation of Lake Malawi.
Data from: The phylogenetic relationship of geographically separated "Flectonotus" (Anura: Hemiphractidae), as revealed by molecular, behavioral, and morphological data
Phylogenetic analyses of data derived from one mitochondrial gene and one nuclear gene show that the five species of small marsupial frogs currently recognized as Flectonotus are in fact two distinct and not closely related lineages. This conclusion is strongly supported by reproductive behavior and morphological characters. Thus, we recognize the genus Fritziana Mello-Leitão for the three species in southeastern Brazil and Flectonotus Miranda-Ribeiro for the two species in northern South America.
Data from: Multiple reproductive barriers separate recently diverged sunflower ecotypes
Measuring reproductive barriers between groups of organisms is an effective way to determine the traits and mechanisms that impede gene flow. However, to understand the ecological and evolutionary factors that drive speciation, it is important to distinguish between the barriers that arise early in the speciation process and those that arise after speciation is largely complete. In this paper we comprehensively test for reproductive isolation between recently diverged (< 10,000 years bp) dune and non-dune ecotypes of the prairie sunflower, Helianthus petiolaris. We find reproductive barriers acting at multiple stages of hybridization, including premating, postmating-prezygotic, and postzygotic barriers, despite the recent divergence. Barriers include extrinsic selection against immigrants and hybrids, a shift in pollinator assemblage, and post-pollination assortative mating. Together these data suggest that multiple barriers can be important for reducing gene flow in the earliest stages of speciation.
FIGURES 4243 in Haplohyphes (Ephemeroptera: Leptohyphidae), new species and stage descriptions with a key to separate the species of the genus
FIGURES 4243. Haplohyphes baritu Domínguez, SEM photographs: 42, group of eggs; 43, general view of egg; 44, a pair of eggs attached by adhesive filaments; 45, micropylar area. Scale bars= 10 µ.
FIGURES 119 in Haplohyphes (Ephemeroptera: Leptohyphidae), new species and stage descriptions with a key to separate the species of the genus
FIGURES 119. Haplohyphes aquilonius LugoOrtiz and McCafferty: 1a, male fore wing; 1b, male hind wing; 1c, idem, detail; 2a, female fore wing; 2b, female hind wing; 2c, idem, detail; 3, nymphal head, d.v.; 4, male genitalia, v.v. H. dominguezi sp. nov.: 5a, male fore wing; 5b, male hind wing; 5c, idem, detail; 6, male genitalia, v.v. H. huallaga Allen: 7, male hind wing, detail. H. mithras (Traver): 8, male hind wing, detail. H. baritu Domínguez: 9a, female fore wing; 9b, female hind wing; 9c, idem, detail; 10a, male fore wing; 10b, male hind wing; 10c, idem, detail; 11, male genitalia, v.v.; 12, detail of forceps, l.v.; 13, nymphal head, d.v.; 14, gill II, d.v.; 1519, gills IIVI, v.v.
FIGURES 46-47 in Haplohyphes (Ephemeroptera: Leptohyphidae), new species and stage descriptions with a key to separate the species of the genus
FIGURES 46-47. Haplohyphes yanahuicsa sp. nov.: 46, general view of male imago; 47, general view of nymph.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.